Formal Schemata Research Articles

Evidence-based teaching practices: A road less traveled in Pakistan?

It is no secret that most health professionals, after postgraduation, aim to secure an academic position in a teaching institute due to various personal and/or professional preferences. Personal interest in teaching, inspirational figure/ role model-driven career selection, fixed working hours, financial rewards, societal respect, and relatively easier career path are some of the prominent motives for health professionals to join academia (Huda & Yousuf, 2006). Indeed, it is a personal choice of a health professional should he/she opt for an academic career path. However, a serious question to ask oneself is: Am I prepared and ready for this challenging role?

Culturally embedded schemata for false belief reasoning

I argue that both language acquisition and cultural and social factors contribute to the formation of schemata that facilitate false belief reasoning. While the proposal for an active role of language acquisition in this sense has been partially advanced by several voices in the mentalizing debate, I argue that other accounts addressing this issue present some shortcomings. Specifically, I analyze the existing proposals distinguishing between “structure-oriented” views (with the most relevant representative in de Villiers and de Villiers in Complements enable representation of the contents of false beliefs: the evolution of a theory of theory of mind. Language Acquisition, Foster-Cohen, 2009; de Villiers in Int Rev Gen Linguistics 117(11):1858–1878, 2007; de Villiers in Why language matters for theory of mind. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 186–219, 2005), that stress the role of language as a set of rules providing syntactic input and providing a representational format, and “cultural/social-oriented views”, that stress the role of social interaction (among others Nelson in Why language matters for theory of mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005; Hutto in Folk psychological narratives: the sociocultural basis of understanding reasons. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008b). Starting from the analysis of these views, I defend my own account of the role of language acquisition in aiding false belief reasoning. I argue that language acquisition plays a pivotal role in the formation of schemata used by pre-schoolers to pass the false belief task. I propose a specific learning mechanism for exploiting linguistic information that taps into specific cognitive abilities, thus making a very concrete suggestion about the role of linguistic input in specific cultural contexts for the development of false belief skills.

Developmental differences in temporal schema acquisition impact reasoning decisions

ABSTRACTSchemas capture patterns across multiple experiences, accumulating information about common event structures that guide decision making in new contexts. Schemas are an important principle of leading theories of cognitive development; yet, we know little about how children and adolescents form schemas and use schematic knowledge to guide decisions. Here, we show that the ability to acquire schematic knowledge based on the temporal regularities of events increases during childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, we show that temporally mediated schematic knowledge biases reasoning decisions in an age-dependent manner. Participants with greater temporal schematic knowledge were more likely to infer that temporally related items shared other, non-temporal properties, with adults showing the greatest relationship between schema knowledge and reasoning choices. These data indicate that the mechanisms underlying schema formation and expression are not fully developed until adulthood and may reflect the ongoing maturation of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex through adolescence.

Conversion of XML schema design styles with StyleVolution

PurposeAny XML schema definition can be organized according to one of the following design styles: “Russian Doll”, “Salami Slice”, “Venetian Blind” and “Garden of Eden” (with the additional “Bologna” style actually representing absence of style). Conversion from a design style to another can facilitate the reuse and exchange of schema specifications encoded using the XML schema language. Without any computer-aided engineering support, style conversions must be performed very carefully as they are difficult and error-prone operations. The purpose of this paper is to efficiently deal with such XML schema design style conversions.Design/methodology/approachA general approach, named StyleVolution, for automatic management of XML schema design style conversions, is proposed. StyleVolution is equipped with a suite of seven procedures: four for converting a valid XML schema from any other design style to the “Garden of Eden” style, which has been chosen as a normalized XML schema format, and three for converting from the “Garden of Eden” style to any of the other desired design styles.FindingsProcedures, algorithms and methods for XML schema design style conversions are presented. The feasibility of the approach has been shown through the encoding (using the XQuery language) and the testing (with the Altova XMLSpy 2019 tool) of a suite of seven ready-to-use procedures. Moreover, four test procedures are provided for checking the conformance of a given input XML schema to a schema design style.Originality/valueThe proposed approach implements a new technique for efficiently managing XML schema design style conversions, which can be used to make any given XML schema file to conform to a desired design style.

