Scene Construction Research Articles

Event memory: A theory of memory for laboratory, autobiographical, and fictional events.

An event memory is a mental construction of a scene recalled as a single occurrence. It therefore requires the hippocampus and ventral visual stream needed for all scene construction. The construction need not come with a sense of reliving or be made by a participant in the event, and it can be a summary of occurrences from more than one encoding. The mental construction, or physical rendering, of any scene must be done from a specific location and time; this introduces a "self" located in space and time, which is a necessary, but need not be a sufficient, condition for a sense of reliving. We base our theory on scene construction rather than reliving because this allows the integration of many literatures and because there is more accumulated knowledge about scene construction's phenomenology, behavior, and neural basis. Event memory differs from episodic memory in that it does not conflate the independent dimensions of whether or not a memory is relived, is about the self, is recalled voluntarily, or is based on a single encoding with whether it is recalled as a single occurrence of a scene. Thus, we argue that event memory provides a clearer contrast to semantic memory, which also can be about the self, be recalled voluntarily, and be from a unique encoding; allows for a more comprehensive dimensional account of the structure of explicit memory; and better accounts for laboratory and real-world behavioral and neural results, including those from neuropsychology and neuroimaging, than does episodic memory.

Desirable and undesirable future thoughts call for different scene construction processes.

Despite the growing interest in the ability of foreseeing (episodic future thinking), it is still unclear how healthy people construct possible future scenarios. We suggest that different future thoughts require different processes of scene construction. Thirty-five participants were asked to imagine desirable and less desirable future events. Imagining desirable events increased the ease of scene construction, the frequency of life scripts, the number of internal details, and the clarity of sensorial and spatial temporal information. The initial description of general personal knowledge lasted longer in undesirable than in desirable anticipations. Finally, participants were more prone to explicitly indicate autobiographical memory as the main source of their simulations of undesirable episodes, whereas they equally related the simulations of desirable events to autobiographical events or semantic knowledge. These findings show that desirable and undesirable scenarios call for different mechanisms of scene construction. The present study emphasizes that future thinking cannot be considered as a monolithic entity.

Spatial navigation, episodic memory, episodic future thinking, and theory of mind in children with autism spectrum disorder: evidence for impairments in mental simulation?

This study explored spatial navigation alongside several other cognitive abilities that are thought to share common underlying neurocognitive mechanisms (e.g., the capacity for self-projection, scene construction, or mental simulation), and which we hypothesized may be impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Twenty intellectually high-functioning children with ASD (with a mean age of ~8 years) were compared to 20 sex, age, IQ, and language ability matched typically developing children on a series of tasks to assess spatial navigation, episodic memory, episodic future thinking (also known as episodic foresight or prospection), theory of mind (ToM), relational memory, and central coherence. This is the first study to explore these abilities concurrently within the same sample. Spatial navigation was assessed using the “memory island” task, which involves finding objects within a realistic, computer simulated, three-dimensional environment. Episodic memory and episodic future thinking were assessed using a past and future event description task. ToM was assessed using the “animations” task, in which children were asked to describe the interactions between two animated triangles. Relational memory was assessed using a recognition task involving memory for items (line drawings), patterned backgrounds, or combinations of items and backgrounds. Central coherence was assessed by exploring differences in performance across segmented and unsegmented versions of block design. Children with ASD were found to show impairments in spatial navigation, episodic memory, episodic future thinking, and central coherence, but not ToM or relational memory. Among children with ASD, spatial navigation was found to be significantly negatively related to the number of repetitive behaviors. In other words, children who showed more repetitive behaviors showed poorer spatial navigation. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Constructing, Perceiving, and Maintaining Scenes: Hippocampal Activity and Connectivity.

In recent years, evidence has accumulated to suggest the hippocampus plays a role beyond memory. A strong hippocampal response to scenes has been noted, and patients with bilateral hippocampal damage cannot vividly recall scenes from their past or construct scenes in their imagination. There is debate about whether the hippocampus is involved in the online processing of scenes independent of memory. Here, we investigated the hippocampal response to visually perceiving scenes, constructing scenes in the imagination, and maintaining scenes in working memory. We found extensive hippocampal activation for perceiving scenes, and a circumscribed area of anterior medial hippocampus common to perception and construction. There was significantly less hippocampal activity for maintaining scenes in working memory. We also explored the functional connectivity of the anterior medial hippocampus and found significantly stronger connectivity with a distributed set of brain areas during scene construction compared with scene perception. These results increase our knowledge of the hippocampus by identifying a subregion commonly engaged by scenes, whether perceived or constructed, by separating scene construction from working memory, and by revealing the functional network underlying scene construction, offering new insights into why patients with hippocampal lesions cannot construct scenes.

