Scheffe Multiple Comparison Test Research Articles

Evaluation of the Stability of Open-Tray Impression Coping Using Two Different Impression Materials at Three Different Subgingival Implant Placement Depths.

Objective To evaluate and compare the stability of the open trayimpression coping within the set impression while attaching the lab analog when polyether (PE) heavy body and polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) putty impression materials were used and the implant platform was placed sub-gingivally at three different depths. Methods Two impression materials, PE and PVS, and custom-made plexiglass models with embedded single implants to simulate implant positioning depths of 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm, sub-gingivally, were used in the study. Open tray impressions were made after attaching impression coping to theimplant embedded in themodel. Implant lab analog was attached to the impression coping in the set impression, and its stability was measured using a universal testing machine. Forty-two open tray impressions were madein six groups, with seven impressions in each group. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were calculated. A comparison of the meanstability between the two impression materials at each depth was done using an independent t-test.Comparison of the mean stability between the three different subgingival implant depths in each material was done by one-way ANOVA with the Scheffe multiple comparison test (post-hoc analysis). The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results The stability of the impression coping was measured as the force in Newtons required for the displacement of the analog attached to the impression coping embedded in the set impression. PEwith the embedded impression coping at a depth of 0 mm gave the highest mean stability value (4.37+/-0.41), and the least mean stability was offered by PVS with the embedded impression coping at 4 mm depth (1.88+/-0.37). When an independent t-test was done to compare the mean stability values of PE and PVS,there was a statistically significant difference at0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm. On doing one-way ANOVA to compare the mean stability between the different depth groups, there was a statistically significant difference between the three depth groups in PE and PVS. Scheffe multiple comparison tests (post-hoc analysis) revealed a statistically significant difference between 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm subgingival depths of the impression coping placement in bothPE and PVS. Conclusion The accuracy of the master cast is an important determinant for the precise fit and long life of the final prosthesis. In the case of maxillary anterior implant placements where deep subgingival placement of the implant platform is needed for aesthetic and functional reasons, the impression material should be selected carefully to ensure the stability of the impression coping. Among the materials included in the present study, the PE impression material offered the maximum stability for impression coping compared to PVS.

Detection of bone marrow edema in differential diagnoses of odontogenic cysts using dual-energy computed tomography.

In this study, we prospectively investigated the relationship between bone marrow edema (BME) and odontogenic cysts and explored the possibility of using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of odontogenic cysts. This cross-sectional study included 73 patients who underwent the DECT scan and surgery for odontogenic cysts or odontogenic tumors. The virtual noncalcium (VNCa) computed tomography (CT) values and CT values were measured at several sites. The predictor variable was diagnosis, and the other variables included age, sex, and sites. The primary outcome was VNCa CT value. Variables were tested using the chi-square test or the Kruskal-Wallis test. The VNCa CT and CT values were tested using the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons. All variables were analyzed as independent variables affecting the VNCa CT values around the lesion in the multiple regression analysis. There were 35 men and 38 women. The mean patient age was 50.0 ± 19.5years (range: 8-86). The VNCa CT values (- 6.2 ± 34.3) around the lesion in patients with RCs were significantly higher than those in patients with dentigerous cysts (- 44.4 ± 28.6) and odontogenic keratocysts (- 67.3 ± 19.5). In multiple regression analysis, the VNCa CT values around the lesion showed a significant positive correlation with histological results (regression coefficient: - 0.605, P < 0.001). The presence of BME is associated with radicular cysts, and DECT can be used as an auxiliary tool for radicular cyst diagnosis.