Notebook: Customizable web forms for recording observations

’Notebook’ is one of the primary data management systems of the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (FinBIF). It is a web solution for recording opportunistic as well as sampling-event-based species observations. It is being used for systematic monitoring schemes, various citizen science projects, and platforms for species enthusiasts. Notebook's main software component is LajiForm, which is the engine that renders a given JSON Schema into a web form. LajiForm is a separate, reusable module that is fully independent from other FinBIF systems. Notebook as a whole, includes other features embedded in FinBIF, such as linking users' geographical data to observation documents, spreadsheet document importing and form templates. We will demonstrate how the Notebook system works as a whole and also focus on LajiForm's technical aspects. Fig. 1 All Notebook forms use FinBIF's ontological schema in JSON Schema format. Rendering user-friendly web forms based on a single schema is a difficult task, because the web form should be asking meaningful questions, instead of just rendering the schema fields according to the form description. We want to present questions in an interactive style. For instance, after drawing a geographical location on a map for a potential flying squirrel nesting tree, we would ask "did you see droppings at the nest?", and answering "yes" would update the document to include a flying squirrel taxon identification with fields "breeding" and "record basis" filled in but not rendered to the form. A simpler form engine without a user interface (UI) customization layer would just render the "taxon", "breeding" and "record basis" fields and the user would have no understanding why there are so many fields to answer and how they relate to their work or study. Some forms are complex, e.g., for experienced biology enthusiasts who need a form that is advanced, customizable, and compact. Some forms are simple, e.g., for elementary school children. To tackle these challenges, LajiForm uses a separate schema for UI that allows everything from simple customization like: defining widgets for fields (e.g., date widgets, taxon autocomplete widget, map widget), changing field order or customizing field labels; to more complex customization like transforming the schema object structure, defining conditions when certain fields are shown or if updating a field should have an effect on other fields. defining widgets for fields (e.g., date widgets, taxon autocomplete widget, map widget), changing field order or customizing field labels; to more complex customization like transforming the schema object structure, defining conditions when certain fields are shown or if updating a field should have an effect on other fields. All the functionality is split into a loosely coupled collection of components, which can be either used as standalone components or composed together in order to achieve more advanced customization. The programming philosophy has drawn inspiration from functional programming, which has been helpful in writing isolated, composable functionality. LajiForm is written with the JavaScript framework React. LajiForm is built on top of react-jsonschema-form (RJSF), which is an open source JSON schema web form library provided by Mozilla. RJSF handles only simple customization, but it is very flexible in design and allows us to build extensions with features that are more powerful. Some features and design proposals were submitted to Mozilla – FinBIF is the largest code contributor to RJSF outside of Mozilla, with a dozen pull requests merged.

Роль когнітивних й емоційних схем у стресі

Дослідження стосується аналізу ролі когнітивних й емоційних схем у поясненні механізму формування стресу. Він є однією з найбільш поширених психічних і психологічних проблем, які, якщо мають гострий і хронічний характер, можуть призвести до депресії й тривожних розладів, що, зі свого боку, спричинить надмірне використання медичних послуг та втрату функціональності індивідуумів. Виходячи зі схематичного погляду, ми помітили, що психічна травма/шкода, спричинена формуванням і стабілізацією когнітивних та емоційних схем, а також моделлю мислення й звичної поведінки, які є дуже загальними та всеосяжними, визначає тип уразливості. Методологія. Це стаття є дослідженням після події (причинно-порівняльне порівняння). Із цією метою респондентам одночасно надано три анкети: анкету ШДТС, анкету когнітивної схеми та анкету емоційної схеми. Потім суб’єктів із високими показниками стресу, які отримано на підставі анкети, відібрано й розділено на три групи. Отримані дані було проаналізовано. Після розрахунку дескриптивної статистики досліджуваних змінних, дані дослідження розглянуто з використанням статистичних методів багатоваріантного дисперсійного аналізу (MANOVA), ANOVA та методу Тьюкі.
 Результати свідчать, що люди з високим рівнем стресу мають схеми провини й некерованості, які можуть бути пов’язані з впливом когнітивних схем індивідів на аналіз та прийняття різних ситуацій у житті. Особи з високим рівнем стресу отримали високі показники в когнітивних схемах безкомпромісних стандартів/ гіперкритичності.

Practice variability promotes an external focus of attention and enhances motor skill learning

Variability in practice has been shown to enhance motor skill learning. Benefits of practice variability have been attributed to motor schema formation (variable versus constant practice), or more effortful information processing (random versus blocked practice). We hypothesized that, among other mechanisms, greater practice variability might promote an external focus of attention on the intended movement effect, while less variability would be more conducive to a less effective internal focus on body movements. In Experiment 1, the learning of a throwing task was enhanced by variable versus constant practice, and variable group participants reported focusing more on the distance to the target (external focus), while constant group participants focused more on their posture (internal focus). In Experiment 2, golf putting was learned more effectively with a random compared with a blocked practice schedule. Furthermore, random group learners reported using a more effective distal external focus (i.e., distance to the target) to a greater extent, whereas blocked group participants used a less effective proximal focus (i.e., putter) more often. While attentional focus was assessed through questionnaires in the first two experiments, learners in Experiment 3 were asked to report their current attentional focus at any time during practice. Again, the learning of a throwing task was more effective after random relative to blocked practice. Also, random practice learners reported using more external focus cues, while in blocked practice participants used more internal focus cues. The findings suggest that the attentional foci induced by different practice schedules might be at least partially responsible for the learning differences.

