Scatter Graph Research Articles

Temporal dynamics of indoor air quality: Investigating the impact of cooking activities and ventilation efficiency in shared kitchens

Indoor air quality (IAQ) plays a pivotal role in safeguarding human health and well-being, particularly in shared spaces like hostel kitchens where cooking is frequent. This study investigates the temporal dynamics of IAQ in shared kitchens, focusing on pollutant fluctuations during cooking activities and the role of ventilation efficiency. Using advanced monitoring tools, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Air Quality Index (AQI) were analyzed over a seven-day period. Results indicate pronounced peaks in pollutant levels during morning and evening cooking hours, attributed to frying, grilling, and other high-emission activities, compounded by insufficient ventilation. Comprehensive visualizations such as scatter plots, heatmaps, and 3D scatter graphs reveal actionable insights into pollutant behavior over time. Based on these findings, interventions including advanced ventilation systems, cleaner cooking technologies, and real-time air quality monitoring are proposed. These measures aim to mitigate IAQ challenges, ensuring healthier living environments for residents.

Synthesis and Excited State Proton Transfer (ESPT) Studies of 2-(6-Substitutedbenzo[d]Thiazol-2-Yl)Naphthalen-1-Ol Derivatives.

This study reports the rapid intramolecular proton transfer studies upon photo excitation of 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)naphthalene-1-ol derivatives, yielding tautomer emission with large Stokes shift. Employing photophysical studies, density functional theory (DFT) and, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods, we scrutinize excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) modulation over varying solvent polarities. Analysis of UV-Visible and fluorescence spectra, alongside exploration of hydrogen bond dynamics, reveals solvation effects on the excited state proton transfer process. Theoretical vibrational spectra confirm enhanced hydrogen bond strength in the excited state which is sensitive to the solvent polarity. Energy profile curves and the scatter graph depict impact of solvent polarity on ESIPT. Additionally, molecular interactions and X-ray diffraction studies of the title compound 4a are presented.

BN O02 - Introducing the Cholecystectomy Urgency Index (CUI) – A novel way to visualise and optimise the waiting list for laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a large district general hospital

Abstract Background Gallstone disease effects approximately 10-15% of the adult population, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures in the UK, with over 60,000 performed each year. Delays to surgery from diagnosis has been found to increase patient morbidity and readmission rate. Waiting lists in the UK have been struck with a significant backlog from the COVID-19 pandemic, and navigating this ever-expanding patient population to determine priority for booking cases is complex. We propose a new system to prioritise and visualise this cohort of patients in real time – the Cholecystectomy Urgency Index. Method At one large district general hospital, we had a waiting list of 148 patients for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We identified the individual underlying pathology and established the waiting time since diagnosis to allocation of operative date. We used excel to formulate a pairwise scatter plot of the waiting list patients based upon the time waiting. We were able then to colour code them based on pathology (biliary colic/cholecystitis/cholangitis/pancreatitis/obstructive jaundice). We were then able to link this directly to our scheduling to create a live, visual representation of our waiting list, by both days waited and causative pathology. Results We found our median wait times for patients varied based on pathology: Biliary Colic = 185 days, Cholecystitis = 57 days, Pancreatitis, Cholangitis and Obstructive Jaundice (OJ) = 65 days. We found that the pairwise scatter plot provided a rapidly accessible, easily identifiable visual representation of our patient cohort by both days waited and diagnosis. This allows relevant staff, surgeons and schedulers to plan elective cases according to both urgency and time waited. Long waiters are easily identified as outliers on the graph and can therefore be flagged for last minute cancellation slots. Conclusion By using this system, we can optimise our waiting lists, improve productivity and patient outcomes. We propose a system to enable this further when booking patients: to give them a colour coded CUI number of 1-3. 1 being biliary colic, 2 – cholecystitis, 3 – pancreatitis/cholangitis/OJ. This will be directly linked to our scatter graph and in doing so, provides us with a readily available, live snapshot in time of the current wait list. This system allows for both clinical urgency prioritisation and easy visualisation of patient cohorts, thus catalysing the elimination of long waiters by means of clear identification.