Effect of extraoral aging conditions on the color stability of high temperature vulcanizing and room temperature vulcanizing maxillofacial silicone elastomers: An in vitro study

Maxillofacial prostheses require enhancement or replacement due to deterioration in their color during their use. The major factors that affect the color of the prostheses are ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, temperature changes, and cleaning and handling by the patient. The aim of the study was to find the effect of extraoral aging conditions on the color stability of high temperature vulcanizing (HTV) and room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Specimens of 25mm x3mm dimensions were fabricated in Techsil S25 HTV silicone and Factor II RTV silicones and processed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Eight groups with eleven specimens each were made. The color stability test was conducted with a Ultraviolet- visible (UV-VIS) spectrometer (Shimadzu) before and after exposure to outdoor weathering and disinfection. The results of the two groups were compared using independent t test. The results of the subgroups were compared with One way ANOVA test followed by Scheffe multiple comparison test. The average color change was found highest in subgroup 4(3.90) and least in subgroup 3(2.3) in HTV samples. The average color change was found highest in subgroup 1(2.70) and least in subgroup 2(1.78) in RTV samples. Color changes caused by HTV samples were significantly greater than that caused by RTV samples. Color changes caused in subgroups 2 and 4 between HTV and RTV samples were significantly greater than in the other groups. There were no significant differences in color change in other subgroups.

Professional Help-Seeking Attitudes of Counselors-In-Training

This research is a descriptive study examining university students’ attitudes studying at the Psychological Counseling and Guidance (PCG) undergraduate program in Turkey. Research participants are 416 subjects (333 females, 83 males) from various universities. The Attitude Scale for Getting Psychological Help and Personal Information Form collected data. Multivariate analysis of variance, Scheffe Test for multiple comparisons, and t-test analysis for independent samples were used. As a result of the research, it was found that age, academic achievement level, class level, type and duration of psychological counseling assistance previously received, type of assistance received by participants’ family members who had previously received psychological counseling help, and the environment that the participants and their families lived in had a significant impact. In addition, it was found that the participant’s attitudes towards receiving help differ significantly according to the variables of gender, the state of having had psychological counseling practice, their willingness when choosing the department, the status of the department suitable for their personality, interests, and abilities, and satisfaction with the department.

Knowledge Levels of Teachers With Refugee Student(s) in Their Class Related to Classroom Management

The aim of this study is to determine the knowledge level of primary school teachers with refugee student(s) present in their class related to classroom management and to determine whether this knowledge level varies depending on their gender, the type of school they graduated from, their seniority and whether they have received training in classroom management. The study group of this research, which is a survey model, is composed of 62 primary school teachers. In this study, “Classroom Management Knowledge Level Measurement Test” was used as a quantitative data collection tool while “Interview Form” was used as a qualitative data collection tool. Frequency, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Scheffe multiple comparison test were used in the analysis of quantitative data, and the descriptive analysis technique was used in the analysis of qualitative data. The results of the study showed that the knowledge level of teachers with refugee students(s) present in their class had low knowledge level related to classroom management, that their knowledge levels differed depending on their professional seniority and whether they have received training in classroom management, and that their knowledge levels did not vary depending on the type of school they graduated and gender.

Relationship between Instructors’ Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Organizational Justice Perceptions [doi: 10.14527/kuey.2014.017

This study aimed to examine the relationship between perceptions of organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) and to analyze the organizational justice perceptions and OCBs of instructors with respect to some demographic variables. The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 154 instructors working in a university in Izmir, Turkey. The data were collected using organizational justice scale designed by Colquitt (2001), and OCB scale by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman and Fetter (1990). Responses were statistically analyzed using t-Test, one way ANOVA, Scheffe multiple comparison and Pearson correlation test. According to the analyses, demographic variables were not found to be related to the perceptions of organizational justice. However, it was found that there is a significant difference in the OCB in terms of gender and seniority. Most importantly, the results indicated a significant relationship between the participants’ perceptions of organizational justice and their OCB. It can be concluded that instructors who experience fair treatment are likely to reciprocate it with more OCB.

