Scare Tactics Research Articles

Crisis Planning to Manage Risks Posed by Animal Rights Extremists

Among the multitude of crises that US research institutions may face are those caused by animal rights activists. While most activists opposed to animal research use peaceful and lawful means of expressing their opinions, some extremists resort to illegal methods. Arson, break-ins, and theft with significant property damage at US animal research facilities began in the 1980s. The most troubling trend to develop in the past decade is the targeting of individuals associated with animal research, whether directly or indirectly, and the use of violent scare tactics to intimidate researchers and their families. The National Association for Biomedical Research has a 30-year history of monitoring the animal rights movement and assisting member institutions with crisis situations. In this article we discuss attacks on researchers at their homes, cyber crimes, exploitation of new media formats, infiltration of research facilities, and the targeting of external research stakeholders and business partners. We describe the need for a well-conceived crisis management plan and strong leadership to mitigate crisis situations. Institutions with well-informed leaders and crisis management teams ready to take timely action are best equipped to protect staff, laboratory animals, and research programs. They act on early warnings, provide support for targeted staff, seek legal remedies, thoughtfully control access to research facilities, and identify and enlist new research supporters. We underscore the importance of up-to-date crisis planning so that institutions are not only aware of ongoing risks posed by animal rights extremists but also better prepared to take preemptive action and able to manage those risks successfully.

Scare tactics – A viable weapon in the security war?

End users are frequently criticised as the sources of bad security practice, and it is suggested they might take the issue more seriously if they experienced a breach. An option for enabling this would be for security administrators to deliberately create conditions and situations that provide first-hand demonstrations to targeted users. Such approaches are referred to as scare tactics. It is widely accepted that securing information technology requires much more than just technology-based protection. We can hone the technology as much as we like but not get any benefit if people fail to use it properly. It might seem harsh, but security would be much easier to maintain if users could be taken out of the equation altogether. Feelings sometimes run so high that those working in the field say that security would be much easier to push, and more readily accepted, if you could teach users a lesson every once in a while.

Family Communication Patterns After Melanoma Diagnosis

To examine health communication in families after cancer diagnosis, we conducted qualitative interviews examining communication processes among recently diagnosed melanoma patients and one of their adult children. Communication regarding melanoma and prevention is common in these families, yet adherence to recommended prevention and screening behaviors is inconsistent. Our study objectives were to examine processes regarding disclosure of the melanoma diagnosis, responses to this information in family members, and processes by which families encourage melanoma prevention and screening behaviors, specifically, sun protection and skin cancer screening. Participants were recruited during their melanoma surgical follow-up appointment, and included nineteen families. Thematic content analysis was conducted via team and individual coding. The findings reveal that intimacy and emotional closeness, gender, communication style, convenience/proximity, the presence of closed relationships, and perceived negative effects of the news impacted disclosure of the family melanoma diagnosis. Anxiety and increased informational needs were the primary responses in family members hearing about the diagnosis. Encouragement to adopt protective behaviors was achieved through risk awareness, ad-hoc reminders, scare tactics, and actually performing the health behavior. The communication challenges and opportunities presented by our findings may further inform physician counseling and health education strategies for cancer families.

Anthrax: Real Threat or Useful Scare Tactic?

In the years following the attacks of September 11, both the United States Government and the general public have become increasingly aware of the threat of terrorism and its many forms. Not only do we fear "weapons of mass destruction" such as nuclear missiles, but also microscopic spores such as anthrax which has opened up a whole new world of "bioterrorism." On June 12, 2002, President George W. Bush signed the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act in response to the "Amerithrax" attacks in late 2001. However, the risk of biological warfare use is not well understood, and bioterrorism is a threat without precedent. The extremely low incidence of real biological events in the early 21st century contrasts with the outburst of political rhetoric and mass-media coverage surrounding the subject. Thus, the question arises whether bioterrorism is a real threat or merely a useful scare tactic. Research shows that anthrax is both a real threat—on account of its contagiousness, durable spore structure, complex lethal toxin, and demonstrated use as a weapon of biological warfare—and a useful scare tactic as the bacterium has become a public obsession and the subject of countless hoaxes. America and its allies must confront the reality of bioterrorism by organizing defenses for possible attacks and by further investigating the nature and properties of anthrax and other pathogenic agents—after all, knowing your enemy is the best strategy in any type of warfare.

