Scarring Alopecia Research Articles

Correlating Cicatricial Alopecia and Cardiovascular Risk: Emerging Insights

Correlating Cicatricial Alopecia and Cardiovascular Risk: Emerging Insights

Platelet-rich plasma as a new and successful treatment for lichen planopilaris: A controlled blinded randomized clinical trial.

Lichen planopilaris (LPP) is one of the most common causes of scarring hair loss caused by immune-mediated inflammation resulting in atrophy and scaling. The key to preventing this irreversible hair loss is diagnosing and starting treatment at the earliest possible stage. As there is no definite cure for LPP, the therapy could be challenging. In the study, we conducted a single-blinded randomized clinical trial to evaluate the therapeutic effects, safety, and tolerability of platelet-rich plasma versus topical clobetasol in the treatment of LPP. A randomized single-blinded controlled clinical trial was conducted in 24 LPP patients referring to our dermatology clinic between August 2022 and March 2023. Patients in the control group were treated with topical clobetasol 0.05% applied at night, and patients in the case group, in addition to topical clobetasol, received three sessions of PRP injection monthly. Both groups were assessed 1, 2, and 6 months after the start of the study by the Lichen Planopilaris Activity Index (LPPAI), physician and patient satisfaction, tolerability, and recording adverse effects. The average age in the clobetasol and PRP groups was 43.75 ± 13.51 and 42.75 ± 9.67, respectively (p = 0.83). In terms of gender, all 12 cases (100%) in the clobetasol group and 9 cases (75%) in the PRP group were female (p = 0.21). Both PRP and topical clobetasol effectively reduced LPPAI in the first 2 months; however, after 6 months, the LPPAI significantly increased in the clobetasol group (p = 0.001). There were no significant differences in LPPAI between the two groups at the beginning of the study and after 1 month. However, the mean LPPAI score in the clobetasol group was significantly higher than in the PRP group at 2 and 6 months after the start of the study (p = 0.01). Patient satisfaction with treatment increased in both groups during follow-up sessions, but at the end of the follow-up period, it was significantly higher in the PRP group (p = 0.03). Finally, the study did not have any serious adverse effects, and the pain experienced during PRP injection was tolerable for the patients. Overall, treatment tolerability was excellent in both groups. Given the different efficacy profiles, PRP could be considered a new and effective choice for the treatment of LPP.

Lessons from a scoping review: Clinical presentations of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia

Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) nomenclature describes a typical clinical presentation of cicatricial hair loss that begins on the vertex scalp with progressive, symmetric, and centrifugal evolution. However, atypical presentations have been noted clinically by the authors and reported in the literature. We sought to characterize the distribution of hair loss in published cases of adult patients with CCCA. A 3-step search process was used to evaluate research articles in Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies with scalp photography or description of hair loss distribution were included. Three researchers evaluated eligible studies for clinical subtypes. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Review was used to report results. Ninety-nine studies consisting of 281 cases of CCCA were included. Hair loss distributions included variants of the classic presentation along with distinct subtypes such as patchy, occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal, and trichorrhexis. Studies had significant homogeneity, as the classic distribution of CCCA was commonly reported. Additionally, clinically diagnosed cases may have concurrent diagnoses, and numerous studies did not report trichoscopy findings. CCCA terminology may not always be reflective of clinical presentation. Understanding atypical presentations is essential to inform appropriate and targeted treatment.

Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans: Case Report

Follicular spinulosic decalvans keratosis is a rare X-linked disease affecting both the skin and eyes. The aim of this report is to describe this pathology which manifests itself as progressive scarring alopecia of the scalp, with keratosis pilaris.

Doxycycline for central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: A single center retrospective analysis

Doxycycline for central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: A single center retrospective analysis

A review of isotretinoin in the treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia.

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is characterized by scarring alopecia of the frontotemporal scalp and facial papules. Isotretinoin is a vitamin A-derived retinoid discovered in 1955 and approved for treating nodulocystic acne. This drug can also affect facial papules and frontotemporal hair loss in patients with FFA. In this article, we conducted a review of the available studies investigating the use of oral isotretinoin for FFA treatment. Our study provides insights into the efficacy and safety of isotretinoin as a potential treatment option for FFA and highlights areas for future research. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential advantages and disadvantages of isotretinoin as a treatment for FFA. To identify all relevant articles, we developed a comprehensive search strategy and conducted a thorough search of three major databases: PubMed, Embase, and Science Direct. We retrieved a total of 82 articles from the search results. Two independent reviewers then screened each of the 82 articles based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in the identification of 15 articles that were deemed relevant to our study. Across the 15 articles, 232 patients who suffered from FFA were involved. Nearly 90% of patients experienced a significant reduction of symptoms after receiving oral isotretinoin at 10-40 mg daily. We conclude that isotretinoin can positively affect facial papules and help suppress hair loss.

Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: adeeper insight into the disease.

Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is ascarring alopecia of multifactorial etiology that presents on the vertex as patchy areas of hair loss, spreading centrifugally over the scalp. It most commonly affects women of African descent, but cases among other ethnicities have also been reported. CCCA typically starts with thinning and breaking of the hair as the first sign of presentation, which eventually progresses to hair loss over the central part of the scalp, spreading symmetrically outwards to involve alarger area. Currently, there is no definitive cure for the disease; however, multiple management options are available, which should aim to be tailored to the individual patient. Owing to its cosmetic outcomes, the quality of life (QoL) of patients with central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia is also disturbed, as patients may face psychological and social stress due to their permanent hair loss. This article focuses on various aspects of the pathogenesis, clinical trials, quality of life, barriers faced by patients, and treatment of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia.

Clinical Characterization and Treatment Response of Folliculitis Decalvans Lichen Planopilaris Phenotypic Spectrum: A Unicentre Retrospective Series of 31 Patients.

Folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum has been described as a form of cicatricial alopecia. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and trichoscopic features and therapeutic management of this condition in a series of patients. A retrospective observational unicentre study was designed including patients with folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum confirmed with biopsy. A total of 31 patients (20 females) were included. The most common presentation was an isolated plaque of alopecia (61.3%) in the vertex. Trichoscopy revealed hair tufting with perifollicular white scaling in all cases. The duration of the condition was the only factor associated with large plaques (grade III) of alopecia (p = 0.026). The mean time to transition from the classic presentation of folliculitis decalvans to folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum was 5.2 years. The most frequently used treatments were topical steroids (80.6%), intralesional steroids (64.5%) and topical antibiotics (32.3%). Nine clinical relapses were detected after a mean time of 18 months (range 12-23 months). Folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum is an infrequent, but probably underdiagnosed, cicatricial alopecia. Treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs used for lichen planopilaris may be an adequate approach.

Ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermoscopy aids in distinguishing scarring and nonscarring alopecia: Enhancing Identification of Hair Follicle Openings: The Potential of Ultraviolet-induced Fluorescence Dermoscopy in Hair Loss Diagnosis

Ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermoscopy aids in distinguishing scarring and nonscarring alopecia: Enhancing Identification of Hair Follicle Openings: The Potential of Ultraviolet-induced Fluorescence Dermoscopy in Hair Loss Diagnosis

Autologous follicular unit extraction transplant for postburn cicatricial alopecia: A single-center's retrospective case series.

Cicatricial alopecia not only affects patients' appearance but also has negative effects on their physical and mental well-being, as well as their daily lives. Therefore, it is essential to provide proactive treatment to patients. To explore the clinical effects of autologous follicular unit extraction (FUE) transplantation in the treatment of secondary scarring alopecia caused by burn, and to evaluate its effectiveness. A retrospective observational study has been conducted, which included 41 patients with secondary scarring alopecia caused by burn. All patients underwent initial autologous FUE hair transplantation surgery, and the occurrence of postoperative complications was monitored. Patient satisfaction was evaluated after 12 months post-surgery. Satisfaction assessments were conducted for all 41 patients. Out of the total, 31 individuals expressed being very satisfied, 7 individuals reported being satisfied, and 3 individuals indicated being not very satisfied. Among the patients, 3 experienced complications, including herpes in the donor area for one patient, temporary hair loss for another patient, and thick scab for the third patient. FUE hair transplantation yields positive results for secondary scarring alopecia caused by burn. It offers natural hair growth patterns, minimal trauma, quick recovery, high patient satisfaction, and few complications.

Factors associated with quality of life in patients with central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: A cross-sectional study

Factors associated with quality of life in patients with central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: A cross-sectional study

Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA): Unraveling the Complexities of a Scarring Hair Disorder

Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA) represents a distinct form of scarring alopecia predominantly affecting individuals of African descent. This article provides an in-depth examination of the clinical characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, and evolving therapeutic strategies associated with CCCA. By synthesizing current research findings, we aim to enhance awareness, facilitate early diagnosis, and explore emerging interventions for this enigmatic hair disorder. A comprehensive understanding of CCCA is essential for clinicians to optimize patient care and contribute to ongoing efforts in advancing the field of trichology.