One-Way ANOVA, Tukey HSD, Scheffe, Bonferroni and Holm Multiple comparison tests for Physico-chemical Parameters in Four Water Bodies of Davangere District, Karnataka

Surface water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis during 2016-17 from four water bodies (Hadadi lake, Gonivada lake, Lokikere lake and Shagalealla) of Davanagere district , Karnataka. The main objectives of this study is to analyse various parameters such as pH, EC, turbidity, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, chloride, total hardness, calcium, sodium, sulphate ,nitrogen and potassium. One-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test with Scheffe, Bonferroni and Holm multiple comparison for the water quality parameters were carried out. pH of all the four water bodies are alkaline in nature with the total hardness included under hard to very hard category. Most of the water quality parameters are highest in Shagalehalla due to the agricultural runoff from the surrounding areas and human anthropogenic activities. One Way ANOVA for physical parameters depicted “F statistic value of 52.1265 with a “P” value of 1.112. Similarly, for chemical parameters “F”value and “P” values are 29.3941 and 5.6732 respectively. The p-value consequent to the F-statistic of one-way ANOVA is lower than 0.05 level and Tukey's HSD test to each of the six pairs of water quality parameters them exhibits statistically significant difference, We Compared the outcome against drinking water quality standards as per WHO and BIS, and it is observed that water samples from these water bodies are potable for human consumption after proper treatment due to moderate levels of pollution as per the physico-chemical data. It is concluded that the physico-chemical characteristics of the water indicates that the water bodies are moderately eutrophic in nature and there is an urgent need of preventive measures.

How Far Does Physical Training Modulate the Motor Unit Activities of Respiratory Muscles in Female Athletes: An Electromyographic Study

The pulmonary capacities of a person depend on the activities of the respiratory muscles. The Motor neurons and its units of the respiratory muscles regulate breathing and can be studied by using surface electromyography. The effect of physical training on motor unit involvement was the main concern of this study and the other is to understand the influence of physical exercise on respiratory muscles. It has focused on the associative strength in motor units during forceful and normal respiration of 15-20 years young female and nonathletes. The sEMG has the delicate and respiratory interplay or coordination of muscles recorded by placing the electrodes on the preferred anatomical places of three selected muscles in standing postures of thirty-eight trained female athletes and thirty-three nonathletes. Spirometric studies were performed simultaneously during normal and forceful respiration in each subject. One way ANOVA, Scheffe's multiple comparison tests, and Strength of association during different types of respiration were calculated. A significant difference has been observed in motor unit activity among the three muscles during maximum and normal respiration. Scheffe's multiple comparison tests showed the difference between Intercostal and Latissimus dorsi, Diaphragm, and Latissimus dorsi muscles in athletes during normal and forceful respiration. In nonathletes, significant differences were observed between Intercostal and diaphragm, Diaphragm, and Latissimus dorsi muscles only during normal respiration. But during forceful respiration, insignificant differences among the three muscles in females were observed in nonathletes. The strength of association of motor units for respiratory muscles and the duration of muscle responses are lower in athletes during normal and forceful respiration. But, motor unit activity is higher in athletes in all conditions. It means athletes produce better responses though there is a little motor unit involved. It has also been seen that the duration of EMG bursts, i.e. muscle response time is lower in athletes than nonathletes. So, this study concluded that with fewer motor units, athletes could produce more significant respiratory, muscular activity in less time and less associative strength than the non-athletes. It assumed that due to physical training, muscles improved pulmonary capacities by increasing the flexibility of respiratory muscles.

Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets using orthodontic and restorative self-etching primer. An in vitro study

Background and Aim: Self-etching primers (SEPs) are used to reduce the chair side time. However, there are different SEPs that are used in orthodontics. This study is aimed to test the shear bond strength of brackets bonded using SEPs used in restorative dentistry in comparison to orthodontic SEPs. Settings and Design: Department of Orthodontics, Post-graduate dental college, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) laboratory, in vitro study. Methods and Material: Seventy-five freshly extracted human maxillary first premolar teeth were used in this study. Orthodontic maxillary first premolar McLaughlin Bennett Trevisi (MBT) metal brackets (3M Unitek) were used to bond the teeth. The study consisted of two groups. Group A: 25 teeth were etched with Orthodontic SEP Transbond Plus (3M Unitek). Group B: Experimental group which is divided into two subgroups, Experimental subgroup a and Experimental subgroup b. Subgroup a: 25 teeth were etched with Restorative purpose SEP Adper SE Plus (3M ESPE). Sub group-b: 25 teeth were etched with Restorative purpose SEP Adper Easy One (3M ESPE). In all the groups, the same adhesive material, Transbond XT (3M Unitek) was used for fixing the brackets. All the 75 teeth were subjected to shear force to test shear bond strength by using Instron machine. Statistical Analysis: ANOVA & Scheffe multiple comparison test were used. Results and Conclusion: Shear bond strength of brackets using orthodontic purpose SEP, Transbond Plus, is more than the SEPs used for restorative purpose, i.e., Adper SE Plus and Adper Easy One. Restorative purpose SEPs are not suitable for orthodontic bonding of brackets. Orthodontic bonding, self-etching primer (SEP), shear bond strength (SBS)

INFLUENCE OF TEACHERS’ INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES AND STUDENTS’ LEARNING STYLES ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN KENYAN HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS

This study investigated the influence of Teachers’ instructional strategies and students’ learning styles on academic achievement in physics among Kenyan high school students. A quasi–experimental pre-test post–test non-equivalent control group design was employed to investigate how three teachers' instructional strategies (guided-inquiry, cooperative learning and direct instruction) and three learning styles (visual, auditory and kinaesthetic) influence academic achievement in Physics practical work while controlling for gender. The target population was all form three Physics students in Navakholo Sub-County area of Kakamega County. A sample size of five hundred and nineteen (519) form three physics students were selected through multistage sampling procedures (purposive sampling, proportionate stratified random sampling and simple random sampling). One null hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance to guide the study. Physics Achievement Tests 1 and 2 (PAT 1 & PAT 2 ) and Learning Style Questionnaire. Teachers’ Instructional Guides on Guided-Inquiry (TIGITS), Cooperative (TIGCTS) and Direct Instructional Strategy (TIGDITS) were used to collect data. Validity and reliability of the instruments were assessed. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) and Scheffe multiple comparison test were used to analyse the data. Findings revealed, a significant effect on the academic achievement of physics students taught with different instructional strategies considering their different learning styles. Recommendations were provided. Article visualizations:

A Comparative Evaluation of Regulatory T Cells Profile among Acute and Chronic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using Flow Cytometry

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is described as a major health problem in many countries of the world. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are characterized as one of immunologic indexes. One of the best methods to determine of Tregs percentage is flow cytometry. The aim of this study was determination of the role of Tregs profile among acute and chronic forms of human CL using flow cytometry analysis. This study was conducted on 24 patients referred to Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran with acute and 14 patients with chronic phases of CL as well as 15 healthy individuals as control group in 2015-2016. After microscopic examination, 2 ml of peripheral blood samples were collected for determining percentage of CD4 + CD25 + CD127 low Tregs by using flow cytometry method. Using flow cytometry analysis, the average percentage of Tregs were calculated 5.73, 6.71 and 6.61 for acute, chronic and healthy individuals, respectively. With SPSS software and Scheffe multiple comparison tests, the differences within in these groups are statistically significant (P=0.04) and between the acute and chronic group, there was marginally significant with approximately 91% of confidence level (P=0.088). Marginally differences were found significantly among averages of Regulatory T cells, acute and chronic phases of CL. Further comprehensive studies can be needed to verify the role of Tregs in both phases of CL cases.