Confounded and Compounded by Language: English Language Learners and High Stakes Testing

As her students prepare to take their tests to exhibit English proficiency, the atmosphere, writes Park, "becomes military at best, prison-like at worst. Regulations are distributed. Teachers are warned that state examiners may appear unannounced to look for infractions of the myriad rules..." Scare tactics are used to try to assure that the testing activity remains uncontaminated by human desire, fear, or simple boredom.

Scare tactics: supernatural fiction by American women

Acknowledgments Introduction: The Unacknowledged Tradition 1. The Ghost in the Parlor: Harriet Prescott Spofford, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Anna M. Hoyt, and Edith Wharton 2. Queer Haunting Spaces: Madeline Yale Wynne and Elia Wilkinson Peattie 3. Ghosts of Progress: Alice Cary, Mary Noailles Murfree, Mary Austin, and Edith Wharton 4. Familial Ghosts: Louise Stockton, Olivia Howard Dunbar, Edith Wharton, Josephine Daskam Bacon, Elia Wilkinson Peattie, Georgia Wood Pangborn, and Mary E. Wilkins Freeman 5. Ghosts of Desire: Rose Terry Cooke, Alice Brown, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, and Helen Hull 6. Ghostly Returns: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Gertrude Atherton, and Josephine Daskam Bacon Coda: The Decline of the American Female Gothic Works Cited Index

Patient–provider communication: Understanding diabetes management among adult females

Objective The purpose of this study was to explore how adult women manage their diabetes. Recommendations for improving adherence and opportunities to maximize communication between the healthcare provider and individuals who have type 2 diabetes also were described. Methods An exploratory qualitative descriptive design was used to describe the experience of living with type 2 diabetes in adult females. Data were obtained via individual in-depth interviews with five women over age 50 with type 2 diabetes. Participants were interviewed individually and participated in a focus group. Results Participants clearly identified three major themes affecting adherence to treatment regimens: communication with the healthcare provider, knowledge of diabetes, and the consequences of poor glycemic control. For these participants, patient–provider communication was the most important factor affecting diabetes adherence. Conclusion Individual autonomy asserted in day-to-day management is often perceived as non-compliance by the healthcare provider; while provider's descriptions of potential severe complications are viewed as scare tactics by the patients. Practice implications Improved communication offers the clinician the opportunity to develop a partnership with patients to build mutually acceptable treatment plans and reach mutually agreed upon goals. Empowering the individual with skills needed to negotiate treatment regimens will encourage positive health decisions and improved outcomes.

