Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Research Articles

Antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory activity, and mutagenicity of Sterculia lychnophora (Pangdahai) polysaccharide

Dried boat-fruited ripped seeds of Sterculia lychnophora, commonly known as Pangdahai, are frequently used in traditional Chinese medicines and functional foods. However, research on these constituents is limited. In this study, the extraction of Pangdahai polysaccharide (PP) was investigated using different solvents (deionized water, 50 % methanol, and 50 % ethanol), and its chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity were analyzed. Additionally, the Ames test was used to evaluate PPs’ food safety and mutagenicity. The results showed that the yields of PPs extracted with the three solvents ranged from ∼ 19 % to 21 % and that their monosaccharide compositions (rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose) were similar, with slightly different proportions. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity of all three PPs showed concentration-dependent effects. The EC50 values for each antioxidant were approximately 0.71–1.35 mg/mL for 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability, 1.88–46.13 µg/mL for 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging ability, 2.22–3.61 mg/mL for ferric reducing antioxidant power, and 0.52–3.11 mg/mL for hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. At concentrations below 500 µg/mL, the anti-inflammator activity of PPs promoted cell proliferation while inhibiting nitric oxide production at concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 125 µg/mL. In the Ames test, PPs (1–5 mg/plate) exhibited no toxicity or mutagenicity against the five strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, and TA1537). These findings will particularly be of interest to individuals involved in PP-related research or commercial enterprises. Thus, the findings of this study will elucidate the bioactive components and potential benefits of PP, making it especially valuable to researchers and practitioners in the Pangdahai industry and expanding opportunities for industrial development.

Variation of the Content and Antioxidant Activity of Active Substances in the Kombucha Fermentation of Mulberry Leaves

With the increasing emphasis on healthy living, Kombucha beverages are becoming more and more popular. Recently, fermented Kombucha with different materials and investigated the efficacy have become hot topics. In this paper, mulberry leaves were used as substrates for Kombucha fermentation. The active substances contents and antioxidant activities of the fermented mulberry leaf infusion were significantly enhanced. After being fermented for 10 days, the total phenolic substances and total flavonoids in the Kombucha fermented mulberry leaf infusion were 7.38 and 12.24 times higher than those in the unfermented mulberry leaf infusion, respectively. While the mulberry leaf infusion that fermented for 6 days had the highest antioxidant capacity. The Ferric (Fe3+) reducing power, ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity, and hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging capacity were enhanced by 90.3%, 21.82%, and 46.2%, respectively. In conclusion, after being fermented by Kombucha, the antioxidant properties of mulberry leaf infusion were significantly improved, which will contribute to expanding the subsequent development and application of mulberry leaf.

Optimization of α-L-arabinofuranosidase CcABF on clarification and beneficial active substances in fermented ginkgo kernel juice by artificial neural network and genetic algorithm

This study aimed at using α-L-arabinofuranosidase CcABF to improve the clarity and active substances in fermented ginkgo kernel juice by artificial neural network (ANN) modeling and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization. A credible three-layer feedforward ANN model was established to predict the optimal parameters for CcABF clarification. The experiments proved the highest transmittance of 89.40% for fermented ginkgo kernel juice with this understanding, which exhibited a 25.56% increase over the unclarified group. With the clarification of CcABF, the antioxidant capacity in juice was enhanced with the increase of total phenolic and flavone contents, and the maximum DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging rates were increased by 89.71% and 26.65%, respectively. The contents of toxic ginkgolic acids declined markedly, while the active ingredients of ginkgetin and ginkgolide B showed a modest increase. Moreover, changes in free amino acids and volatile compounds improved the nutritive value and flavor of clarified fermented ginkgo kernel juice.

