ABTS Radical Scavenging Research Articles

Identification of 3-methyl-1-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ol as promising neuroprotective agent

Pyrazolol derivatives are gaining significant attention for their diverse pharmacological effects, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. In this study, 20 pyrazolol derivatives were designed and synthesized to develop an anti-ischemic stroke formulation with free radical scavenging activity. Most of these synthesized compounds demonstrated antioxidant capabilities in DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and ORACFL assays. The methyl-substituted compound Y12, in particular, showed exceptional antioxidant capacity. Additionally, these compounds showed excellent neurocytoprotective effects in the SH-SY5Y cell injury model subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Notably, Y12 exhibited significant metal chelating activity with Cu2+. In vivo studies confirmed that compound Y12 has neuroprotective effects and can significantly reduce the infarct area in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO).

Antiproliferative Effects of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Solanum xenthocarpum (L.) on Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Solanum xanthocarpum, a perennial herb native to India, contains steroidal glycoalkaloids with notable anticancer properties. This study investigated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects ofmethanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum on human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Phytochemical screening and LC-HRMS analysis confirmedpresence of various primary and secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybdate assays. The extract demonstrated significant antioxidant potential with EC50 values of 60.10 ± 0.88 µg/mL (DPPH) and 392.29 ± 3.93 µg/mL (ABTS). Cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells was evaluated via morphological analysis, MTT assays, and IC50 determination (24.19 ± 0.56 µg/L). Apoptosis was confirmed using dual staining techniques (AO/EB, Hoechst 33342/PI, DAPI), revealing condensed nuclei, apoptotic bodies, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, as indicated by Rhodamine staining. Additionally, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were observed using H2-DCF-DA staining. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 127.78 ± 3.547 mg GAE/g and 98.06 ± 4.289 mg QE/g, respectively. These findings suggest that the methanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum possesses strong antioxidant and anticancer activities, indicating its potential role in cancer treatment. Further studies are warranted to explore its bioactive compounds for developing novel anticancer therapies.

Ultrasound-assisted optimized extraction and analysis of polysaccharides of Tricholoma matsutake

The ultrasound-assisted extraction technique was used for extracting polysaccharides of Tricholoma matsutake (PTM) in this work. The effects of different parameters, i.e., solid-to-liquid ratio, ultrasonic power, extraction time, and extraction temperature on the PTM yield were optimized using a rotatable, orthogonal central composite design. In the derived optimal conditions, the PTM yield was 16.97 ± 0.06%, which corresponded well with the regression model predicted value of 16.85%. The extracted PTM was purified, and the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities were investigated. The PTM was found to be composed mainly of fructose, mannose, glucose, and galactose with a molar molecular ratio of 1:2.25:9.35:5, and an average molecular weight of 90,100 Da. High antioxidant effects of PTM were seen in the tests of DPPH, hydroxyl, and ABTS radical scavenging, along with a moderate superoxide radical scavenging rate.

Antioxidant Activities of Exopolysaccharides Extracts from Two Endemic Fungi from Patagonia.

A great number of free radicals have a negative impact on the human body, and an increased interest in the identification of new natural molecules with antioxidant properties has emerged due to concerns about synthetic antioxidants. Here, the antioxidant effect of four exo-polysaccharides (EPS) extracts obtained from submerged cultivation of Nothophellinus andinopatagonicus and Pseudoinonotus crustosus (N and P, respectively) in two culture media (M1 and M2) at 2 concentrations (100 and 250µg/ml) was studied; then, its relation with the chemical composition of the EPS was evaluated. To assess the antioxidant activities of the extracts, several in vitro assays were performed: DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, chelating ability on ferrous ions, and inhibition of the lipid peroxidation. The concentrations tested here were much lower than those reported in previous works. Despite variations in chemical composition and monosaccharide profiles among the extracts, all demonstrated antioxidant activity, although the type of activity differed; only P-M1 exhibited a good antioxidant activity across all assays. This extract contained the highest proportion of phenolic compounds, and also displayed the highest radical scavenging activity. Although the utilization of polysaccharides as functional food ingredients remains limited, we propose P-M1 as a promising candidate for a nutraceutical product. Additionally, a formulation could be made with a combination of extracts to create an antioxidant-rich supplement. Additional research is needed to confirm our findings in a cellular environment and to elucidate the mechanisms that drive their antioxidant activities, ultimately facilitating their development and utilization as nutraceutical products.