Power Feminism, Mediated: Girl Power and the Commercial Politics of Change

In 1993, Naomi Wolf presented a divisive polemic on In Fire with Fire, (1) a New York Times notable book and national bestseller, Wolf called for a new approach to address shortcomings she perceived in the feminist movement. She cited a chief concern: that was out of touch with the average woman's needs and mindset. Wolf claimed that most women did not identify with feminism, stating that the feminist movement relied too heavily upon scare tactics in seeking support. As a result, she argued, failed to inspire women. Where did women find inspiration, then? In some cases, Wolf said, they relied on the media. She claimed that women more often found role models they identified with in the mainstream media than in feminist discourse, for women are fed up with the reminders of their own oppression. We are moved far more effectively by appeals to our strength, resourcefulness, and sense of responsibility (2)--appeals that she noted were increasingly common in the mass media of the 1990s. As evidence for her claim, Wolf wrote that during the Gulf War, women were inspired by imagery of female soldiers. She argued, If the woman behind you at the checkout counter at Wal-Mart can crush a foreign enemy, and probably disable an unarmed domestic assailant, what can you not do?'' (3) Wolf listed Roseanne Arnold, Queen Latifah, and Janet Reno (4) as iconic role models for mainstream women, praising media texts such as Thelma and Louise, Gone With the Wind, 9 to 5, Fried Green Tomatoes, and Cheers (5) for offering appealing new representations. Wolf claimed that the strong women in these media texts were derivative of archetypal strong women--the Greek goddess Diana, the Queen of Sheba, and Nike, Winged Victory--that were reawakening in the female psyche.'' (6) Wolf made a case that in the popular imagination, the idea of women's strength and was successfully supplanting a popular conception of women as victims. Wolf praised modern iconic strong women and ancient archetypes as exemplars of feminism. She conceived of as a positive form of feminist thought and engagement that begins with the assumption that women have enormous power, (7) both financially and politically. Wolf argued that women can use this to effect sweeping change in society--working within the system, using the master's tools, rather than outside of it as radicals. (8) Thus, Wolf revealed her opposition to Marxist and neo-Marxist feminist perspectives. In the wake of Fire with Fire's commercial success, the strong woman ascended in U.S. popular culture, reflecting changing cultural ideas about women, strength, and power. Representations of heroic women in such television shows as Xena: Warrior Princess (1995-2001), Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997-2003), Charmed (1998-2006), and Alias (2001-2006) (9) helped rectify the media's symbolic annihilation of women, (10) in discourse with Wolf's contributions to These characters took ownership of the enormous power that Wolf ascribed to all women, wielding it compellingly and garnering loyal audiences. Whether Wolf's assessment of the feminist movement was right or wrong (and I gravitate towards the latter, in part because her stance on victimhood is reductionistic and problematic), she had correctly assessed the powerful woman's appeal and resonance. For several years, archetypically strong women like Xena were the pulse of the television landscape, and their narratives implicitly reinforced feminist ideals, cycling them repeatedly through the media environment. However, the fantasy/science-fiction orientation of these shows meant that these television programs usually depicted feminist ideals through their characters' behaviors, generally eschewing clear engagement with feminist issues. This individualistic emphasis reflected a key characteristic of the feminism that Bonnie Dow has analyzed: specifically, prime-time television's longstanding tendency to focus on feminist identity, rather than feminist politics. …

46 Radiation Scare Tactics, Dosimetry, and Bone Densitometry

46 Radiation Scare Tactics, Dosimetry, and Bone Densitometry

Influencing patient adherence to treatment guidelines.

As chronic disease continues to weigh more heavily on health care resources, lifestyle management and compliance to treatment become paramount to patient care and care coordination. Although a wealth of information is available to the public regarding the basic tenets on exercise, nutrition, weight management, power of medications, and so forth, patients do not always modify their behavior accordingly to improve their overall health. Motivation seems to be both the key element as well as the central puzzle in efforts to change behavior. To identify several strategies, including motivational interviewing, that can be used to reduce resistance and improve the odds of achieving positive clinical outcomes among noncompliant/resistant patients. Providers once thought the following about nonadherent patients: They don't see (are in denial or lack insight), they don't know, they don't know how, and/or they don't care. However, instead of focusing on the reasons why people do not change, researchers in behavior change science recognize that the best questions to ask are: "Why do people change?" and "What can we do to help?" A worst-case scenario undermining positive clinical outcomes is one in which the provider is arguing for change while the patient argues against it. It is, therefore, more effective to enlist strategies that address the complex interaction of motivations, cues to action, perception of benefits and consequences, expectancies, environmental and cultural influences, self-efficacy, state of readiness to change, ambivalence, and implementation intentions. Motivational interviewing is one such approach that is evidence based and increasingly well proven. Motivational interviewing is a client-centered, goal-oriented method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence, and it offers more than simply wellintentioned advice or scare tactics. A client-centered approach is the most important component of a health coaching skill set. Patients can ascertain whether you are truly attempting to understand their situation instead of merely trying to manipulate them into change. Respecting each patient's autonomy, drawing out ambivalence about change, evoking change talk, and allowing the patient to develop and/or own the treatment plan greatly improve the odds of achieving positive clinical outcomes.

Scare tactics

Once again the BBC resorted to scaremongering in a bid to boost ratings, with its ‘Whistleblower’ programme [aired 5 March].