Design and expression of recombinant Xuanwei ham antioxidant peptide in Escherichia coli BL21

Xuanwei Ham Peptide (XHP) is a bioactive compound isolated and extracted from Xuanwei ham. It enhances the oxidative defense system by down-regulating CYP2E1 expression, reducing ROS production, and by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. In order to solve the problems of low yield, high cost and time-consuming separation process of active peptides from ham. In this study, we designed three peptide sequences derived from Xuanwei ham and expressed them recombinantly. The results showed that the peptides using flexible linker peptide ((GGGGS)2), rigid linker peptide ((EAAAK)2) linkage as well as the head-to-tail tandem linkage were successfully expressed in the E. coli expression system. Peptide monomers were released from the fusion proteins by formic acid cleavage and purified sequentially by Ni-IDA affinity chromatography, membrane filtration and RP-HPLC. The molecular weight of XHP was confirmed to be 717.35 by ESI-MS analysis. The results of the antioxidant activity of XHP showed that the hydroxyl radical scavenging rates of the three recombinant peptides were as high as 79.46%, 87.42%, and 53.60%, respectively. The hydroxyl radical activity of formic acid-cleaved XHP was reduced to 35.31%, but it showed good stability in heat, pH, metal ions and gastrointestinal digestion (GID). The molecular docking results showed that the docking of XHP to Keap1 protein was evaluated by five Molecular dynamics simulation with a maximum binding energy of -8.5 kcal/mol. This study provides references and ideas for the expression of active peptides, which can be widely used in the future can be used in the field of nutraceuticals, functional foods and pharmaceuticals.

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. fruit inhibits iron-induced lipid peroxidation and ?-amylase enzyme activity

Insufficiencies in insulin secretion and/or action cause diabetes mellitus (DM), a complex condition characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels. Diabetes is often treated by modifying either glucose metabolism, lipids metabolism, or both. A direct correlation has been found between high levels of lipid peroxide in individuals with diabetes and lower intracellular antioxidant activity. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Kigelia africana fruit on the carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme, ?-amylase, and FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat pancreas. The in vitro antioxidant potential, including assays for (1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant property (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl (OH) scavenging, and Fe2+ chelating abilities, of the fruit extract was also evaluated. The effect of the fruit extract on the ?-amylase enzyme, and FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat pancreas was also evaluated. K. africana at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL scavenged DPPH radicals, with the lower concentration showing significant differences compared to the control. The K. africana fruit extract reduced ferric compounds significantly compared to the standard. The OH* radical scavenging results revealed that all concentrations of K. africana fruit scavenged OH* radicals without significant differences compared to the control. K. africana fruit also chelated iron significantly compared to the control. The fruit extract inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat pancreas and ?-amylase activity compared to the control. K. africana fruit displayed promising potential in inhibiting ?-amylase activity and associated lipid peroxidation in diabetics. Therefore, it holds strong promise for use in diabetes treatment, validating its traditional use for managing the condition.

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of pectin from Actinidia arguta Sieb.et Zucc (A. arguta) extracted by ultrasonic.

Pectin was extracted from Actinidia arguta Sieb. et Zucc (A.arguta) using the ultrasound-assisted acid method and the single acid method. The physicochemical properties, structure, and antioxidant properties of two different pectins were investigated. The results showed that the extraction yield of the ultrasound-assisted acid method is higher than that of the single acid method. The molecular structure of A. arguta pectin extracted by the ultrasound-assisted acid method belongs to a mixed structure of RG-I and HG-type domains. Through structural feature analysis, the ultrasound-assisted extraction pectin (UAP) has a more branched structure than the single acid-extracted pectin (SAP). The SAP has a higher degree of esterification than the UAP. The physical property results show that the viscosity, solubility, and water-holding capacity of the UAP are better than those of the SAP. The antioxidant test results show that the hydroxyl radical scavenging and reducing powers of the UAP are superior to those of the SAP. This study shows the composition, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of A. arguta pectin extracted by the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method to provide a theoretical basis for its application as an antioxidant and other food additives in the food industry.

Biomass derived carbon dots with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties for the treatment of wound healing

We report the synthesis of multifunctional carbon dots (PAPBCDs) via a one-step hydrothermal method, and evaluated their therapeutic efficacy in wound healing in vivo using a Staphylococcus aureus-infected wound mouse model. The multifunctional carbon dots (CDs) were derived from biomass-based polysaccharide (PAP) and betaine (B), and retained the antioxidant and antibacterial activities, respectively, of their starting precursors. In addition to possessing favorable biocompatibility in cytotoxicity studies, the antibacterial activity of the PAPBCDs was 99.38% against Gram-negative bacteria and 90.80% against Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, suggesting that the betaine-derived quaternary ammonium groups in the PAPBCDs were able to electrostatically disrupt bacterial cell membranes leading to pathogen inactivation. ROS scavenging studies demonstrated that the PAPBCDs could effectively scavenge hydroxyl radicals, suggesting that the PAPBCDs could remove intracellular ROS and protect wound tissue from oxidative stress. In vivo studies using mouse models indicated that PAPBCDs could accelerate S. aureus-infected wound healing. These findings offer some interesting ideas for how to design of effective nanomaterials to treat wound infections, and suggest that multifunctional carbon-dot based materials may play a therapeutic role in tissue regeneration and healing.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Moringa Peregrina and Their Toxicity on MCF-7 and Caco-2 Human Cancer Cells.