Mimesis and developing models of self and other

Based on literatures of child development, along with data collected in two long-term studies in the American Northwest and Samoa, this article argues that developing children copy images that represent models for self that caretakers mime for them through face and body language and through “attachment practices,” which enact and also affectively charge a self-model. Caretakers enact a cultural model of alterity through “separation practices,” shared ways of distancing children that likewise lend affective force to such models. Parallel practices in adolescence and young adulthood insure ongoing mimicry of these models and the sense of self and other that they entail. Developmental psychologists explore imitative processes as these bear on interpreting emotions, gestures, sights, words and object uses, and the formation of image schemas but have not investigated how culturally specific models of self and other are internalized through early mimicry and through mimetic interactions between little ones and their caretakers. Anthropologists have long investigated both mimesis and cultural models but not how models of self and other are internalized through mimesis. My data imply that to understand development in cross-cultural perspective, studies are needed that compare early and enduring forms of visual interchange between caretakers and little ones.

The argument about the river provided by Heraclitus of Ephesus and the need for a temporal dimension in its logical form

The theories accounting for cognition based on formal schemata often claim that there is a logic in the human mind. From the thesis on the river given by Heraclitus of Ephesus, in this paper, it is argued that, if that logic exists, it cannot be simple, and that, at a minimum, it requires the assumption of some kind of temporal elements, which, in general, seem not to be considered in such theories. In particular, some reflections about possible ways those elements could be taken into account are presented.

Interactive Strategy for Adaptive Belt Grinding Heterogeneous Data for an Aero-Engine Blade

To process high-quality aero-engine blades, the adaptive belt grinding method, in which an 840D CNC belt grinding machine, an 828D robot, a Win3Ds coordinate measuring machine, and a digital silo are utilized, is applied to the precision grinding of blades. However, due to the informational islanding phenomenon of the processing equipment, the data that are collected by each device cannot be uploaded and downlinked in a timely and effective manner, thereby resulting in poor communication among heterogeneous data. Therefore, this paper proposes an interactive strategy for heterogeneous data for the adaptive processing method of aero-engine blades. First, a mapping transformation of manufacturing information process data, which include the blade order, process, and processing plan, with the XML Schema format is constructed. Second, a data integration model for the grinding process that is based on XML is established, and the standard protocol specification for the manufacturing data is adopted by the XML Schema. Finally, the interaction strategy is evaluated experimentally for typical blades. The experimental results demonstrate that after the heterogeneous data strategy has been implemented, the data interactive transmission is accurate, and the processing blade profile accuracy is within the design range.

A big data analytics platform to support simulation modeling for osteoarthritis care pathways

IntroductionTechnical solutions have been used in industry settings for many years to facilitate efficient management and analyses of big data sources. An initiative to apply a business solution to support development of simulation models for health systems research using nearly two decades of provincial administrative health data is described.
 Objectives and ApproachAdministrative data including practitioner claims, hospitalizations and ambulatory care visits for patients with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis were obtained from Alberta Health for the period 1994/95 to 2012/13. These data were incorporated into a multidimensional data cube using Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services. Initial steps required dimensional modeling to restructure the data into a star schema format. This involved appending several data sets and defining additional reference tables to contain stratification variables and denominator data for rate calculations. The modeling expert worked closely with the information technology team throughout the process and assessed validity of the output.
 ResultsDevelopment and validation of the multidimensional cube occurred in iterations over approximately 12 months. The final solution resulted in an analytics platform that compiled data from approximately 400 million records obtained from four different administrative data sources. Ten dimension tables containing 102 variables provided enhanced flexibility to conduct ad hoc stratified analyses in a fraction of the time that would be required using conventional methods. For example, some analyses that previously required a day of analyst time could be performed in less than 15 minutes. The efficiencies in analytic time were achieved by the pre-aggregated measures and slice and dice capability of the data cube, which negated many intermediary steps for data extraction and time consuming iterative analyses required for development of the simulation models.
 Conclusion/ImplicationsThis project demonstrated how a technical solution applied in industry can be utilized to address challenges encountered by researchers related to managing and analyzing large administrative health data sets. The methods could be applied in many other research settings to facilitate access to and analyses of information using big data.