Exploring the nutritional biochemical profiles and biological functions in the green microalga <i>Chlorella fusca</i>

<i>Chlorella</i> species of microalgae are utilized in the crop and food industries. The aim of this research was to investigate the metabolite profiles of <i>Chlorella fusca</i> for the first time and evaluate its biological properties. The two ion modes of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS were used to identify a total of 62 components in the methanol extract of <i>C. fusca</i>, with 26 in the negative and 36 in the positive ion mode, including 10 identical ingredients. Fatty acids (negative mode) and combinations of chlorophyll and fatty acids (positive mode) were the most prevalent chemical structures, constituting over 80 and 70% of the total metabolites, respectively, followed by chlorophyll, polar lipids, carotenoids, and fatty alcohols. Moreover, this extract exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-aging benefits in decreasing order of potency at a concentration of 200 μg mL<sup>-1</sup>: tyrosinase inhibition (100%), ABTS radical scavenging (90%), elastase inhibition (88%), and DPPH radical scavenging (34%). Notably, this extract protected the mobility of DNA fragments up to 5 μg mL<sup>-1</sup> (26%), with potential effects (> 60% at 200 μg mL<sup>-1</sup>). These findings suggest that <i>C. fusca</i> may be a promising candidate for applications related to its biological functions, owing to the high accumulation of fatty acids and chlorophyll derivatives.

Evaluation of Withania somnifera based supplement for immunomodulatory and antiviral properties against viral infection

BackgroundViral mediated diseases are continuously posing potent threat to human health. Nutraceuticals are being employed as novel therapeutics during viral outbreaks. MAM granules consist of Curcuma longa, Withania somnifera, and Piper nigrum, is one such patented Siddha nutraceutical supplement that has been proposed to be a therapeutic agent against viral diseases. ObjectiveWe characterised MAM for their phytochemical and physicochemical properties and evaluated its cytotoxicity via in vivo acute toxicity studies using Wistar rats and by cell-based MTT assays. Materials and MethodsThe antiviral properties of the aqueous extract of MAM were investigated against SARS-CoV-2 and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Further, using ABTS radical scavenging, SOD enzymatic assays and measurement of intracellular ROS, we investigated the antioxidant potential of MAM extract and its ingredients in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, production of inflammatory mediators was evaluated via NO release, PGE2 production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα). ResultsThe MAM granules and aqueous extracts demonstrated no significant toxicity and demonstrated potent antiviral activity during co-incubation assay with SARS-CoV-2 and CHIKV. Moreover, we observed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of MAM extract in a dose dependent manner. Further investigations on the individual ingredients with respect to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities showed that all ingredients contributed synergistically and Withania somnifera showed most potent anti-oxidant activity. ConclusionThe overall in vitro, and in vivo analysis demonstrated that MAM granules were non-toxic and possessed potent antiviral activity. Additionally, observed significant anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of MAM suggested the modulation of innate immune response in the host validating its use as an effective nutraceutical during viral outbreaks.

WITHDRAWN: Optimization of conventional extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) fruit