Eye movements disrupt episodic future thinking

Remembering the past and imagining the future both rely on complex mental imagery. We considered the possibility that constructing a future scene might tap a component of mental imagery that is not as critical for remembering past scenes. Whereas visual imagery plays an important role in remembering the past, we predicted that spatial imagery plays a crucial role in imagining the future. For the purpose of teasing apart the different components underpinning scene construction in the two experiences of recalling episodic memories and shaping novel future events, we used a paradigm that might selectively affect one of these components (i.e., the spatial). Participants performed concurrent eye movements while remembering the past and imagining the future. These concurrent eye movements selectively interfere with spatial imagery, while sparing visual imagery. Eye movements prevented participants from imagining complex and detailed future scenes, but had no comparable effect on the recollection of past scenes. Similarities between remembering the past and imagining the future are coupled with some differences. The present findings uncover another fundamental divergence between the two processes.

Estimation of errors associated with the EarthCARE 3D scene construction algorithm

The EarthCARE satellite mission plans to perform a continuous closure experiment to assess the quality of retrieved cloud and aerosol properties. It will do so by comparing top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) broad‐band (BB) fluxes with simulated values produced by three‐dimensional (3D) radiative transfer models that act on the two‐dimensional (2D) retrieved cross‐section and a 3D atmosphere around it produced by a scene construction algorithm (SCA). This study proposes and tests a method for estimating errors in simulated TOA BB fluxes due to the SCA.Two methods for estimating SCA‐related errors for TOA fluxes are presented. The primary one relies on computation of errors for reconstructed narrow‐band imager nadir radiances. A‐train satellite data were used to show that for constructed domains measuring (11 km)2, approximately the size of the EarthCARE assessment domains, with total cloud fractions > 0.2, errors for reflected BB short‐wave fluxes due to the SCA are smaller than ±4.2 and ±11.5 W m−2 for 66 and 90% of the domains, respectively. Corresponding values for outgoing long‐wave fluxes are ±1.2 and ±3.0 W m−2. The largest and smallest errors are associated with fields of broken convective cloud and overcast stratiform cloud, respectively.The SCA was applied to simulated measurements for a (153 km)2 field of deep convective clouds produced by a cloud‐system‐resolving model. Actual and estimated TOA BB short‐wave flux errors due to the SCA agree well and are smaller than ±22 and ±40 W m−2 for 66 and 90% of the (11 km)2 sampled subdomains. Assuming that errors due to the SCA are purely bias errors, they were subtracted from fluxes estimated for the constructed domains. This resulted in TOA BB short‐wave flux errors smaller than ±7 and ±25 W m−2 for 66 and 90% of the sampled subdomains. This suggests that estimated errors due to the SCA should be removed directly from simulated TOA BB fluxes before executing a closure assessment.

Episodic memory and episodic future thinking impairments in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: An underlying difficulty with scene construction or self-projection?

Objective: There appears to be a common network of brain regions that underlie the ability to recall past personal experiences (episodic memory) and the ability to imagine possible future personal experiences (episodic future thinking). At the cognitive level, these abilities are thought to rely on “scene construction” (the ability to bind together multimodal elements of a scene in mind—dependent on hippocampal functioning) and temporal “self-projection” (the ability to mentally project oneself through time—dependent on prefrontal cortex functioning). Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by diminished episodic memory, it is unclear whether episodic future thinking is correspondingly impaired. Moreover, the underlying basis of such impairments (difficulties with scene construction, self-projection, or both) is yet to be established. The current study therefore aimed to elucidate these issues. Method: Twenty-seven intellectually high-functioning adults with ASD and 29 age- and IQ-matched neurotypical comparison adults were asked to describe (a) imagined atemporal, non-self-relevant fictitious scenes (assessing scene construction), (b) imagined plausible self-relevant future episodes (assessing episodic future thinking), and (c) recalled personally experienced past episodes (assessing episodic memory). Tests of narrative ability and theory of mind were also completed. Results: Performances of participants with ASD were significantly and equally diminished in each condition and, crucially, this diminution was independent of general narrative ability. Conclusions: Given that participants with ASD were impaired in the fictitious scene condition, which does not involve self-projection, we suggest the underlying difficulty with episodic memory/future thinking is one of scene construction.