Structural elucidation and various computational studies for quantitative investigation of intermolecular interactions in pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and its di-hydrate

Crystals of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (1) have been structurally characterized through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and compared with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid dihydrate ((2) retrieved from CSD), and explore the solid-state networks. In the solid state, compound (1) exhibits both hydrogen bonding and π···π interactions, while the supramolecular network of compound (2) is stabilized only by hydrogen bonding interactions. The non-covalent interactions are characterized by various computational studies such as Hirshfeld surface analysis, Bader's ‘Atoms in Molecules’ (AIM) theory, and ‘Non-covalent interaction’ (NCI) plot analysis. Hirshfeld surfaces and corresponding 2D fingerprint plots reveal the contribution of non-covalent interactions involved in the structure. Lattice energy framework calculations also are carried out for both compounds. The topological parameters of the AIM analysis suggest the ‘closed-shell’ nature of the non-covalent interactions. Further, NCI plots and scatter graphs (RDG vs sign (λ2)ρ) characterize non-covalent interactions with a color scheme.

Research of Layer Thickness and Selected Thermoplastic Materials and their Influence on the Surface Roughness in the Process of Fused Deposition Modeling Technology

This paper focuses on the influence of layer thickness and five selected thermoplastic materials on the surface roughness of cuboidal sample in the process of manufacturing by Fused Deposition Modelling technology. The component, in this case, is a cuboidal specimen with the dimensions 15 mm by 15 mm by 30 mm. FDM or LPD/FFF is additive layer-based method of additive manufacturing, usually used for rapid prototyping of the prototypes and other fabricating applications which use thermoplastics materials. A geometric model is defined that takes into account the shape of the fibers of the material after application to define the theoretical roughness profile. The authors set four different layer thicknesses of the cuboid part: 0.29 mm, 0.19mm, 0.14 mm and 0.09 mm. In this experiment, authors also used five different thermoplastic filaments: ABS, ASA, HIPS, PCABS and PLA. The authors produced a total of 20 prints and the surface of each sample was measured three times in succession using a portable surface roughness tester Mitutoyo. SJ-210. The 3D printer used in the experiment was Zortrax M200. The surface roughness .in this paper is shown in .the .form of a scatter and bar graph.

A comparative study of second order Non-linear optical crystals derived from chloro- and dichloro- aniline

Followed by one-pot mechanism Schiff base products derived from the substituted anilines are crystallized by the slow-evaporation technique. Both crystals are characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral studies. Single crystal XRD analysis provides data of both crystals and it is well fitted with NMR and IR spectral results. The obtained results of IR frequencies and NMR chemical shifts are compared with theoretical predicted results obtained from DFT method. The energy gap Eg was calculated by HOMO and LUMO and other theoretical parameters are determined by using DFT method with B3LYP/6–311++ G (d,p) basis set and the energy gap is very small 3.59, 3.52 eV for PCA and DCA crystals. The supramolecular investigation of crystal structure explained by Hirshfeld analysis. Using quantum computations techniques, the topological parameters LOL and ELF, scatter graph and diagram of the crystals was the further characterization. The first order hyperpolarizability (β0) was calculated by B3LYP/6–311++ G (d,p) basis set. Using the Kurtz-Powder technique, the second order Non-linear optical activity of the crystal was obtained. Based upon these crystals, which are outstanding Nonlinear optical activity material and best for the laser safety devices.

Simulation of collision using Glauber model

This article is going to discuss several important characteristics of Glauber model from lead isotopes Pb208-under computational analysis. At the start, this paper will provide data under Wood-Saxon distribution in. Then, there are collisions coded from Python, assuming all collisions have reaction cross section of 72 mb, both participant particles and particles under secondary collisions are collected and plot in scatter graphs under impact parameter from 0 fm to 20 fm. Lastly, within the collision area, this paper is going to find the distribution of path length under various parameters.

Coal Quality Effect Analysis on Clinker Deformation in The Binungan Area, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Unidentified Clinker causes a loss of reserve in mine activity. Clinker is created by in situ coal heating and has certain quality characteristics. This research investigated the effect of coal quality on clinker deformation. This research is located in the Latih Formation, Binungan Area, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Coal quality samples were derived from 77 drillholes, consisting of 10 seams with a thickness > 2.25 m and distributed laterally and vertically. Coal quality parameters consist of Inherent Moisture (IM), Ash Content (AC), Volatile Matter (VM), and Fixed Carbon (FC). The coal quality sample is classified into the clinker seam group and the non-clinker seam group. Each quality parameter is compared with seam thickness in a scatter graph. The result of this study is that coal that has the potential to deform into clinker has a value of IM < 14.49 %, VM > 39.8%, and FC > 42.08 %, but AC is 3.63% relatively stable, or there is no correlation to clinker deformation. Among these four quality parameters, moisture significantly differs between seam clinker and non-clinker. This study concludes that the lower layer of coal or older seam in the Binungan area has a higher potential to be clinker, which is caused by increased FC and VM values and a decrease in IM value.