This study aimed to extract phenolic compounds from myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) fruits. The extraction of polyphenols from myrtle berries using a conventional solid-liquid extraction was optimized using single factor experiments. The influence of several parameters such as the type of solvent (50% acetone, 50% methanol, 50% ethanol and water), solvent concentration (30-100%; v/v), solvent acidity (0-0.1N), temperature (20-40°C), and time (30-360min) on the yield extraction of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total proanthocyanidin content (TPAC), and on the antioxidant activity including DPPH-radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA), ABTS-radical scavenging activity (ABTS-RSA) and ferric reducing power (FRP) were studied. The results showed that 50% acetone without acidification, 40°C and 180min are the best conditions for extracting TPC (87mg GAE/g DW), TFC (12mg QE/g DW), and TPAC (76mg CE/g DW). Myrtle berries extracted under these conditions also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity: DPPH-RSA (7166mg TE/g DW), ABTS-RSA (164mg TE/g DW), and FRP (69mg AAE/g DW). Pearson correlation coefficients showed a good positive correlation between TPC, TFC and TPAC and antioxidant activities (DPPH-RSA, ABTS-RSA and FRP), mainly under the effect of solvent type (0.93 < r < 0.99) and solvent concentration (0.91 < r < 0.99). These results suggested that myrtle berries may serve as a good source of natural antioxidants with high antioxidant potential. Therefore, it could be useful in developing functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Green Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Cumari-Do-Pará Peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) Employing Vegetable Oils as Solvents.

Capsaicin, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds from cumari-do-Pará peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) harvested from two different locations in Pará, Brazil, and at different ripening stages were extracted by employing green methodologies as an alternative to organic solvents. Edible vegetable oils from soybeans (Glycine max), Brazilian nuts (Bertholettia excelsa H.B.), and palm olein were used in combination with ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). The proximate composition of the pepper extracts and vitamin C were determined through AOAC methods, total phenolics and carotenoids were assessed by UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and capsaicin by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant cumari-do-Pará extract activities were evaluated by the ABTS radical scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid assays. The vegetable oils were suitable for extracting and preserving bioactive pepper compounds, especially mature ones harvested from Igarapé-Açu. Bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity varied with harvesting location and ripening stage. Soybean oil was the most effective in extracting bioactive pepper compounds, particularly carotenoids, with 69% recovery. Soybean oil extracts enriched in capsaicin, carotenoids, and phenolics obtained from cumari-do-Pará can be used as spices in foodstuffs and/or as additives in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations. Edible vegetable oils combined with UAE are promising for bioactive compound extraction, representing an environmentally friendly, safe, low-cost, versatile, and fast alternative.

Lotus seed protein ameliorates hepatic lipid metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-fed mice via activating the PPARα signaling pathway

Obesity, one of the prevalent chronic diseases globally, is a serious threat to human health. Dietary natural compounds intervention is an effective means to alleviate obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential protective role of lotus seed protein (LSP) against obesity. The results of amino acid composition analysis indicated that LSP possessed a well-balanced distribution of amino acids and was rich in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Meanwhile, LSP exhibited better ABTS radical scavenging, DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and Fe2+ chelating ability in vitro. In vivo, LSP intervention remarkably alleviated body weight gain, organ index gain, dyslipidemia, and hepatic lipid deposition in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Meanwhile, LSP enhanced hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, subsequently alleviated liver injury. In addition, LSP intervention significantly improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in obese mice, thereby alleviating hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. At the molecular level, LSP intervention up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes (FATP1, CPT-1a, ACOX1) and down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of lipid synthesis-related genes (SREBP-1c, ACC, SCD-1, FASN) by activating the PPARα signaling pathway, thereby promoting hepatic fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipogenesis. These results demonstrate that LSP has the potential as a dietary supplementation to prevent and ameliorate obesity.

Unveiling the phytochemical profile and biological potential of five Dendrobium species

Dendrobium, a genus of orchids celebrated for their ornamental, medicinal, and culinary uses, is the focus of this study, which examines the metabolite profiles and bioactivity of five species: Dendrobium officinale, Dendrobium nobile, Dendrobium crepidatum, Dendrobium chrysotoxum, and Dendrobium denneanum. Utilizing UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE analysis, we have identified 88 compounds from the stems and leaves of these species. Notably, extracts from D. denneanum and D. chrysotoxum exhibited the highest antioxidant activities as demonstrated by DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and FRAP assays. Additionally, D. officinale showed significant anti-hepatoma activity with an IC50 value of 104 μg/mL. Multivariate analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and metabolites correlation analysis further elucidated the bioactive potential of these species. This comprehensive approach revealed distinct metabolite profiles that correlate with the observed bioactivities. The antioxidant activities of D. denneanum and D. chrysotoxum were particularly noteworthy, suggesting their potential as natural sources of antioxidants for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. The anti-hepatoma activity of D. officinale, with its notable IC50 value, indicates its promise as a therapeutic agent against liver cancer. The findings underscore the richness of bioactive compounds in Dendrobium species, highlighting their antioxidant and anti-hepatoma properties. These insights pave the way for further research into the medicinal utilization of Dendrobium leaves and contribute to the development of novel applications in healthcare and wellness industries. The potential health benefits identified in this research emphasize the importance of preserving and studying these valuable plant species for their diverse bioactivities.