WORKLOAD AND AREAS OF SPECIALISATION AS CORRELATES OF JOB STRESS AMONG UNIVERSITY LECTURERS IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

This study investigated the influence of workload and areas of specialization on job stress among university lecturers in Southwestern Nigeria. A survey research design was used in the study. The population of this study comprised all university lecturers in Southwestern Nigeria. The sample consisted of 1358 lecturers selected through stratified random sampling technique. An instrument titled “Questionnaire on Stress Assessment” was used to collect data. The validity of the instrument was ascertained while test-retest reliability method was used to determine the reliability and a reliability coefficient of 0.92 was obtained. Data collected was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe Multiple Comparison test. The results showed that lecturers’ workload and areas of specialization have significant influence on lecturer stress level (F = 5.178, p < 0.05, and F = 10.503, p < 0.05 respectively). It was concluded that lecturers’ workload and areas of specialization have significant influence on stress experienced by university lecturers. It was therefore recommended that the university administrator and government or private owners should look into lecturers’ workload and consider the excess so that necessary steps could be taken on how to normalize it. There should be an improvement in the working conditions of university lecturers. Article visualizations:

Effect of different surface finishing/polishing procedures on color stability of esthetic restorative materials: A spectrophotometric evaluation.

Objective:To evaluate the color stability of different esthetic restorative materials after surface finishing/polishing with different procedures.Materials and Methods:All materials were polymerized into silicone rubber rings to obtain specimens identical in size. Samples were randomly assigned into four groups (10 specimens of each composite for each group), and they were finished with different procedures: Control group (Group 1), three or two polishers interspersed with diamond grit (Groups 3 and 2, respectively), and one tungsten carbide bur + one polisher interspersed with diamond grit (Group 4). After staining process in coffee, a colorimetric evaluation according to the CIE L*a*b* system was performed by a blind trained operator at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Shapiro–Wilk test and Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance were applied to assess significant differences among restorative materials. Means of the different polishing/finishing groups were compared with Scheffe's multiple comparison test at the 0.05 level of significance.Results:In control group, significant lower discolorations were recorded for Essentia, Admira Fusion, and Estelite. After finishing, Filtek Supreme XTE and Ceram.X Universal showed a significantly lower degree of staining. The finishing technique used for Group 4 produced higher color changes.Conclusions:Tungsten carbide burs produced the higher color variations; after finishing, the nanofilled composites showed lower discoloration than nanohybrid ones, and the time of exposure to the staining agent and the polishing/finishing technique influenced the color change.

Effect of tooth brushing on gloss retention and surface roughness of five bulk-fill resin composites.

To determine the effects of tooth brushing on five bulk-fill resin based composites (RBCs). Ten samples of Filtek Supreme Enamel (control), Filtek One Bulk Fill, Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, SonicFill 2, SDR flow+, and Admira Fusion X-tra were light cured for 20 seconds using the Valo Grand curing light. After 24 hours storage in air at 37°C, specimens were brushed in a random order using Colgate OpticWhite dentifrice and a soft toothbrush. Surface gloss was measured prior to brushing, after 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 back and forth brushing cycles. Surface roughness was measured after 15,000 brushing cycles using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and selected scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken. The data was examined using ANOVA and pair-wise comparisons using Scheffe's post-hoc multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05). Surface gloss decreased and the surface roughness increased after brushing. Two-way ANOVA showed that both the RBC and the number of brushing cycles had a significant negative effect on the gloss. One-way ANOVA showed that the RBC had a significant effect on the roughness after 15,000 brushing cycles. For both gloss and roughness, brushing had the least effect on the nano-filled control and nano-filled bulk-fill RBC, and the greatest negative effect on Admira Fusion X-tra. The SEM images provided visual agreement. There was an excellent linear correlation (R2 = 0.98) between the logarithm of the gloss and roughness. After brushing, the bulk-fill RBCs were all rougher than the control nano-filled RBC. The nano-filled bulk-fill RBC was the least affected by brushing. Bulk-fill RBCs lose their gloss faster and become rougher than the nanofilled conventional RBC, Filtek Supreme Ultra. The nanofilled bulk-fill RBC was the least affected by tooth brushing.