Quantifying quantitative correlation of provider selection influences cloud security

The cloud computing has been able to help users to access the data easily and effectively. However, cloud security is highly emphasized to cloud users to ensure data is securely stored. The cloud security can be handled well by chosen trusted cloud service provider in getting high impact on the cloud security. The relationship between cloud security with the provider selection is much needed to ensure the extent to which data is securely stored in a cloud. Therefore, in this paper the quantitative method was conducted to measure the correlation between the selected the right cloud service provider influence the cloud security. Thus, knowledgeable person in having the experiences in using the cloud service was taking from two institution of higher learning (IHL) as a respondent. In addition, variability and normality data analysis was firstly conducted to obtain the consistency of the data. Then, the correlation between cloud security factor and provider selection factor was conducted using spearman correlation matrix and scatter graph in identifying the closely and significant the value in influencing between the factors. Thus, the correlation relationship analysis result shown the selected the right cloud provider’s give higher impact to cloud security.

Synthesis, structural, third-order nonlinear optical properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 1-((E)-(4-chlorophenylimino)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol

A Schiff base was synthesized via a slow evaporation approach using the condensation reaction of substituted aniline and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde. Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, 1H NMR Spectroscopy, and 13C NMR Spectroscopy have all been used to identify it. The crystal space group is explained through crystallography. The structure of crystal was first solved using direct approach, later it was improved using a full-matrix least square strategy. The hydroxyl group and imine are connected by a powerful intramolecular H-bond (N-H·····O) in the crystal structure. The blue color emission is observed for E4CMN in emission spectrum. Assessing Hirshfeld surface was employed to look at supramolecular interactions. For evaluating the thermal behavior of crystals, thermal analysis (TG-DTA) was applied. The compound's surface morphology under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Using the DFT basis set (B3LYP/6–311 ++G(d,p)), the energy gap (EHOMO, ELUMO), reactivity parameters and Mulliken charges, polarizability(α0), and hyperpolarizability(β0) were determined. Using quantum computations techniques NCI-RDG scatter diagram and scatter graph was obtained and DFT studies, Topological ELF along with LOL parameters are further characterization of E4CMN crystal. The Using a Nd: YAG laser, an open-aperture method of Z-scan analysis was employed to compute NLO absorption of third-order nonlinear optical properties. Nd: YAG laser (532 nm, 10 Hz, 9 ns) with a lowered onset limiting threshold could find that you are a suitable choice for constructing laser security measures in the nanosecond green stimulation region.

ICS-SUFU standard: Theory, terms, and recommendations for pressure-flow studies performance, analysis, and reporting, Part 2: Analysis of PFS, reporting, and diagnosis

Aims:The Working Group (WG), initiated by the International Continence Society (ICS) Standardisation Steering Committee and supported by the Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction, has revised the ICS Standard for pressure-flow studies of 1997. Methods:Based on the ICS standard for developing evidence-based standards, the WG developed this new ICS standard in the period from May 2020 to December 2022. A draft was posted on the ICS website in December 2022 to facilitate public discussion and the comments received have been incorporated into this final release. Results:The WG has recommended analysis principles for the diagnosis of voiding dysfunction for adult men and women without relevant neurological abnormalities. New standard terms and parameters for objective and continuous grading of urethral resistance (UR), bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) and detrusor voiding contraction (DVC) are introduced in this part 2 of the standard. The WG has summarized the theory and recommendations for the practice of pressure-flow study (PFS) for patients in part 1. A pressure-flow plot is recommended for the diagnosis of every patient, in addition to time-based graphs. Voided percentage and post void residual volume should always be included in PFS analysis and diagnosis. Only parameters that represent the ratio or subtraction of pressure and synchronous flow are recommended to quantify UR and only parameters that combine pressure and flow in a product or sum are recommended to quantify DVC. The ICS BOO index and the ICS detrusor contraction index are introduced in this part 2 as the standard. The WG has suggested clinical PFS dysfunction classes for male and female patients. A pressure-flow scatter graph including every patient’s pdet at maximum flow (pdetQmax) with maximum flow rate (Qmax) point should be included in all scientific reports considering voiding dysfunction. Conclusion:PFS is the gold standard used to objectively assess voiding function. Quantifying the dysfunction and grading of abnormalities are standardized for adult males and females.