Investigation of the chemical composition, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activities of Ononis natrix subsp. natrix, performance of in silico analyses of its major compounds

In this study, phytochemical composition, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, anti-diabetic, tyrosinase activities and in silico analyses of methanol, ethyl acetate and water extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Ononis natrix subsp. natrix, which is naturally distributed in the flora of Mediterranean area, were performed. The extracts were first analyzed for their phytochemical composition using quantitative chromatographic techniques. As a result of spectrophotometric analyses (Agilent Technologies 1260 Infinity liquid chromatography system with 6420 Triple Quad mass spectrometer), it was determined that the methanol extract was the richest in terms of total phenolics (74.60 mg GAEs/g dry weight), while the water extract was found to be richest in terms of total flavonoids (27.88 mg REs/g dry weight). As a result of quantitative phytochemical analyses, taxifolin, hyperoside, eriodictiol and quercetin were found to be present in high concentrations. As a result of quantitative phytochemical analyses, taxifolin, hyperoside, eriodictyol, and quercetin were found to be present in high concentrations. The methanol extract displayed higher activity in all test systems except for DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results from the phosphomolybdenum, ABTS radical scavenging, CUPRAC, FRAP, and metal chelating tests for the methanol extract were: 1.71, 1.07, 1.02 mg, 0.91, and 1.47 mg /ml, respectively. When the AChE, BChE and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity tests were evaluated in terms of IC50, the methanol extract showed higher activity with IC50 values of 1.02, 1.70 and 1.02 mg/ml, respectively. In contrast, the ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity in the tyrosinase and α-amylase tests, with IC50 values of 1.42 and 1.78 mg/ml, respectively. It was found that there was a strong correlation between the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts and their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitor activities. The study also conducted in silico molecular docking, MM/GBSA, drug-likeness, and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) analyses to describe the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological action present in O. natrix subsp. natrix extracts. The compounds studied were eriodictyol, hyperoside, quercetin, and taxifolin. Researchers have found that, based on molecular docking, MM/GBSA, and key interactions within the enzyme active sites, hyperoside may inhibit α-amylase and BChE, eriodictyol may inhibit α-glucosidase and AChE, and both hyperoside and eriodictyol may inhibit tyrosinase. The presented data on antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity, along with in silico studies, represent the first recorded findings in the literature.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using food supplement from Avena sativa L., and their antioxidant, antiglycation, and anti-aging activities: In vitro and in silico studies