Abnormal Scene Change Detection from a Moving Camera Using Bags of Patches and Spider-Web Map

This paper proposes a novel surveillance system for detecting exceptional scene changes as abnormal events with a mobile camera mounted on a robot. In contrast to abnormal event analysis using fixed cameras, three key problems should be tackled in this system, i.e., scene construction, robot localization, and scene comparison. For the first problem, scene construction, a clustering scheme is proposed for extracting a set of key frames from the surveillance environment. Each key frame is further divided into a set of patches, which forms a sparse representation for representing scene contents. In addition to the compression effect, the scheme can tackle the effects of misalignment and lighting changes well. For the localization problem, a novel patch matching method is proposed to reduce not only the size of the search space but also the size of the feature dimensions in similarity matching. To prune the search space, a set of projection kernels is used to construct a ring structure. Then, one order of time complexity in the similarity calculation can be reduced from the structure. After scene searching, the robot location is not always guaranteed to be successfully registered to the scene map. Thus, a novel spider-web map is proposed to tackle the effect of misalignment and then detect different exceptional scene changes from the videos. The proposed method has been rigorously tested on a variety of videos to demonstrate its superiority in object detection and abnormal scene change detection.

The effects of spatial contextual familiarity on remembered scenes, episodic memories, and imagined future events.

Several recent studies have explored the effect of contextual familiarity on remembered and imagined events. The aim of this study was to examine the extent of this effect by comparing the effect of cuing spatial memories, episodic memories, and imagined future events with spatial contextual cues of varying levels of familiarity. We used real-world landmark cues that had all been previously visited by the participants, and we measured the retrieval time, detail-richness, and vividness of remembered scenes, events, and imagined future events based on these cues. Participants consistently rated scenes and events based on more familiar cues as more detailed and more vivid, and they took less time to retrieve them. When the types of details were examined, it was revealed that the effects of increased contextual familiarity carry over to non-spatial details in the case of remembered events but possibly not in imagined events. This study provides evidence regarding how episodic memory and imagination are reliant on spatial context and possibly the process of scene construction.

Imaging autobiographical memory

Autobiographical memory (AM) defines the memory systems that encode, consolidate, and retrieve personal events and facts, AM is strongly related to self-perception and self representation. We review here the neural correlates of AM retrieval. AM retrieval encompasses a large neural network including the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortex, and limbic structures. All these regions subserve the cognitive processes (episodic remembering, cognitive control, self-processing, and scene construction) at play during memory retrieval. We emphasize the specific role of medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus in self-processing during autobiographical memory retrieval. Overall, these data call for further studies in psychiatric patients, to investigate the neural underpinnings of autobiographical memory and self-representation in mental disorders.

Scene construction in developmental amnesia: An fMRI study

Amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal damage sustained in adulthood are generally unable to construct scenes in their imagination. By contrast, patients with developmental amnesia (DA), where hippocampal damage was acquired early in life, have preserved performance on this task, although the reason for this sparing is unclear. One possibility is that residual function in remnant hippocampal tissue is sufficient to support basic scene construction in DA. Such a situation was found in the one amnesic patient with adult-acquired hippocampal damage (P01) who could also construct scenes. Alternatively, DA patients’ scene construction might not depend on the hippocampus, perhaps being instead reliant on non-hippocampal regions and mediated by semantic knowledge. To adjudicate between these two possibilities, we examined scene construction during functional MRI (fMRI) in Jon, a well-characterised patient with DA who has previously been shown to have preserved scene construction. We found that when Jon constructed scenes he activated many of the regions known to be associated with imagining scenes in control participants including ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, retrosplenial and posterior parietal cortices. Critically, however, activity was not increased in Jon's remnant hippocampal tissue. Direct comparisons with a group of control participants and patient P01, confirmed that they activated their right hippocampus more than Jon. Our results show that a type of non-hippocampal dependent scene construction is possible and occurs in DA, perhaps mediated by semantic memory, which does not appear to involve the vivid visualisation of imagined scenes.