A combined theoretical and experimental study of the D-2-aminobutyric acid L-norvaline single crystal for efficient third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) applications

Here we report, the formation of an optically active single crystal of D-2-aminobutyric acid L-Norvaline (ABANV) by the slow evaporation technique by co-crystallization of amino acids D-2-aminobutyric acid (ABA) and L-Norvaline together in water. An X-ray diffraction technique has been used to determine the dimensions of the single crystal unit cells. The functional group of ABANV crystal was studied using FTIR spectroscopy in order to determine its chemical structure. The FT NMR spectrum was conducted to analyze the carbon and hydrogen environments of the grown crystal. In optical absorption studies, the crystal was shown to be transparent in the visible region with a lower cut off wavelength of 236 nm, which led to an optical band gap energy Eg of 5.25 eV. In addition, using TG/DSC techniques, we have investigated the thermal stability of the grown ABANV single crystal as well as their accurate melting point. A HOMO and LUMO analysis were performed to determine the electronic charge distribution and reactivity of the molecules within the crystal. First-order molecular hyperpolarizality (β) properties of the grown crystal have been determined using the B3LYP method. The scatter graph provides an explanation of the chemical bonding of ELF and LOL, as well as the inter and intra fragment interactions.

Risk analysis for the multilanguage architecture design of a mini-PFAL (Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting) module with a Software Engineering approach

The Plant Factory are technologies that have begun to be detonated since 1980 and over the years have evolved in anamazing way, providing technological tools that boost their capabilities such as Big Data, IoT, ubiquitous computing,among others. The software that operates the control algorithms for the operation of the controlled microenvironmentstations, is an essential core part for its optimal operation, thus the tools for the timely administration of the softwaredesign are key agents to guarantee a timely development of the interfaces. The present work exposes the case study ofthe risk analysis for a mini PFAL module, where the requirements analysis is established, exposition of the technicalresults of the PFAL system achieved, identification of the project problem, risk management process, process riskprojection; and finally, with the help of scatter and superimposition graphs, the latent risks of the system that areproposed to be assessed for the success of the project with a view to being part of a risk mitigation, monitoring andmanagement plan (MMMR) in future phases are concluded.

ICS-SUFU standard: Theory, terms, and recommendations for pressure-flow studies performance, analysis, and reporting. Part 2: Analysis of PFS, reporting, and diagnosis.

The Working Group (WG), initiated by the International Continence Society (ICS) Standardisation Steering Committee and supported by the Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction, has revised the ICS Standard for pressure-flow studies of 1997. Based on the ICS standard for developing evidence-based standards, the WG developed this new ICS standard in the period from May 2020 to December 2022. A draft was posted on the ICS website in December 2022 to facilitate public discussion and the comments received have been incorporated into this final release. The WG has recommended analysis principles for the diagnosis of voiding dysfunction for adult men and women without relevant neurological abnormalities. New standard terms and parameters for objective and continuous grading of urethral resistance (UR), bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) and detrusor voiding contraction (DVC) are introduced in this part 2 of the standard. The WG has summarized the theory and recommendations for the practice of pressure-flow study (PFS) for patients in part 1. A pressure-flow plot is recommended for the diagnosis of every patient, in addition to time-based graphs. Voided percentage and post void residual volume should always be included in PFS analysis and diagnosis. Only parameters that represent the ratio or subtraction of pressure and synchronous flow are recommended to quantify UR and only parameters that combine pressure and flow in a product or sum are recommended to quantify DVC. The ICS BOO index and the ICS detrusor contraction index are introduced in this part 2 as the standard. The WG has suggested clinical PFS dysfunction classes for male and female patients. A pressure-flow scatter graph including every patient's pdet at maximum flow (pdetQmax ) with maximum flow rate (Qmax ) point should be included in all scientific reports considering voiding dysfunction. PFS is the gold standard used to objectively assess voiding function. Quantifying the dysfunction and grading of abnormalities are standardized for adult males and females.