Food supplement of Avena sativa L. dry extract (AsDE) is produced with green leaves of wild oats and it is commonly used in patients with cognitive disorders and muscle deficits. These symptoms and pathologies can be promoted and/or aggravated by oxidative stress and protein glycation. In order to prevent or treat these disorders, new formulations that could enhance and benefit AsDE have been developed and the formation of metallic nanoparticles by green synthesis has shown to be an alternative. Thus, this study aimed to prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green synthesis using AsDE and characterize these AgNPs. Besides, it aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant and antiglycation activities of AsDE and AgNPS, and analyze in vitro and in silico inhibitory action on aging enzymes (collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase). UV–visible spectroscopy, Zeta potential and scanning transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize AgNPs. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing power (FRAP), lipid peroxidation inhibition, ABTS radical scavenging, and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC). Molecular docking analyses were performed to evaluate interactions between the major compounds of AsDE and aging enzymes or DNA. Antioxidant tests demonstrated antioxidant activity of 19.67 % for AsDE and 42.98 % for AgNPs in DPPH test; and 115.67 µM Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g for AsDE and 554.33 µM TE/g for AgNPs in FRAP test. In addition, AsDE and AgNPs inhibited 25.40 % and 11.33 % of lipid peroxidation, respectively, and presented 255.22 µM TE/g for AsDE and 317.44 µM TE/g for AgNPs in ABTS test. AsDE and AgNPs exhibited antioxidant potential observed in ORAC assay. In addition, AsDE presented inhibitory action on collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase activities (78.23 %, 68.14 % and 62.27 % inhibition, respectively). Antiglycation tests demonstrated that bovine serum albumin exposed to ribose and treated with AsDE at 0.5 mg/mL exhibited the highest percentage of free amino groups (45.21 %), while samples treated with AgNPs showed 35.41 % free amino groups. On the other hand, AgNPs exhibited the highest percentage of inhibition of advanced glycation end-products formation (85.75 %), which did not differ from aminoguanidine, a known antiglycation agent. Besides, relative electrophoretic mobility assay demonstrated that samples treated with AsDE at 0.1 mg/mL or AgNPs showed antiglycation activity comparable to aminoguanidine. The in silico assays showed interactions between the major compounds of AsDE and aging enzymes or DNA. Therefore, results represent an important indicator for the development and discovery of new nanostructured pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations using plants and their bioactive compounds.

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Antityrosinase Activities of Morina persica L. and Its Isolated Compounds.

In this study, the isolation of compounds from the aerial parts of Morina persica L. and the antimicrobial, antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of various polarity extracts and isolated compounds were investigated. Column chromatography methods were used for isolation. A microdilution method was used to determine antimicrobial activity; Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine total phenolic content; DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging- capacity methods were used to determine antioxidant activity; and a mushroom tyrosinase method was used to determine antityrosinase activity. Kaempferol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (astragalin) and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) were isolated from M. persica. The extracts and compounds showed higher activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis than other tested bacteria. The highest phenolic content, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activity were detected in an ethyl acetate extract at 50 μg/mL concentration. The methanol extract showed the highest antityrosinase effect at 200 μg/mL concentration.

Comparative account of phytochemicals, their bioactivities, triterpenoid saponins, and stigmasterol content from two memory-boosting herbs [Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and Bacopa floribunda (R.Br.) Wettst.]

Bacopa monnieri and Bacopa floribunda are extensively utilized in various Ayurvedic remedies because of their cognitive-enhancing properties. Phytochemicals, antioxidants, anti-diabetic, anti-acetylcholine esterase activities, and the detection of bioactive substances (triterpenoid saponins and stigmasterol) were examined using HPLC and HR-LC-MS. The results showed that the aqueous extract of B. floribunda had the highest TPC (60.44 ± 5.24 mg TAE/g extract), while the acetonitrile extract had the lowest content (9.35 ± 0.64 mg TAE/g extract). The highest TFC was found in the acetone extracts of B. monnieri and B. floribunda (63.69 ± 13.48 and 61.44 ± 2.94 mg CE/g extract, respectively). Additionally, the acetone extracts of B. floribunda and B. monnieri revealed the greatest TTC (256.8 ± 7.73 mg CE/g extract) and TSC (363.5 ± 10.6 mg DE/g extract), respectively. In antioxidant studies, the acetone and methanol extracts of B. monnieri showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP, and MC activities (68.24 ± 1.31 mg AAE/g extract, 160.43 ± 4.34 mg Fe(II)/g extract, and 283.13 ± 1.46 mg EDTA/g extract, respectively). The acetone extract of B. floribunda had better ABTS radical scavenging and PMA (13.29 ± 0.53 mg TE/g extract and 127.7 ± 0.51 mg AAE/g extract, respectively). The acetonitrile extract of B. floribunda showed considerable inhibitory effects against α-amylase (71.89 ± 10.1%), α-glucosidase (93.89 ± 0.19%), and acetylcholine esterase (80.92 ± 0.6%) enzymes. The presence of stigmasterol and four triterpenoid saponins were also confirmed by HPLC. The total amount of triterpenoid saponins was found higher in B. floribunda (4.97 ± 0.012 mg/g DW) than B. monnieri (3.96 ± 0.012 mg/g DW). In contrast, B. monnieri (5.13 ± 0.12 mg/g DW) exhibited the highest stigmasterol content as compared to B. floribunda (3.97 ± 0.35 mg/g DW). For the first time, we report B. floribunda as a potent source of triterpenoid saponins and could be a substitute for B. monnieri.

Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Coffea Robusta Monofloral Honey from Dak Lak Province, Vietnam.

Robusta coffee blossom honey stands as a key regional product in Dak Lak province, Vietnam. Despite its significance, there exists a dearth of scientific data for assessing its quality. This study aims to fill this gap by characterizing the physicochemical properties and biological activities of coffee blossom honeys from three distinct sub-regions within Dak Lak province, Vietnam. These activities include ferric reducing power (FRP), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, as well as tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Moreover, the study compares these honey samples with other popular varieties in Vietnam, such as Lychee and Longan honeys. The physicochemical parameters of the honey samples meet the standards set by Codex Alimentarius 2001. Through UPLC analysis, eleven compounds were identified, with caffeine serving as a marker for coffee honey. Furthermore, by employing multiple factor analysis (MFA), it was observed that certain physicochemical properties correlate positively with tyrosinase inhibitory, DPPH, ABTS free radicals scavenging activities, and FRP. Notably, tyrosinase inhibitory activity exhibited a positive correlation with antioxidant activity. These findings underscore the high quality of Coffea robusta honey, showcasing its potent antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities.

Solid-state fermentation using wheat bran to produce glucose syrup and functional cereal bars.

Wheat bran is one of the most abundant by-products from grain milling, which can be used as substrate for solid-state fermentation (SSF) to obtain enzymes able to convert this agro-industrial waste into glucose syrup, which in turn can be applied for the production of different food products. The present study aimed to determine centesimal composition of wheat bran, obtain enzymatic extract that converts wheat bran into wheat glucose syrup (WGS), produce rice flakes cereal bars (RFCB), and evaluate their nutritional composition and the presence of functional compounds, as well as their antioxidant potential. Determination of centesimal composition of wheat bran demonstrated its nutritional potential. Enzymatic extract was obtained and it converted wheat bran into WGS, which were applied to rice flakes producing RFCB. These cereal bars proved to be a source of dietary fiber (1.8g) and soluble protein (7.2g) while RCFB produced with corn glucose syrup did not present these nutritional components. In addition, RFCB produced with WGS showed polyphenolic compounds, among them flavonoids, which exhibited antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging (47.46% and 711.89μM Trolox Equivalent/g, respectively), and iron ion reduction (71.70μM Trolox equivalent/g). Final product showed a decrease in caloric value and sodium content. Therefore, the present study showed that the bioprocess of SSF yields a nutritional, ecological, and functional food product, which might be of great interest for food industry, adding nutritional and functional value to a well-stablished product.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for active components and anti-alzheimer activities from mentha cordifolia

Mentha cordifolia .(Lamiaceae) or Mint, is distributed all over the world. Essential oils found are menthol, menthone, 1,8-cineole, pinene, myrcene, and borneol. M. cordifolia. most popular herb, is widely used in cooking, cosmetics, complementary therapy, and pharmaceuticals for anti-carcinogen, gastro protective, antimicrobial, and antivirus purposes. The manufactory extracted essential oil method used steam distillation and hydro-distillation, which decomposed the components. The aim of this work was to study the innovative technologies of chemical constituents’ extraction by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) that include high yields, short-extraction times, and energy savings. The extraction of Mentha cordifolia was carried out at 20 KHz ultrasonic frequencies. Sonicated times were 1.5 h. Antioxidant studies of essential oils by UAE extraction were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and pharmacological activity was anti-Alzheimer (Ellman’s method). The UAE method used hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents and set the time to 1.0 h; in the second experiment, it set the time to 1.5h in the same system. Crude hexane (F1) extracted gave terpene and essential oils; crude ethyl acetate (F2) extracted gave flavonoids; and crude ethanol (F3) extracted gave phenolic compounds. The UAE method gave fractions F1, F2, and F3, which showed the DPPH activity was IC50 259, 229, and 74 mg/mL; ABTS radical scavenging was IC50 129, 103, and 127 mg/mL; and anti-acetylcholinesterase was IC50 128, 126, and 137mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidants tested were treated by applying multivariate statistical analysis.