The synthesis of nanoparticles using naturally occurring reagents such as vitamins, sugars, plant extracts, biodegradable polymers and microorganisms as reductants and capping agents could be considered attractive for nanotechnology. These syntheses have led to the fabrication of limited number of inorganic nanoparticles. Among the reagents mentioned above, plant-based materials seem to be the best candidates, and they are suitable for large-scale biosynthesis of nanoparticles. The aqueous extract of Moringa peregrina leaves was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various spectral studies including FT-IR, SEM, HR-TEM and XRD. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the silver nanoparticles was studied viz. DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging potential and reducing power with varied concentrations. The anticancer potential of the nanoparticles was also studied against MCF-7 and Caco-2 cancer cell lines. The results showed that silver nanoparticles displayed strong antioxidant activity compared with gallic acid. Furthermore, the anticancer potential of the nanoparticles against MCF-7 and Caco-2 in comparison with the standard Doxorubicin revealed that the silver nanoparticles produced significant toxic effects against the studied cancer cell lines with the IC50 values of 41.59 (Caco-2) and 26.93 (MCF-7) µg/mL. In conclusion, the biosynthesized nanoparticles using M. peregrina leaf aqueous extract as a reducing agent showed good antioxidant and anticancer potential on human cancer cells and can be used in biological applications.

Dietary plant flavonoid supplementation for poultry as a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and antioxidants: a review

The poultry industry is paying more attention to plant-based feed additives. Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites derived from fruits, grains, vegetables, herbs, and medicinal plants. One of the most significant environmental stressors affecting the poultry industry worldwide is heat stress, which lowers the quality and safety of production. An imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body’s natural antioxidant defenses leads to oxidative stress in cells. These reactive species can damage proteins, lipids, DNA, and cellular structures. Improving the antioxidant status of poultry bodies by feeding them antioxidant-supplemented feed can increase productivity and health. Plant flavonoid compounds have drawn attention from researchers as possible natural antioxidant sources because of their potential for use as feed additives in poultry production. Numerous studies have demonstrated that dietary flavonoids have strong antioxidant effects and can be utilized as a tonic in poultry to improve health and productivity. Overall, research on the antioxidant capacity of plant flavonoids has generally shown promising results; however, there are still significant issues regarding the detrimental effects of flavonoids to be resolved, and measuring oxidative damage in vivo is challenging. This review summarizes the current understanding of dietary plant flavonoid supplementation for poultry as a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and antioxidants.

Insights into enzymatic hydrolysis: Exploring effects on antioxidant and functional properties of bioactive peptides from Chlorella proteins

Chlorella protein hydrolysate (CPH) is highly valued for its protein content, solubility, and functionality. Our main aim is to produce CPH via enzymatic hydrolysis using pepsin, alkaline, trypsin, and pancreatic enzymes and to analyze its amino acid composition, antioxidant activity, functional, and physiological properties. After the extraction and preparation of bioactive peptides (BAPs) derived from Chlorella protein, they were enzymatically hydrolyzed using the mentioned enzymes, and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was evaluated. Our results showed that samples fabricated with trypsin and alkaline enzymes had the highest water-holding capacity (WHC) (3.8 g water/g dry matter) and oil-holding capacity (OHC) (5.7 g oil/g dry matter), respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis with alkaline enzyme and trypsin showed the strongest radical scavenging activities of DPPH (83.2%) and ABTS (77.5%), respectively. Additionally, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) and reducing power of crude protein increased after enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis also increased the metal-chelating activity. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that CPH has the best potential in improving the nutritional and functional properties of food ingredients and products.

Development of New Resolvin D1 Analogues for Osteoarthritis Therapy: Acellular and Computational Approaches to Study Their Antioxidant Activities.