Gender role strain, core schemas, and psychotic experiences in ethnically diverse women: A role for sex‐ and gender‐based analysis in psychosis research?

Negative -self and -others core schemas have been implicated in the development and maintenance of psychotic experiences. One component of the self-system is gender-role strain (GRS; perceived discrepancy between actual self and gender-role norms). Although the role of gender in the formation of core schemas has been underscored in social and developmental psychology literatures, GRS has not been investigated in relation to psychosis. We examined whether it might be associated with negative schemas and psychotic experiences in women consistent with the trend toward sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA) in health research. Forty-four women with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder diagnosis and 48 female nonclinical participants completed a series of questionnaires measuring GRS, femininity ideology, core schemas, childhood trauma, and implicit femininity stereotypes (The Gender Stereotype Implicit Association Test). Half the total sample comprised women with minority-ethnic status. Women in the psychosis group reported higher levels of GRS than comparison participants. Differences in endorsement of femininity ideology between the two groups narrowly missed significance with a trend toward greater femininity ideology in the psychosis group and significantly greater endorsement of the sexual purity domain for minority-ethnic women. There was no difference in implicit femininity stereotypes. Analyses suggested that the relationship between GRS and symptoms was mediated by negative -self and -others schemas. Childhood sexual trauma, though higher for women with psychosis, was associated with gender-role strain in the nonclinical sample only. Findings warrant further investigation with larger samples. SGBA has the potential to fill gaps in our current knowledge with regard to psychosis theory, research, and practice.

The effect of distributed virtual reality simulation training on cognitive load during subsequent dissection training

Background: Complex tasks such as surgical procedures can induce excessive cognitive load (CL), which can have a negative effect on learning, especially for novices.Aim: To investigate if repeated and distributed virtual reality (VR) simulation practice induces a lower CL and higher performance in subsequent cadaveric dissection training.Methods: In a prospective, controlled cohort study, 37 residents in otorhinolaryngology received VR simulation training either as additional distributed practice prior to course participation (intervention) (9 participants) or as standard practice during the course (control) (28 participants). Cognitive load was estimated as the relative change in secondary-task reaction time during VR simulation and cadaveric procedures.Results: Structured distributed VR simulation practice resulted in lower mean reaction times (32% vs. 47% for the intervention and control group, respectively, p < 0.01) as well as a superior final-product performance during subsequent cadaveric dissection training.Conclusions: Repeated and distributed VR simulation causes a lower CL to be induced when the learning situation is increased in complexity. A suggested mechanism is the formation of mental schemas and reduction of the intrinsic CL. This has potential implications for surgical skills training and suggests that structured, distributed training be systematically implemented in surgical training curricula.

A library of building occupant behaviour models represented in a standardised schema

Over the past four decades, a substantial body of literature has explored the impacts of occupant behaviour (OB) on building technologies, operation, and energy consumption. A large number of data-driven behavioural models have been developed based on field data. These models lack standardisation and consistency, leading to difficulties in applications and comparison. To address this problem, an ontology was developed using the drivers-needs-actions-systems (DNAS) framework. Recent work has been carried out to implement the theoretical DNAS framework into an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) schema, titled ‘occupant behaviour XML’ (obXML) which is a practical implementation of OB models that can be integrated into building performance simulation (BPS) programs. This paper presents a newly developed library of OB models represented in the standardised obXML schema format. This library provides ready-to-use examples for BPS users to employ more accurate occupant representation in their energy models. The library, which contains an initial effort of 52 OB models, was made publicly available for the BPS community. As part of the library development process, limitations of the obXML schema were identified and addressed, and future improvements were proposed. Authors hope that by compiling this library building, energy modellers from all over the world can enhance their BPS models by integrating more accurate and robust OB patterns.

Corrigendum: The beneficial effect of prior experience on the acquisition of spatial memory in rats with CA1, but not large hippocampal lesions: a possible role for schema formation.

Corrigendum: The beneficial effect of prior experience on the acquisition of spatial memory in rats with CA1, but not large hippocampal lesions: a possible role for schema formation.