Evaluation of Plasma Albumin as a Potential Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Traumatic SIRS

Hypoalbuminemia occurs in about 90% of critically ill patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU), this is caused by an increase in microvascular permeability (capillary and venous wall) as a result of systemic inflammatory reaction (SIRS) and decreased synthesis of hepatic albumin in acute liver response. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of hypoalbuminaemia in patients with non-septic SIRS (induced by surgical trauma or multiple trauma) and to assess the plasma albumin level as a potential biomarker of severity in the prognosis of these patients. The albumin plasma level of ICU admitted patients were determined every 24h and 48h, patients were continuously monitored for complications. Hypoalbuminemia is probably the cause of prolonged ileus, gastroparesis, sepsis, fistula and acute renal failure). The statistical processing of data consisted in compiling descriptive statistics on values of albumin, highlighting the albumin-age relationship by the regression method. Calculation of mean plasma albumin values for groups of patients without clinical complications, those with clinical complications or with complications and who died and performing the Scheffe( multiple comparison test), correlation tests between albumin value at 48h and APACHE II score (prediction score Of the critical patient) as well as a descriptive analysis taking into account the 3 g / dl albumin value (factor that differentiates mild to moderate hypoalbuminemia in clinical practice) and performing the non-parametric Chi-Square test for validation of statistical analysis.

Effect of diode laser irradiation on compressive strength of dental amalgam.

IntroductionOne of the biggest disadvantages of dental amalgam is that gaining its ultimate strength is a slow process. The use of a rapid-setting amalgam with high early compressive strength could be a better option in preventing early fractures in pediatric dentistry. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of diode laser irradiation on compressive strength of dental amalgam.MethodsA case-control study was performed on 180 amalgam samples made at the Tehran Dental Material Research Center in 2014. Fifteen and thirty minute compressive strength of regular setting and fast setting amalgams were measured as control. In case groups, the samples were irradiated by 810nm diode laser with power of 1 and 2 watt and in pulsed and continuous mode, and compressive strength was measured after 15 and 30 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 18 using one and two way ANOVA and Scheffe multiple comparisons test and p<0.05 was considered significant.ResultsNumerous kinds of laser irradiation led to a significant increase in compressive strength compared to regular setting control groups. Fifteen minutes-compressive strength of regular-setting amalgam irradiated by 2 watt laser was significantly more than fast-setting control group (p<0.05).ConclusionIrradiation by 810nm diode laser can significantly increase the compressive strength of dental amalgam especially in the first 15 minutes.

Discoloration of different esthetic restorative materials: A spectrophotometric evaluation.

Objective:A crucial property of esthetic restorative materials is their long-term color stability. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the color stability of esthetic restorative materials (one microfilled flowable composite, one nanofilled composite, one nanoybrid composite, one microfilled composite, and one nanoybrid ormocer-based composite) after surface roughening with cola and exposure to different staining solutions (coffee and red wine).Materials and Methods:All materials were polymerized into silicone rubber rings (2 mm × 6 mm × 8 mm) to obtain 150 specimens identical in size. Seventy-five specimens of Group A were first exposed to cola for 24 h, and then samples were immersed in coffee or red wine over a 28-day test period. A colorimetric evaluation, according to the CIE L*a*b* system, was performed at 7, 14, 21, 28 days. Shapiro–Wilk test and Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance were applied to assess significant differences among restorative materials. Means were compared with Scheffe's multiple comparison test at the 0.05 level of significance.Results:Specimens of Group A showed higher variations when compared with Group B's specimens (P < 0.05). After 28 days, the immersion protocols caused a clinically perceivable color change for all materials tested (P < 0.05). CeramX Universal and Admira Fusion showed the lowest ΔE variations (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Staining beverages caused significant discolorations for all the materials tested. The first exposure to cola enhanced the subsequent staining with coffee or red wine. Nanohybrid composites reported the lowest color variations.