Dutasteride in the treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a scarring alopecia with fronto-temporo-parietal hairline recession. Although no proven treatment for FFA exists, dutasteride has been suggested as a potential treatment option. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic response of oral dutasteride in FFA patients. The identification and selection of studies were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis 2020 criteria. To assess the risk of bias for each study, we used the Cochrane's risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) assessment tool. A random effects model meta-analysis was performed. Estimated proportion of stabilization for eligible studies was calculated to evaluate the effectiveness of dutasteride for treating FFA. Among patients who achieved stabilization, subgroup analysis was conducted on those showing improvement. Seven studies including 366 patients who received oral dutasteride were identified. The estimated proportion of patients who experienced stabilization of FFA with oral dutasteride was 0.628 (95% CI: 0.398-0.859). In subgroup analyses of patients who experienced improvement, the estimated proportion of improvement was 0.356 (95% CI: 0.163-0.549). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, oral dutasteride revealed to be a good treatment option for disease stabilization or improvement in patients with FFA.

Treatment for central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia—Delphi consensus recommendations

BackgroundThere is no established standard of care for treating central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), and treatment approaches vary widely. ObjectiveTo develop consensus statements regarding the use of various pharmacological therapies in treating adults with CCCA. MethodsWe invited 27 dermatologists with expertise in hair and scalp disorders to participate in a 3-round modified Delphi study between January and March 2023. Statements met strong consensus if 75% of respondents agreed or disagreed. Statements met moderate consensus if 55% or more but less than 75% agreed or disagreed. ResultsIn Round 1, 5 of 33 (15.2%) statements met strong consensus, followed by 9 of 28 (32.1%) in Round 2. After the final Round 3 meeting, strong consensus was reached for 20 of 70 (28.6%) overall statements. Two statements achieved moderate consensus. LimitationsThis study included only English-speaking, US-based dermatologists and did not consider non-pharmacological therapies. ConclusionDespite varying opinions among dermatologists, consensus was reached for several statements to help clinicians manage CCCA. We also highlight areas that lack expert consensus with the goal of advancing research and therapeutic options for CCCA.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis arising in a female with systemic lupus erythematosus: a rare case from Syria

Introduction and importance: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis. Clinical manifestations might be helpful in the diagnosis of this disease. However, the final diagnosis is made after a genetic and histological study. Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a form of epidermodysplasia verruciformis described in patients with compromised cell-mediated immunity. Case presentation: A 42-year-old female with a history of a pain and itch on the soles and palms started a year ago. There were multiple flat papules on the dorsal hands, scarring alopecia, malar rash, oral ulcers, Raynaud phenomenon, and palpable purpura. A histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Clinical discussion: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is an uncommon disease that affects the immune system. The coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and epidermodysplasia verruciformis is rarely reported in the medical literature. This paper reports a rare case in which these two diseases have coexisted. Conclusion: This publication aims to document this rare case and highlight the ideal criteria in diagnosing and treating epidermodysplasia verruciformis.

Transcriptome analysis of frontal fibrosis alopecia revealed involvement of immune cells and ferroptosis.

Frontal fibrosis alopecia (FFA) is a primary cicatricial alopecia and has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the pathogenesis of FFA has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we collected the transcriptome data of scalp lesions of seven patients with FFA and seven healthy controls. The differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis were conducted and we identified 458 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in two key modules. Later, we performed functional enrichment analysis and functional modules identification, revealing the participation of immune response and fatty acid metabolism. Based on the results, we processed further studies. On the one hand, we analyzed the infiltrating immune cells of FFA through CIBERSORT algorithm, indicating the activation of M1 macrophage and CD8+ T cell. On the other hand, considering lipid metabolism of FFA and oxidative stress of hair follicle cells in alopecia, we explored the potential ferroptosis of FFA. By intersection of DEGs and ferroptosis-related genes from FerrDb database, 19 genes were identified and their expression was validated in an external dataset containing 36 FFA cases and 12 controls. Then, we used LASSO algorithms to construct a four-gene diagnostic model, which achieved an AUC of 0.924 in validation dataset. Additionally, the immune cells were found to be related to ferroptosis in FFA. Taken together, this study contributed to reveal the molecular mechanisms of FFA and is expected to inspire future research on treatment.

Profibrotic Subsets of SPP1+ Macrophages and POSTN+ Fibroblasts Contribute to Fibrotic Scarring in Acne Keloidalis

Acne keloidalis is a primary scarring alopecia characterized by longstanding inflammation in the scalp causing keloid-like scar formation and hair loss. Histologically, acne keloidalis is characterized by mixed leukocytic infiltrates in the acute stage followed by a granulomatous reaction and extensive fibrosis in the later stages. To further explore its pathogenesis, bulk RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics were applied to occipital scalp biopsy specimens of lesional and adjacent no-lesional skin in patients with clinically active disease. Unbiased clustering revealed 19 distinct cell populations, including 2 notable populations: POSTN+ fibroblasts with enriched extracellular matrix signatures and SPP1+ myeloid cells with an M2 macrophage phenotype. Cell communication analyses indicated that fibroblasts and myeloid cells communicated by SPP1 signaling networks in lesional skin. A reverse transcriptomics in silico approach identified corticosteroids as possessing the capability to reverse the gene expression signatures of SPP1+ myeloid cells and POSTN+ fibroblasts. Intralesional corticosteroid injection greatly reduced SPP1 and POSTN gene expression as well as acne keloidalis disease activity. Spatial transcriptomics and immunofluorescence staining verified microanatomic specificity of SPP1+ myeloid cells and POSTN+ fibroblasts with disease activity. In summary, the communication between POSTN+ fibroblasts and SPP1+ myeloid cells by SPP1 axis may contribute to the pathogenesis of acne keloidalis.