Spatial navigation impairments among intellectually high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder: Exploring relations with theory of mind, episodic memory, and episodic future thinking.

Research suggests that spatial navigation relies on the same neural network as episodic memory, episodic future thinking, and theory of mind (ToM). Such findings have stimulated theories (e.g., the scene construction and self-projection hypotheses) concerning possible common underlying cognitive capacities. Consistent with such theories, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by concurrent impairments in episodic memory, episodic future thinking, and ToM. However, it is currently unclear whether spatial navigation is also impaired. Hence, ASD provides a test case for the scene construction and self-projection theories. The study of spatial navigation in ASD also provides a test of the extreme male brain theory of ASD, which predicts intact or superior navigation (purportedly a systemizing skill) performance among individuals with ASD. Thus, the aim of the current study was to establish whether spatial navigation in ASD is impaired, intact, or superior. Twenty-seven intellectually high-functioning adults with ASD and 28 sex-, age-, and IQ-matched neurotypical comparison adults completed the memory island virtual navigation task. Tests of episodic memory, episodic future thinking, and ToM were also completed. Participants with ASD showed significantly diminished performance on the memory island task, and performance was positively related to ToM and episodic memory, but not episodic future thinking. These results suggest that (contra the extreme male brain theory) individuals with ASD have impaired survey-based navigation skills—that is, difficulties generating cognitive maps of the environment—and adds weight to the idea that scene construction/self-projection are impaired in ASD. The theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed.

Sketch2Scene

This work presents Sketch2Scene , a framework that automatically turns a freehand sketch drawing inferring multiple scene objects to semantically valid, well arranged scenes of 3D models. Unlike the existing works on sketch-based search and composition of 3D models, which typically process individual sketched objects one by one, our technique performs co-retrieval and co-placement of 3D relevant models by jointly processing the sketched objects. This is enabled by summarizing functional and spatial relationships among models in a large collection of 3D scenes as structural groups . Our technique greatly reduces the amount of user intervention needed for sketch-based modeling of 3D scenes and fits well into the traditional production pipeline involving concept design followed by 3D modeling. A pilot study indicates that it is promising to use our technique as an alternative but more efficient tool of standard 3D modeling for 3D scene construction.

Exploring the role of space-defining objects in constructing and maintaining imagined scenes

It has recently been observed that certain objects, when viewed or imagined in isolation, evoke a strong sense of three-dimensional local space surrounding them (space-defining (SD) objects), while others do not (space-ambiguous (SA) objects), and this is associated with engagement of the parahippocampal cortex (PHC). But activation of the PHC is classically associated with scene stimuli. The comparable neural response within PHC to both full scenes and single SD objects, led us to hypothesise that SD objects might play a more critical role in the construction and maintenance of scene representations than SA objects. To test this we used scene construction and deconstruction paradigms, where participants gradually built and maintained scenes using SD, SA and background (wall, floors) items. By examining the order in which each item was added (and later removed) to (and from) a scene, we could estimate the significance of each item type. In two different experiments, participants chose SD over SA objects and background items as the first and most critical item in their constructed scenes and, more generally, selected SD objects earlier than SA objects across the scene construction process. When deconstructing scenes, participants retained significantly more SD objects than SA objects, and the last remaining object across all scenes was highly likely to be an SD object. SD objects therefore enjoy a privileged role in scene construction and maintenance, and appear to be an essential building block of scenes.

Application of Web-Based 3-D Panoramic Technology in the Equipment Visualization

At present, along with the development of power information technology, the research of visualization of the equipment status has become the main work. This paper analyzes the existing equipment visualization system and finds that equipments are displayed by two-dimensional graphics, and cannot give a really reflection of the surrounding environment. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a solution which uses three dimensional panoramic technologies in electrical equipment visualization system. The scheme realizes virtual scene construction which is based on static images; consequently it will be more convenient for visual management of electrical equipment.