ACE‐inhibitory properties and antioxidative activities of hydrolysate powder obtained from Thai's mature silkworm (Bombyx mori)

SummaryThis study aimed to optimise the production of silkworm hydrolysate powder (SHP) from Thai's mature silkworm with potent ACE inhibition properties using commercial protease enzymes. Thai's mature silkworm (TMS) powder was hydrolysed with Alcalase® 2.4 L, Neutrase® 0.8 L and Flavourzyme® 500MG at varying enzyme concentrations and temperatures. The most effective method for ACE inhibition was found with Alcalase® 2.4 L at 5% concentration (w/w) of protein content in TMS powder, at 60 °C for 1 h. This condition also resulted in the highest SHP production and protein content, outperforming other enzyme treatments. Moreover, it exhibited significant total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging. This finding establishes a foundation for scaling up the production of Thai's mature SHP to a commercial level. The resulting product can be utilised as a functional ingredient, functional food or therapeutic food for managing high blood pressure.

Evaluation of antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiobesity potential of phenylpropanoids (PPs): Structure-activity relationship and insight into action mechanisms against dual digestive enzymes by comprehensive technologies

Phenylpropanoids (PPs), a group of natural compounds characterized by one or more C6-C3 units, have exhibited considerable potential in addressing metabolic disease. However, the comprehensive investigation on the relationship of compound structures and involved activity, along with the action mechanisms on the drug target is absent. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and inhibitory activities of 16 PPs against two digestive enzymes, including α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, explore the structure–activity relationships and elucidate the mechanisms underlying enzyme inhibition. The findings revealed the similarities in the rules governing antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of PPs. Specifically, the introduction of hydroxyl groups generally exerted positive effects on the activities, while the further methoxylation and glycosylation were observed to be unfavorable. Among the studied PPs, esculetin exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity and dual enzymes inhibition potential, displaying IC50 values of 0.017 and 0.0428 mM for DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging, as well as 1.36 and 6.67 mM for α-glucosidase and lipase inhibition, respectively. Quantification analysis indicated esculetin bound on both α-glucosidase and lipase successfully by a mixed-type mode. Further analyses by UV–Vis, FT-IR, fluorescence spectra, surface hydrophobicity, SEM, and molecular docking elucidated that esculetin could bind on the catalytic or non-catalytic sites of enzymes to form complex, impacting the normal spatial conformation for hydrolyzing the substrate, thus exhibiting the weakened activity. These results may shed light on the utilization value of natural PPs for the management of hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia, and afford the theoretical basis for designing drugs with stronger inhibition against the dual digestive enzymes based on esculetin.

Effect of solubilization with surfactant on the antioxidant activity of ellagic acid

Abstract Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural antioxidant found in many fruits and vegetables. However, its solubility in water is poor, which limits its application. To overcome this limitation, the surfactants Span 20 and Tween 60 are used to increase its solubility in water. FTIR, TEM and laser particle size and zeta potential analysis were used to characterize the morphology and structure of ellagic acid emulsions. The antioxidant activity of surfactant-compatible ellagic acid was determined using various antioxidant evaluation methods such as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power and total antioxidant activity. The results indicate that the solubility of ellagic acid in water was improved by the addition of Span 20 and Tween 60, and ellagic acid formed complex particles in combination with Span 20 and Tween 60. Compared to pure ellagic acid, the antioxidant activity of ellagic acid lotion was significantly enhanced.