Sentiments Analysis Study for the Adaptation of Online Medical Forums

Online medical forums allow users to research medical treatments or conditions and gain support from other users dealing with similar issues. These forums have become increasingly popular over the past decade, helping connect medical patients and professionals from various backgrounds and creating a supportive online community. This paper evaluates the adaptation of online medical forums in Nigeria, to analyse the opinions of Nigerian citizens in using the medical system. In this research, a Tweepy API (python library/ module that contains the required object and functions for managing the Twitter data), textblob (python library for processing textual data), and matplotlib modules (for creating statistical charts) were used to extract related tweets from the Twitter. The project involves steps like creating a Twitter developer account, which gives the privilege to create a Twitter application and has keys for accessing online resources. The analysis begins by searching for the data, storing it, filtering it and then returning the sentiment analysis to review the positive, neutral, and negative tweets. The output of this project returns a table and scatter graph that displays the Subjectivity and polarity of the opinions of Nigerians on the adaptation of online medical forums. Similarly, a bar chart is obtained that shows the positive tweets, the negative tweets and the neutral regarding online medical forums.

Solvent effect on ESIPT process of N-(8-Quinolyl) salicylaldimine: A DFT/TD-DFT calculation

• The effects of solvent on ESIPT process of QS are studied by DFT/TD-DFT methods. • The O1–H2⋯N3 Hydrogen bond is strengthened upon photoexcitation. • The ESIPT process becomes favorable when the dielectric constant of the solvent decreases. The investigations of the solvent effect on ESIPT process of N-(8-Quinolyl) salicylaldimine (QS) are carried out using DFT and TD-DFT methods. We choice TOL, THF, ACE and DMSO solvents to simulate the experimental solvent conditions. The normal and tautomeric structures of the QS in the S 0 and S 1 states are optimized by means of DFT and TD-DFT method in four different kinds of solvents. Through the analysis of the critical geometrical parameters related to hydrogen bond interactions, it could be found that QS molecule preform to be planar or nearly planar in the S1 state, and more importantly, the excited-state hydrogen bond is strengthened. By comparing IR vibrational spectra, RDG isosurfaces and scatter graphs in the four solvent conditions, we found that the hydrogen bond is strengthen after photoexcitation, and weakened with the increase of the dielectric constant of the solvents. The calculated absorption and fluorescence spectra are basically agreement with existing evidence from previous experiment. The energy barriers of ground and excited states of QS molecule under the different solvent conditions have been analyzed by established potential energy curves (PECs) in the S 0 and S 1 states, and the corresponding energy barriers are increased with the effect of change from TOL to DMSO solvents. Therefore, with the increasing dielectric constant of solvents, the ESIPT become favored.

REAL-TIME EMISSIONS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS FROM VEHICLES UNDER HETEROGENEOUS TRAFFIC CONDITIONS

Air quality problems in cities are often a cause for worry. The air quality index is increasing daily, leading to an increase in cancer and many respiratory problems. Road transport in an urban area is a significant cause of air pollution. The vehicles must meet Indian emission regulations for which the emissions are measured using legally mandated standard driving cycles that did not accurately reflect real-world driving emissions because of varying traffic conditions, meteorological conditions, driving behaviour, vehicle power, performance, etc. This study focuses on real-time emissions of gaseous pollutants hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) from vehicle exhaust pipes under heterogeneous traffic conditions. The emissions were measured using a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). The PEMS used was an AVL MDS 450 analyser mounted on the vehicle, and on-road emissions were captured. The test sample consists of four passenger vehicles with varying engine sizes, manufacturers, and fuel. The test route comprises city and highway areas, and it was discovered that the emissions were reduced by 40 to 70% on highways compared to the city. In petrol BSIV and BSVI engines, the emission was reduced to 41.73% for CO, 46.90% for HC, and 64% for NO in the city area. Speed and emissions scatter graphs were plotted for the vehicles, and it was found that in the city area, the optimum speed for less emission is between 30-40 km/h, and on highways, the optimum speed is 80-90 km/h. The emissions were also sensitive to the rate and frequency of acceleration and decelerations. This type of study is very limited in India, and more such studies are required for the assessment of air quality in metropolitan areas and successful traffic management strategies, as well as for determining instantaneous projections of pollutant emissions.