New Histopathologic Findings in Scarring Alopecias: The Role of Adipose Tissue and Eccrine Sweat Coils in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia, Fibrosing Alopecia in a Pattern Distribution, and Lichen Planopilaris.

Clinical, dermoscopic, and histologic diagnostic criteria may overlap in cases with scarring and nonscarring alopecia, making diagnosis difficult for clinicians and pathologists. New histopathologic discoveries indicate that the cutaneous adnexal structural and homeostatic unit made up of the pilosebaceous unit, eccrine sweat gland coils (ESGCs), and dermal white adipose tissue may have a role in hair follicle renewal. To verify the presence of adipose tissue in the dermis at the level of the isthmus, infiltrating the bundles of the arrector pili muscle in biopsies from the scalp of 3 scarring alopecias: frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), fibrosing alopecia in a pattern distribution (FAPD), and lichen planopilaris (LPP). We performed a retrospective and descriptive survey of 71 female scalp biopsies from 2016 to 2022 diagnosed at the Dermatopathology Laboratory at Fluminense Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Two pathologists reviewed and diagnosed the cases, correlating pathologic features with clinical and dermoscopic findings. The histopathologic findings of adipose tissue infiltration in the dermis at the level of the isthmus and in the bundles of the arrector pili muscle and the displacement of ESGCs were more frequently identified in FFA, followed by FAPD and less frequently found in LPP. According to our research, adipose tissue infiltration in the dermis at the level of the isthmus and in the bundles of the arrector pili muscle and the displacement of ESGCs were observed in 3 scarring alopecias (FFA, FAPD, and LPP) and seems to be involved in the development of scarring alopecia.

Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia and Reproductive Health: Assessing the Role of Sex Hormones in Disease Development.

Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia (FFA) is a distinctive form of cicatricial alopecia characterized by gradual hairline recession, predominantly affecting postmenopausal individuals, thus implying a potential hormonal origin. This narrative review, spanning 2000 to 2023, delves into PubMed literature, focusing on the menopausal and hormonal status of women with FFA. The objective is to unravel the intricate nature of FFA and its plausible associations with hormonal dysregulations in women. While menopause remains a pivotal demographic characteristic linked to FFA, existing data suggest that its hormonal imbalances may not fully account for the development of FFA. Conversely, substantial evidence indicates a strong association between a reduction in fertile years, particularly through surgical interventions leading to an abrupt hormonal imbalance, and FFA in women. Additionally, exposure to hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives has shown varying degrees of association with FFA. Gynecologists should maintain a heightened awareness regarding the ramifications of their interventions and their pivotal role in overseeing women's fertility, recognizing the potential influence on the progression of FFA. The recurrent theme of hormonal disruption strongly implies a causal connection between alterations in sex hormones and FFA in women. Nevertheless, this relationship's extent and underlying mechanisms remain subjects of ongoing debate.

Clinical Effectiveness of Two Old Immunosuppressant Drugs, Methotrexate and Azathioprine, in the Treatment of Lichen Planopilaris: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background. Lichen planopilaris is the leading cause of cicatricial alopecia, and its management is challenging for dermatologists. It is a cell‐mediated autoimmune disorder in which activated T‐lymphocytes attack hair follicles. Aim. To compare the efficacy and safety of methotrexate versus azathioprine, two medications that affect lymphocyte function, in treating LPP. Methods. 32 LPP patients were randomly assigned to receive either 15 mg/week methotrexate or 2 mg/kg azathioprine for six months. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using the Lichen Planopilaris Activity Index (LPPAI), trichoscopy, and photography after 2, 4, and 6 months of treatment. Results. Both methotrexate and azathioprine groups showed significant improvements in LPPAI (P < 0.001) and perifollicular scaling on trichoscopy (P < 0.01). However, the two groups had no significant difference during the study. The azathioprine group significantly improved perifollicular erythema on trichoscopy (P = 0.002), but this was not significantly different from the methotrexate group (P = 0.69). Photographic assessment showed that more than 75% of patients in both groups improved without significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion. Methotrexate and azathioprine are two antilymphocyte medications which are both equally effective and well‐tolerated for managing LPP. This trial is registered with IRCT20191006045005N2.