Crop diversifi cation leads to diverse bird problems in Hawaiian agriculture

Over the last 20 years, Hawaii’s agriculture has shifted from a focus on sugar cane (Saccharum offi cinarum) and pineapples (Ananas comosus) produced on large farms to a diverse array of products produced on a multitude of smaller farms. This dramatic shift in production, in addition to the introduction of many new avian species, has resulted in a concomitant change in the problems faced by agriculture. We surveyed farmers to determine the extent of bird damage to crops, the species responsible, the crops most vulnerable, and control methods employed. Bird problems varied by island, but cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis, Paroaria coronata, and P. capitata) and pheasants (Phasianus colchicus and Lophura leucomelanos) were signifi cant problems on all islands. Seed corn (Zea mays), fruit, vegetables, rice (Oryza sativa), and orchids (Orchidaceae) all sustained notable damage to their crops by birds, and growers expressed much interest in gaining information on control measures. Most farmers incurred little damage, while a few reported losing 80 to 100% of their crops at certain times of the year. We recommend a multidimensional approach to control invasive bird species, including habitat alterations, scare tactics, cessation of game bird releases, prevention of the spread of known pests among islands, and the development of chemical repellents for use when other methods are not suffi cient.

Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry

Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry. By Michael P. Colaresi. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005. 232p. $34.95. The emerging research program of international rivalries is an important branch of study within the international relations subfield. Rather than focus on rare events such as war, this research program seeks to understand the dynamics at work for what many scholars perceive to be the most dangerous pairs of interstate enemies in the system. Those enemies are historical rivals, typically coded as strategic or enduring rivals. In a rivalry, hatred is endemic and cooperation may be rare. These actors clearly are of a different sort than the rest of the system and need to be studied in their historical context.

The Decline of Public Housing and the Politics of the Red Scare

This article argues that the decline of the public housing program in the early 1950s has an overlooked political dimension—the role of the Red Scare/McCarthyism. Public housing advocates had used social democratic reform to secure the program. After the 1949 Housing Act, public housing foes were able to sequester the expansion of public housing legislation by turning to the local level. Many municipal policy battles attempted to limit the acceptance of federal public housing by means of Red Scare tactics. This is illustrated by the Los Angeles public housing war, one of the most vicious Red Scares of the domestic cold war. The Red Scare was used to cancel the ten-thousand-unit public housing contract with the federal government and to reverse city policy by toppling the pro–public-housing mayoral regime. Public housing's local defeats were circulated back to the national level, resulting in the demise of the program.

Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry

Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry

Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid to Control the Population of Wild Bird Species Considered a Pest

Many bird species conflict with human economic, aesthetic, or vital interests (Wetherbee et al. 1964). Pigeons (Columbia livia) cause tremendous damage and pollution to park benches, statues, vehicles, buildings, and domestic water supplies due to the highly corrosive uric acid contained in their droppings. Previous attempts to manage bird populations have failed because of high cost, variable success, and difficulty in application. A previous study demonstrated that certain dietary fatty acids can cause embryonic mortality in fertile eggs (Donaldson and Fites 1970). This suggests a potential approach for controlling wild bird populations. Cook et al. (1996) reported that dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; a mixture of positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid) contributed to the control of bird populations at airports, cattle feed lots, and parks. Foods derived from ruminant animals contain the highest natural concentrations of CLA (Chin et al. 1992). Scientists have attributed multiple beneficial properties to CLA, such as anticarcinogenic (Ha et al. 1990), anti-atherogenic (Nicolosi et al. 1997), fat-reducing effects (Park et al. 1997), and immune-enhancing activity in chickens (Cook et al. 1993). A previous study showed that a low-fat diet supplemented with 0.5% CLA caused 100% embryonic mortality in the fertile chicken eggs (Aydin et al. 2001). Another study showed that a diet containing 3%, 2%, or 1% CLA caused 100% embryonic mortality in fertile Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs after 6 days, 10 days, or 12 days of feeding, respectively (Aydin and Cook 2004). Researchers suggested that dietary CLA caused significantly higher embryonic mortality in fertile eggs by changing fatty acid composition of egg yolk (Lee 1996, Aydin et al. 2001). On-site management actions such as barriers, scare tactics, chemical repellents, and habitat modifications to control pigeon populations often correlate with high cost, variable success, and difficulty in application (Smith et al. 1999). We investigated the effect of dietary CLA on hatchability of fertile pigeon eggs to determine the potential for using CLA to control the population of wild bird species that are considered pests. Use of CLA could provide managers with a more cost-effective means of controlling pigeon populations. Study Area

Do Sheep Cause Wars?

Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry. By Michael P. Colaresi Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005. 232 pp., $34.95 (ISBN: 0-8156-3066-2). International conflict can emerge from seemingly benign interactions. In 1955, some 480 sheep straying into Jordan from Israel led Israeli defense minister Moshe Dayan to call for immediate military action against Jordan (p. xv). So begins Michael Colaresi's fascinating book, Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry . Actually, the answer is “no.” Sheep do not cause wars. In principle, Colaresi argues, sheep could trigger a war, but only in the context of an ongoing international rivalry and only when “a distinct constellation of domestic and international pressures” exists (p. xvi). Given that the Israeli sheep in 1955 did not trigger a war, the book's setup is a “bait-and-switch.” So is the book's title. It has nothing to do with “scare tactics.” Nonetheless, it is well worth reading. Colaresi's real goal is to improve our understanding of the circumstances under which rivalries will escalate or de-escalate. He begins with a literature review in which he shows persuasively that this is something not particularly well understood. The most serious weakness of existing theories, Colaresi suggests, is that they fail to integrate domestic and international factors. As a result, they inappropriately privilege considerations at one level of analysis or the other, and they fail to specify thresholds or directions for change (either toward conflict or toward peace). In making this argument, Colaresi's chief targets are Paul Diehl and Gary Goertz's punctuated equilibrium model of rivalry initiation and termination (Goertz and Diehl 1995; Diehl and Goertz 2000) and Jack Snyder's (1991) logrolling and coalition-building theory of overexpansion, but Colaresi also takes a hard look at theories that focus on power transitions, diversion, regime type, and learning. Colaresi offers an alternative …

Scare tactics: the politics of international rivalry

Scare tactics: the politics of international rivalry

The Geoengineering Dilemma: To Speak or not to Speak

An intriguing dichotomy has developed within the field of atmospheric and climate research. On the one side, it has become common practice to examine pessimistic future scenarios of anthropogenic pollutant emissions and their environmental impacts. Not surprisingly, compared to the alternative “best guess” or “maximum feasible reduction” emissions scenarios, the pessimistic scenario simulations tend to predict large changes in the climate system and air quality. These scenarios can certainly attract attention to the possibly disastrous consequences of a careless environmental stewardship. However, they can also backfire politically, being seen as “unrealistic scare tactics” or “Hollywood horrors” put forth by scientists with environmentalist agendas. Furthermore, each simulation can only show one potential outcome among many possible states for a strongly perturbed climate. The predicted extreme outcomes of pessimistic scenarios will tend to vary widely from model to model. Unless this is communicated effectively, it can lead to confusion among policy makers, and can reduce confidence in such predictive studies. Nevertheless, such pessimistic scenario calculations are not only allowed, but are strongly condoned, for instance by the IPCC (2001), which employs these types of pessimistic scenarios as a central part of its regular assessments. This is well justified, given the most important outcome of these scenario calculations: scientists learn, and they learn a lot about the behavior of the earth system. The key is ensuring that the results are reported to the public and policy-making sectors as clearly and responsibly as possible, which is part of the purpose of the intense IPCC review procedure. On the other side of the dichotomy, serious scientific research into geoengineering possibilities, such as discussed in the publications by Crutzen (2006) and Cicerone (2006), is not at all condoned by the overall climate and atmospheric chemistry research communities. Quite the contrary, according to Cicerone, “refereed publications that deal with such ideas are not numerous nor are they cited widely”. In the discussions that surrounded the drafting of Crutzen’s article, there was a passionate outcry by several prominent scientists claiming that it is irresponsible to publish such an article focused on a particular geoengineering proposal. Such critical responses to discussions on geoengineering have a long history, as discussed by Schneider (2001). Why would I compare pessimistic emissions scenarios with studies of geoengineering, when it is clear that there are important differences between these? Growing emissions are an unintentional by-product of the striving for comfort and prosperity; in contrast, geoengineering is a contemplated reaction to prevent a perceived impending catastrophe. But cannot these also be seen as two different forms