In osteoarthritis (OA), oxidative stress plays a crucial role in maintaining and sustaining cartilage degradation. Current OA management requires a combination of pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological strategies, including intraarticular injections of hyaluronic acid (HA). However, several lines of evidence reported that HA oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is linked with HA cleavage and fragmentation, resulting in reduced HA viscosity. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is a lipid mediator that is biosynthesized from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and is a good candidate with the potential to regulate a panoply of biological processes, including tissue repair, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in OA. Herein, newly designed and synthesized imidazole-derived RvD1 analogues were introduced to compare their potential antioxidant properties with commercially available RvD1. Their antioxidant capacities were investigated by several in vitro chemical assays including oxygen radical absorbance capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and HA fragmentation assay. All results proved that imidazole-derived RvD1 analogues showed excellent antioxidant performance compared to RvD1 due to their structural modifications. Interestingly, they scavenged the formed reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protected HA from degradation, as verified by agarose gel electrophoresis and gel permission chromatography. A computational study using Gaussian 09 with DFT calculations and a B3LYP/6-31 G (d, p) basis set was also employed to study the relationship between the antioxidant properties and chemical structures as well as calculation of the molecular structures, frontier orbital energy, molecular electrostatic potential, and bond length. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of our analogues was higher than that of RvD1. In conclusion, the findings suggest that imidazole-derived RvD1 analogues can be good candidates as antioxidant molecules for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases like OA. Therefore, they can prolong the longevity of HA in the knee and thus may improve the mobility of the articulation.

Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Pslants from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh

The objective of the present investigation is to appraise the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, DPPH and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity along with a total antioxidant capacity of water extract obtained from six medicinal plants, i.e., Acalypha alnifolia, Caesalpinia bonduc, Carissa spinarum, Commiphora caudata, Moringa concanensis and Terminalia tomentosa. The phytochemical analysis of the six medicinal plants water extracts revealed total phenolic content (TPC) in the range of 27.77 to 3.35 GAE mg/g dwt. The highest TPC is present in A. alnifolia and the lowest is noticed in T. tomentosa. The total flavonoid content is present in between 1.68 to 1.48 QE mg/g dry weight and a higher amount of flavonoid content was observed in A. alnifolia and lowest present in C. bonduc. Antioxidant activity results of the six medicinal plants showed that the highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in Carissa spinarum and lowest in T. tomentosa. DPPH method was used to know the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract of the six medicinal plants. Among the tested plants A. alnifolia, Carissa spinarum and Moringa concanensis strongly reduced DPPH purple color by expressing ~80% as maximum inhibition. DPPH was strongly inhibited by T. tomentosa (IC50 value 25 μg/ml). Hydroxyl radical was strongly (~96%) inhibited by T. tomentosa and lowest IC50 value was expressed by A. alnifolia (36.4 μg/ml). The study results indicate that all six medicinal plants are rich sources of natural antioxidant components.

Preparation of Astragalus membranaceus–cranberry biscuits and the evaluation of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity

SummaryAstragalus membranaceus, as a medicinal and edible product, contains a variety of active ingredients. The cranberry powder is rich in polyphenol, dietary fibre, vitamins and mineral. In this study, biscuits were prepared by enrichment with Astragalus membranaceus and cranberry powder. The basic nutrients, physicochemical indexes, odour characteristics, antioxidant properties and shelf life prediction of the Astragalus membranaceus–cranberry biscuits (AMCB) were evaluated and compared with commercial biscuits. Overall, the biscuits with the addition of Astragalus membranaceus and cranberry had low water content and high protein content of 8.3 g/100 g. The antioxidant properties of AMCB were analysed by DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and the results demonstrated that AMCB possessed higher antioxidant activity than cranberry biscuits (CRB) and control biscuits (CB). The water content and peroxide value index were used to predict the shelf life by accelerated test. According to the Arrhenius method, the shelf life of AMCB was about 112 days. The results showed that the addition of 23% Astragalus membranaceus and cranberry powder led to improved nutritional value, antioxidant properties and sensory characteristics of the biscuits.