The Dusseldorf Illustrated Schema Questionnaire for Children (DISC)

Childhood experiences are considered to be of crucial importance in the formation of maladaptive schemas, according to Young’s concept. Although some schema questionnaires already exist for children, these instruments differ in their schema structures with between 8 and 12 identified factors. To obtain a deeper understanding of early maladaptive schemas in childhood an instrument based on Young’s 18-schema model was constructed (Dusseldorf Illustrated Schema Questionnaire for Children (DISC)).Cartoons were designed which represented each schema, providing children with a visual impression of what was meant by the schema, and thus the questions that they had to answer. The items were phrased as self-report statements and children’s approval of the statements was assessed using a 4-point rating scale. The resulting preliminary questionnaire (18 cartoons, 90 items) was presented in classrooms across different school types (N = 569, between 8 and 13 years). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on this data to confirm the factorial structure of the questionnaire and to reduce the number of items to two items per schema. The DISC in its final version included 36 items and showed a sufficiently high test-retest reliability and convergent validity when assessed in comparison to another schema questionnaire for children. In addition, the present test is of predictive value since the DISC sum score correlated with ratings on the children’s behavioral problems. CFA showed a satisfactory goodness-of-fit based on the original 18-factor model, providing a compact instrument to assess schema representations and to evaluate the dynamics of maladaptation during child development.

Neural mechanisms of mental schema: a triplet of delta, low beta/spindle and ripple oscillations.

Schemas are higher-level knowledge structures that integrate and organise lower-level representations. As internal templates, schemas are formed according to how events are perceived, interpreted and remembered. Although these higher-level units are assumed to play a fundamental role in our daily life from an early age, the neuronal basis and mechanisms of schema formation and use remain largely unknown. It is important to elucidate how the brain constructs and maintains these higher-level units. In order to examine the possible neural underpinnings of schema, we recapitulate previous work and discuss their findings related to schemas as the brain template. We specifically focused on low beta/spindle oscillations, which are assumed to be the key components of schemas, and propose that the brain template is implemented with a triplet of neural oscillations, that is delta, low beta/spindle and ripple oscillations.

The beneficial effect of prior experience on the acquisition of spatial memory in rats with CA1, but not large hippocampal lesions: a possible role for schema formation.

Prior experience has been shown to improve learning in both humans and animals, but it is unclear what aspects of recent experience are necessary to produce beneficial effects. Here, we examined the capacity of rats with complete hippocampal lesions, restricted CA1 lesions, or sham surgeries to benefit from prior experience. Animals were tested in two different spatial tasks in the watermaze, the conventional watermaze task and delayed match-to-position. The two lesions impaired performance in both tasks when rats had no prior experience. However, when given prior training with one task, CA1 lesions had no effect on performance in the other task. In contrast, rats with hippocampal lesions did not benefit from prior training. The findings show that prior experience can benefit learning even when the previously learned task and a new task are quite different. The concept of schema may be useful for understanding the benefits of prior experience.

The Descriptive Study on Students’ Reading Comprehension in Scanning Recount Text of The Eighth Grade Students at SMP N 1 Glagah in The 2013/2014 Academic Year

Reading is a multileveled and interactive process in which readers contruct a meaningful representation of text using their schemata. While it has been known for some time that both content and formal schemata are necessary for complete understanding of written texts in a reader’s first language (L1), and has been suspected to be true in the reader’s second language (L2). The purpose of this thesis is twofold. The first, to give a brief overview of some of the literature that deals with scanning as the alternative technique to teach reading comprehension. The second goal, to disscuss the implemetation of scaaning in the reading class. This classroom action research was intended to comprehend students’ reading in scanning recount text at SMPN 1 Glagah in the 2013/2014 academic year. It was conducted at the eighth year students. The respondent oh this research was consisted of 54 students who cocsisted of each class of the eighth grade. This respondents were chosen becouse they were as example of sample to establish the technique had goal or not. Involving the English teacher's preparation, the instructional activities conducted by the teachers, the material or technique used in the teaching of reading comprehension, the evaluation reading comprehension, and other factors that students succeed in the reading comprehension. The instruments of collecting data used test and documentation. The reading comprehension focused in recount text which used scanning technique. The reading comprehension test was used to get primary data about the students’ reading comprehension of English passages. In the implementation to find the value of reading comprehension by scanning techinique for the first time was providing related question reading test of recount text. It was done to determine the value students reading comprehension by using that technique mentioned above. So that, it will be known later on how to comprehend reading text. In the evaluation, the researcher got the test score from the respondent or students. Based on the result, it be concluded that the reading comprehension by scaanning technique had side-effect to improve the reading ability students and help the students of the eighth grade at SMPN 1 Glagah who they got some reading test which focused in recount text.

Schema adjustment and Holy Communion: A transdisciplinary approach

In his sermon entitled ‘The means of grace’, John Wesley proclaimed that Christians should consider the Sacrament of Holy Communion as an event through which a person is exposed to God’s life-transforming grace. The research question posed by this article is whether Holy Communion can attain change in an individual. Using a transdisciplinary approach, this article explores how Holy Communion in the Methodist tradition can be used for schema formation and/or schema adjustment.