Scare Tactics May Deter Blacks From ADHD Help

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Community NewsFull AccessScare Tactics May Deter Blacks From ADHD HelpEve BenderEve BenderSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:19 May 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.41.10.0016Photo courtesy of Rahn Bailey, M.D.Rahn Bailey, M.D.: “At the same time that we are developing new strategies to treat brain illnesses, we are also struggling with propaganda, stigma, and discrimination regarding diagnosis and treatment.”African-American children are especially vulnerable to antipsychiatry messages condemning treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), experts say, which keeps many from needed treatment.As a result, some of these untreated children end up in the criminal justice system and special education settings, where behavioral problems are less likely to be addressed.“At the same time that we are developing new strategies to treat brain illnesses, we are also struggling with propaganda, stigma, and discrimination regarding diagnosis and treatment,” Rahn Bailey, M.D., told Psychiatric News. “That burden is shouldered disproportionately by African Americans.”Bailey, who is chair of the National Medical Association's section on psychiatry and the behavioral sciences and medical director of Bailey Psychiatric Associates in Houston, hosted a conference call on ADHD in African-American communities set up through the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Multicultural Action Center on ADHD in April.During the call, he noted that many African Americans may be reluctant to seek psychiatric treatment in general because it is sometimes perceived as being “contrary to spiritual beliefs” and because family members and friends may view psychiatric treatment as a “personal failure.”Antipsychiatry groups compound stigmatizing attitudes by flooding these communities with literature claiming that “Ritalin kills” and“ psychiatry created racism,” according to psychiatrist Carl Bell, M.D., director of the Community Mental Health Council in Chicago.Even mental health professionals working in African-American communities are targeted with “slick, 30-page monographs,” he said, with messages warning of the dangers of psychiatric medications.Bell and his staff carefully evaluate children for ADHD and do not rush to put them on medications, he said.Typically, he noted, they may first try family therapy and work with school personnel to correct behavior problems in children, but “when that doesn't work, we suggest Ritalin if the child has been diagnosed with ADHD.”Bell said he feels as if he is fighting an uphill battle.“Parents tell me that putting their kids on Ritalin is a genocidal plot,” Bell said.One misconception held by many African Americans, according to Bell and Bailey, is that ADHD is overdiagnosed in African-American children and that many are placed on psychostimulants unnecessarily.Bailey emphasized that psychiatrists can be effective in countering false or negative antipsychiatry messages with scientific data, which show that African Americans do not receive adequate treatment for ADHD compared with nonminority groups.For instance, according to Regina Bussing, M.D., in a random sample of 1,615 elementary school students in Florida, a study found that Caucasian children with elevated scores on an ADHD rating scale were more than twice as likely as their African-American peers to receive an evaluation for a behavioral problem, be diagnosed with ADHD, or be under treatment for ADHD.The study appeared in the April/June 2003 Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research.Bussing is a professor and training director in the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Florida.In an earlier study, Bussing found that among the parents of children at high risk for ADHD, fewer African-American parents than white parents had heard of the disorder (69 percent vs. 95 percent, respectively).In addition, only 17.5 percent of African-American parents reported having received information about ADHD from their physicians, compared with 29 percent of white parents.A study by Julie Zito, Ph.D., examining 1991 Medicaid data in Maryland found that among 100 enrollees, African-American youth aged 5 through 14 with Medicaid insurance were less likely to have been prescribed psychotropic medications than Caucasian youths with Medicaid insurance (39 percent to 52 percent).Regarding stimulants, African-American children were prescribed psychostimulants at a ratio of 1:2.5 when compared with the prescription rates for Caucasian children, Zito found.The study appeared in the February 1998 Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.According to Bailey, one of the consequences of this disparity in ADHD treatment for African-American children is that they are often dealt with in inappropriate ways. “Per capita, there are about twice as many African-American children in some form of remedial education” as white youth, he noted, and African-American children are overrepresented in criminal justice settings.“It is our job to educate people,” he continued.“ Treatment is available, and it works.” ▪ ISSUES NewArchived