Bio-based film development: Harnessing alginate and fucoidan extracted from Ascophyllum nodosum with glycerol and choline chloride-based solvent

Development of bioactive films and food coverings from renewable resources has major advantages for reducing reliance on plastic materials and increasing the shelf life of associated food products. This study assessed the development of such food covering films using combined alginate and fucoidan extracted from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. A solvent containing glycerol and choline chloride was used to extract fucoidan before sodium carbonate was used for alginate extraction. The extracted fucoidan contained approximately 42.2% glycerol and was used as a substitution for glycerol when developing alginate films through 0, 50 and 100% glycerol supplementation. Two sets of films were produced using either crudely extracted or analytical grade alginate. These films were tested for suitability within food covering applications through tensile testing, moisture barrier analyses, antibacterial, and antioxidative assays. We show that glycerol supplementation with fucoidan had minimal effect on tensile properties at 50% glycerol supplementation, though it decreased significantly at 100% glycerol supplementation. Furthermore, the glycerol supplementation with fucoidan significantly reduced each film's moisture barrier properties, allowing for higher moisture transfer through the films. The re-addition of fucoidan into the alginate films also had little effect on the oxygen scavenging abilities of the films but maintained a substantial hydroxyl scavenging capacity of 48.09 ± 0.3% from crude alginate films with 100% glycerol supplementation when compared to 7.29 ± 3.42% neat alginate films without fucoidan supplementation. Our results show that combining alginate and fucoidan is an effective strategy to produce bioactive films for food coverings and facilitates solvent recycling, while reducing alginate polymer development costs.

Quantification of the Bioactivity of Ethanolic Extract From Phoenix dactylifera.

This study aims to quantitatively assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Phoenix dactylifera seeds. Around 30 seeds of Phoenix dactylifera were collected, crushed, and powdered; 10 gm of powder was added to 100 ml of ethanolic extract and boiled for further analysis. Egg albumin denaturation assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay were done to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, respectively. An independent t-test was used to compare the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of Phoenix dactylifera using SPSS Statistics version 22.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0; Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), and values less than 0.05 are considered statistically significant. The seeds of Phoenix dactylifera have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties improved with higher concentrations and were comparable to the control substances diclofenac sodium, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid, respectively. The most significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect was observed at a dosage of 50 μL, with a p-value of 0.001. To conclude, we found that the ethanolic extract of Phoenix dactylifera has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, which can further be used for the improvement of pharmaceuticals.

Treatment of high-salt phenol wastewater by high-gravity technology intensified Co-Mn/γ-Al2O3 catalytic ozonation: Treatment efficiency, inhibition and catalytic mechanism

The treatment of high-salt phenol wastewater is still a challenging problem, and the effect of salt on the catalysts and active free radicals is still unclear. In this study, high-gravity technology intensified Co-Mn/γ-Al2O3 (CMA) catalytic ozonation is proposed for the treatment of high-salt phenol wastewater, and the effect of salt on catalysts and active free radicals is revealed. It is found that salt has little effect on the degradation of phenol in the high-gravity environment. The main reason for the poor mineralization of phenol is the accumulation of salt on the active sites of the catalyst rather than the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals (OH·). The CMA catalytic ozonation process follows OH· mechanism and was verified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Under the optimal conditions, the ηphenol reaches 98.40 % in 9 min and the ηTOC reaches 90.02 % in 80 min at a salt concentration of 10 g/L. Compared to the bubbling reactor (BR)/CMA/O3 (BCO) system, the ηphenol and ηTOC of the RPB/CMA/O3 (RCO) system are increased by 12.30 % and 15.90 %, respectively. This study not only provides a new method for the treatment of high-salt phenol wastewater, but also offers new insights into the effect of salt on active components.

Optimization of Microwave Assisted Aqueous Two‐Phase Extraction of Polysaccharides from Malus hupehensis and Evaluation Its Antioxidant Activity

AbstractThe two models of microwave assisted aqueous two‐phase extraction (MATPE) of polysaccharides from Malus hupehensis are established by response surface methodology (RSM) and back propagation neural network (BP‐NN), compared their prediction ability, and comparatively optimized extraction process by using RSM and BP‐NN coupled genetic algorithm (GA), and the antioxidant activity of M. hupehensis polysaccharides (MHPs) is evaluated by the scavenging ability of free radicals. The results show that the predictive ability of BP‐NN is significantly better than that of RSM. The optimal extraction parameters to achieve the highest MHPs yield (4.71 ± 0.04)% by MATPE are obtained through BP‐NN coupled GA method under the microwave power of 337 W, mass fraction of ammonium sulfate of 23%, ethanol concentration of 29%, and liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 22 mL g−1. The IC50 values of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) scavenging capacities for MHPs achieve 5.13 and 3.29 mg mL−1, respectively. The findings provide important references for the development and utilization of M. hupehensis.

Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bersama abyssinica F. seed extracts

Medicinal plants can be potential sources of therapeutic agents. Traditional healers use a medicinal plant from Ethiopia, Bersama abyssinica Fresen, to treat various diseases. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical components and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of B. abyssinica seed extracts (BASE). Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis was used to determine the phytochemical compositions of BASE. The antioxidant activities were assessed by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) assay, ferric chloride reducing assay and hydroxyl scavenging capacity assay. Antimicrobial activity was investigated using the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, glycosides, tannins, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 30 volatile compounds; α-pinene (23.85%), eucalyptol (20.74%), β-pinene (5.75%), d-limonene (4.05%), and o-cymene (5.02%). DPPH-induced free radical scavenging (IC50 = 8.78), TBARS (IC50 = 0.55 µg/mL), and hydroxyl radicals’ scavenging capacities assays (IC50 = 329.23) demonstrated high antioxidant effects of BASE. Reducing power was determined based on Fe3+–Fe2+ transformation in the presence of extract. BASE was found to show promising antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa (zone of inhibition 15.7 ± 2.5 mm, 16.0 ± 0.0 mm, and 16.7 ± 1.5 mm, respectively), but excellent antifungal activities against C. albican and M. furfur (zone of inhibition 22.0 ± 2.0 mm and 22.0 ± 4.0 mm, respectively). The seeds of B. abyssinica grown in Ethiopia possess high antioxidant potential, promising antibacterial and superior antifungal activity. Therefore, seeds of B. abyssinica provide a potential source for drug discovery.

In-vitro, in-vivo and in-silico exploration of different extracts of Justica adhatoda against Newcastle viral disease

Justicia adhatoda (family Acanthaceae) is an indigenous plant of Soan Skesar Valley with copious biological perspectives. In the present study, four methanolic, acetonic, chloroform &n-hexane extracts of J. adhatoda were checked for in vitro biological potentials by phytochemical profiling, bioactive contents, HPLC analysis, and antioxidant assays. Results showed that the plant exhibited a maximum TPC of 41.6 ± 0.4 mg. GA.E/g and TFC as 52.3 ± 0.3 m.g QE/g by methanolic extract, which may show the elevated antioxidant potential of that extract. Through DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)assay, Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), Hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging, and Nitric oxide (NO) radical tests for scavenging, the J. adhatoda studies showed that all extracts contain antioxidant capacity. It also demonstrated the stronger antiradical property in the outline of methanolic > acetonic > chloroform > n-hexane. The plant’s efficacy against Newcastle viral disease was tested by in ovo in SPF- SPF-embryonated chicken eggs. This indicates that 400 µg/mL of methanolic extract showed a high survival rate with 0 % mortality. Further, in silico studies showed the binding interactions between receptor protein and phytoactive components of plants which provide the way for pharmacological and drug-likeness activities for future studies. The present studies highlighted that all extracts especially methanolic extract of J. adhatoda exhibited the best phytochemical profile, active phyto-contents, antioxidant, and antiviral properties that can be supplementary explored for new drug advancement.

Chemical Components, Nutritional Value, Volatile Organic Compounds and Biological Activities In Vitro of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water with Different Maturities.

The differences in chemical components, nutritional value, volatile organic compounds, antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibiting capacity in vitro in coconut waters with different maturities (8, 10, and 12 months after pollination and germination height below 10 cm were named CW-8, CW-10, CW-2, and MCW, respectively) from the tall coconut variety were compared and analyzed. Results showed that as the maturity increased, the ash and reducing sugar in coconut water gradually decreased, while the protein content and fatty acids continued to increase. Potassium, phosphorus, and sodium in four coconut waters showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and CW-12 had the highest content of 2133.85 mg/kg, 239.74 mg/kg, and 310.75 mg/kg, respectively. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in higher amounts are alcohols and esters in coconut waters, among which 2-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl acetate monomer, and 2-methyl-1-propanol dimer were the characteristic volatile substances that distinguish MCW from the other three coconut waters. MCW has the best DPPH-scavenging and ferrous-ion-chelating ability (87.39% and 7.65%), while CW-8 had the highest hydroxyl and ABTS radicals scavenging rate (97.31% and 83.48%) and α-glucosidase inhibitory rate (81.36%). These results can provide support for the differential and high-value utilization of coconut water with different maturities.