Novel medical image cryptogram technology based on segmentation and DNA encoding

This paper proposes a novel medical image cryptogram technology based on a fast and robust fuzzy C-means clustering image segmentation method and deoxyribonucleic acid encoding. In our method, first, the medical image is divided into background areas and regions of interest utilizing fuzzy C-means clustering image segmentation, which increases the encryption efficiency by about 60% when the background area is discarded. Second, some low-value pixels are also discarded in regions of interest to further reduce the encryption time. Third, a 4-dimensional hyperchaotic system has been improved. Furthermore, the hyperchaotic system and deoxyribonucleic acid encoding are utilized to encrypt the medical image. Finally, lossless encryption and fast encryption are done for different purposes. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has appealing encryption performance and the histogram and scatter graphs are governed by approximately uniform distribution. The NPCR and UACI of plaintext sensitivity and the key sensitivity are close to 99.6094% and 33.4635% respectively, which cause robustness against noise and clipping attacks.

ASSESSMENT OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY AND MAIZE CROP FARMING IN NYANDARUA COUNTY, KENYA

Crop farming is crucial to the livelihoods of communities living in the rural areas of Kenya. The sector largely depends on climatic variables such as rainfall for optimum crop output. This article presents the analysis, interpretation and discussion of the research findings based on the objective of assessing the climate variability of mean annual rainfall and its impact on crop farming (maize output) in Nyandarua County. To achieve this objective, the researcher sought to analyse rainfall amount and fluctuations in Nyandarua County for 21 years and correlate the variable with crop output (maize) over the same period. The variability of rainfall and maize output was analysed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variance. Simple line trends and scatter graphs were used to show this variation. The inferential statistics of regression and correlation analysis were used to establish the relationship between the rainfall factor and the selected crop output. The null hypothesis associated to this objective was tested using results of the correlation and regression analysis. Evidence of the study indicated that the annual average rainfall had increased from 1999 to 2006. However, the last fifteen years preceding the study, the mean annual rainfall had significantly fluctuated between the peaks of 117 mm and off peaks of 67 mm. The utmost variation in the rainfall amount was experienced between the years 2013 and 2007. Referring to the 21-year period of annual crop output records, the output of maize greatly fluctuated between 2019 and 1999 with an average tonnes of 29,145.76. Rainfall variability was concluded to have greatly influenced the changes in maize output (r=0.688). The regression line for rainfall variability and maize output produced a slope that was described by the equation y=463x - 11100 + έ. The regression value (R2 = 0.47189 showed that 47.19% of the fluctuation in maize output was as a result of the disparity in rainfall amount and distribution. In conclusion, results of the study implied that rainfall amount and distribution was highly erratic and unpredictable. Therefore this scenario exhibited much uncertainty to the small scale farmers in the region. For better planning of the effect of climate variability, the study recommended that policymakers and other relevant stakeholders should come up with awareness programs through the provision of useful information that assimilate the small holder farmer indigenous knowledge and perception and its effects on their livelihoods with the accurate meteorological scientific data.

Scatter-GNN: A Scatter Graph Neural Network for Prediction of High-Speed Railway Station—A Case Study of Yinchuan–Chongqing HSR

The Yinchuan–Chongqing high-speed railway (HSR) is one of the “ten vertical and ten horizontal” comprehensive transportation channels in the National 13th Five-Year Plan for Mid- and Long-Term Railway Network. However, the choice of node stations on this line is controversial. In this paper, the problem of high-speed railway station selection is transformed into a classification problem under the edge graph structure in complex networks, and a Scatter-GNN model is proposed to predict stations. The article first uses the Node2vec algorithm to perform a biased random walk on the railway network to generate the vector representation of each station. Secondly, an adaptive method is proposed, which derives the critical value of edge stations through the pinching rule, and then effectively identifies the edge stations in the high-speed railway network. Next, the calculation method of Hadamard product is used to represent the potential neighbors of edge sites, and then the attention mechanism is used to predict the link between all potential neighbors and their corresponding edge sites. After the link prediction, the final high-speed railway network is obtained, and it is input into the GNN classifier together with the line label to complete the station prediction. Experiments show that: Baoji and Hanzhong are more likely to become node stations in this north–south railway trunk line. The Scatter-GNN classifier optimizes the site selection strategy by calculating the connection probabilities between two or more candidate routes and comparing their results. This may reduce manual selection costs and ease geographic evaluation burdens. The model proposed in this paper can be used as an auxiliary strategy for the traditional route planning scheme, which may become a new way of thinking to study such problems in the future.