The association between past and future oriented thinking: Evidence from autism spectrum disorder

A number of recently developed theories (e.g., the constructive episodic simulation, self-projection, and scene construction hypotheses) propose that the ability to simulate possible future events (sometimes referred to as episodic future thinking, prospection, or foresight) depends on the same neurocognitive system that is implicated in the recall of past events (episodic memory). In this paper, we argue that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) offers an ideal test of such theories, given that it is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impairments in episodic memory. Each of these theories would predict concomitant impairments in episodic future thinking among individuals with ASD. We review evidence concerning episodic future thinking in ASD, as well as studies of prospective memory (remembering to do something in the future), planning, navigation, and theory of mind, which some theories suggest also rely on the same mechanism as episodic future thinking.

Scene Construction in Amnesia: An fMRI Study

In recent years, there has been substantial interest in how the human hippocampus not only supports recollection of past experiences, but also the construction of fictitious and future events, and the leverage this might offer for understanding the operating mechanisms of the hippocampus. Evidence that patients with bilateral hippocampal damage and amnesia cannot construct novel or future scenes/events has been influential in driving this line of research forward. There are, however, some patients with hippocampal damage and amnesia who retain the ability to construct novel scenes. This dissociation may indicate that the hippocampus is not required for scene construction, or alternatively, there could be residual function in remnant hippocampal tissue sufficient to support the basic construction of scenes. Resolving this controversy is central to current theoretical debates about the hippocampus. To investigate, we used fMRI and a scene construction task to test patient P01, who has dense amnesia, ∼50% bilateral hippocampal volume loss, and intact scene construction. We found that scene construction in P01 was associated with increased activity in a set of brain areas, including medial temporal, retrosplenial, and posterior parietal cortices, that overlapped considerably with the regions engaged in control participants performing the same task. Most notably, the remnant of P01's right hippocampus exhibited increased activity during scene construction. This suggests that the intact scene construction observed in some hippocampal-damaged amnesic patients may be supported by residual function in their lesioned hippocampus, in accordance with theoretical frameworks that ascribe a vital role to the hippocampus in scene construction.

Geology Analysis and Support Scheme Design in Soft Rock Coal Mine

In this paper, Dongrong mine encountered soft rock geological problems as the research object, from the field investigation, laboratory analysis, program design and numerical simulation of four aspects of the problem spread out concrete research. Combining engineering geological conditions and scene construction condition, adopt big deformation nonlinearity theory and design procedures. Study the instability of soft rock tunnel, rock mineral composition and structure. Soft rock tunnel shoring method has carried out the three-dimensional numerical simulation.Studies have shown that pre-stressed anchor supporting technology can effectively control the roof deformation, single-arch bottom floor heave phenomenon can be reduced.

Geology Analysis and Support Scheme Design in Soft Rock Coal Mine

In this paper, Dongrong mine encountered soft rock geological problems as the research object, from the field investigation, laboratory analysis, program design and numerical simulation of four aspects of the problem spread out concrete research. Combining engineering geological conditions and scene construction condition, adopt big deformation nonlinearity theory and design procedures. Study the instability of soft rock tunnel, rock mineral composition and structure. Soft rock tunnel shoring method has carried out the three-dimensional numerical simulation.Studies have shown that pre-stressed anchor supporting technology can effectively control the roof deformation, single-arch bottom floor heave phenomenon can be reduced.

잠제의 소파효과에 관한 실험적 연구

*Department of Civil Engineering, Kunsan National University, K unsan, KoreaKEY WORDS: Submerged breakwater 잠제, Porosity 공극, Crest width 천단폭, Horizontal plates 수평판(층)ABSTRACT: Various types of coastal structures have been constructed to pr event coastal disasters. Among these coastal structures, submer ged breakwaters have been used more widely than all of the other co astal structures because of their excellent advantages in scene ry effects, construction efficiency, and environmental benefits. This study investigated the potential of the horizontal plate submerged breakwater mod el. Usually, it is necessary for a submerged breakwater to minimize and compensate for the negative impacts on the marine environment and ecosyst em caused by the marine construction. Thus, the prevention of coastal disast ers was verified for this submerged breakwater model, regardles s of its function as a fish reef. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hyd raulic characteristics with changes in the crest width and porosity of a horizontal plate submerged breakwater and compare the results of this stud y with the results of other studies on permeable and impermeabl e submerged breakwaters.교신저자 이현진: 군산시 미룡동, 010-9253-5911, 063-469-4755, 1004devilkin@hanmail.net