The Leadership and Management Characteristics of Volleyball Coaches in Jordan

This study aimed at identifying the leadership and management characteristics of volleyball coaches in Jordan from the perspective of the players according to the variables of (the club and the training age). The sample of study was chosen randomly. It consisted of 94 players and constituted about 78% of the total population. The researchers used the descriptive approach with its survey image. The scale of the Leadership and management characteristics was used. The scale consisted of 43 items which were distributed to four domains (The personal domain, the professional domain, the social domain and the scientific domain). The means, standard deviations, One-Way Anova and Scheffe test for multiple comparisons were used. The results of study showed that the leadership and management characteristics among the coaches of volleyball were of a high degree. The study results also showed that there are statistically significant differences in the leadership and management characteristics for the responses of the players with regard to the variable of training age in favor of (less than 5 years). The researchers recommends about the necessity of using the leadership and management characteristics of the coaches when planning for the training courses, as well as putting them within the content of the programs for promoting the coaches in the field of volleyball.

Resin infiltrant for non-cavitated caries lesions: evaluation of color stability.

BackgroundThe objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the over time color stability of one resin infiltrant (Icon) upon exposure to staining solutions (coffee and wine) compared with one nano-hybrid sealant (Grandio Seal), one transparent fissure sealant with fluoride (Control Seal) and one nanofilled composite (Filtek Supreme XTE).Material and MethodsAll materials were polymerized according to manufacturers’ instructions into silicon rings (height 1 mm; internal diameter 6 mm; external diameter 8 mm) to obtain specimens identical in size. The specimens were immersed in staining solutions at room temperature over a 28-day test period. The control samples have not been subjected to the staining process. A colorimetric evaluation according to the CIE L*a*b* system was performed by a blind trained operator at 7, 14, 21, 28 days of the staining process. Shapiro Wilk test and Kruskal Wallis ANOVA were applied to assess significant differences among different materials. Means were compared with Scheffe’s multiple-comparison test at the 0.05 level of significance.ResultsIn the case of all materials, immersion in solutions resulted in clinically perceivable color changes after 1 week (∆E < 3.3). Lowest CIE L* variation was registered for Control Seal and Grandio Seal both after 1 week and after 1 month, while Icon showed significantly higher variation (P < 0.05). Color coordinate CIE a* varied significantly more for Icon samples (P > 0.05). Color coordinate CIE b* varied similarly for all materials tested (P > 0.05).ConclusionsImmersion in coffee or red wine resulted in clinically perceivable color changes for all materials tested. Icon showed the highest color variations both after 1 week and 1 month. Icon can fix the initial esthetic problem associated with white spot lesions, but the resin may become more discolored than other materials over time. Key words:CIE Lab, color stability, resin infiltrant.

Comparative Effects of Video Projection, Powerpoint Instructional Package and Traditional Teaching Methods on Students’ Performance in Basic Science

This paper investigates the effects of video projection, PowerPoint instructional package and traditional teaching methods on the academic performance of basic science students in Uyo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. Two experimental groups (taught using video projection and PowerPoint instructional package) and one control group (taught using traditional teaching method) were used for the study. Two research questions, two objectives and one hypothesis were formulated to guide this study. The post-test only experimental design approach was adopted to teach and examine 205 out of 8,475 basic three students in six sampled schools out of the forty-seven public basic schools in the study area. The instrument for data collection was the Basic Science Performance Test (BSPT) with twenty five multiple choice items. Data collected were analysed using Mean, Standard Deviation, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe Multiple Comparison Test. Findings revealed that video projection and PowerPoint instructional packages yielded higher performances than traditional teaching method. On the basis of the findings, it was recommended that modern technology should be employed in teaching and be enforced through appropriate capacity building in terms of infrastructure and teacher training and retraining.