Scare Tactics Research Articles

‘The mendacious Irish character:’ Molly Maguire, anti-Irish sentiment, and anti-labor propaganda in the American press, 1880–1920

ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the prevalence and impact of nativist and anti-labor narratives built on the claim that the ‘Molly Maguires’, a vague 1860s and 70s militant Irish labor phenomenon of the Pennsylvania anthracite region, was still active between the 1880s and the 1910s. It finds that such narratives were widespread until the late 1890s, and still regionally significant until the late 1900s, finally fading into obscurity in the 1910s. ‘Molly Maguirism’ as a media narrative was primarily directed at organized labor and the (Irish) working class; it is best understood as a form of ethnicized proto-Red Scare tactic, but could incorporate other elements, such as broader nativist ideology and sectarianism. Based on these findings, prevailing models of Irish acculturation, such as Painter’s ‘second enlargement of whiteness’, are obsolete; the paper recommends a thorough revision of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Irish American working-class history, accounting for the continued and hitherto massively underestimated presence of anti-Irish sentiment.

From party to pandemic – Frames and metaphors in the news coverage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Austria

Media framing facilitates people’s understanding of a threat and affects one’s emotional reaction. It therefore plays a vital role in both individual and societal responses to a public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a combination of conceptual metaphor analysis and qualitative frame analysis, this article examines how three Austrian newspapers framed the initial national outbreak of COVID-19 in March 2020. The results show that at that early stage, media coverage was primarily concerned with the national government’s political actions to contain the disease. Only a few articles framed the situation in terms of personal experiences and possible economic or social consequences. As has been the case in research reporting on other health crises, metaphors of war, journeys, and natural disasters were used to conceptualize the coronavirus pandemic. Yet, overall, the tone remained neutral, as the media framing was clearly aimed at passing on information and conveying a sense of urgency while at the same time trying to avoid scare tactics.

Women's Information Needs and Educational Preferences Regarding Lung Cancer Screening.

Background: Physicians are less likely to discuss lung cancer screening (LCS) with women, and women have lower awareness of LCS availability. The objective of this qualitative study was to determine information needs, patient-provider communication barriers, and preferences for LCS education among women. Materials and Methods: Eight semistructured qualitative focus groups were conducted with 28 self-identified women meeting LCS eligibility criteria. Participants were recruited through a large health system, from a community-based LCS program, and through a national online database between October 2020 and March 2021. Focus groups were led by a trained moderator via Zoom. Audio recordings were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis by investigators. Results: LCS decision-making influences included: (1) Health care provider recommendation; (2) Self-advocacy; (3) Insurance coverage and cost; (4) Family; and (5) Interest in early detection. Participants preferred video and print materials, available at physician's office or shared by physician, without scare tactics or shaming about smoking, use clear language, with diverse participants and images. Preferred content focused on: (1) Benefits of early detection; (2) Lung cancer definition, statistics, and risk factors; (3) Benefits of quitting smoking; (4) Demonstration or explanation of how LCS is done; and (5) Availability of other tests and potential harms of screening. Conclusion: Women in our study had limited awareness of LCS and their eligibility and wanted recommendation and support for LCS from their health care providers. We identified addressable information needs about lung cancer and the screening process that can be used to improve LCS uptake in women and shared decision-making processes.

Lessons learned from community engagement and participation in fostering coexistence and minimizing human-wildlife conflict in Ghana

Human-wildlife-conflicts (HWCs) threaten wildlife conservation and livelihoods, particularly around biodiversity hotspots, such as Ghana's Bia Biosphere Reserve (BBR). Because wildlife raids farms or preys on livestock, such conflicts cause economic losses to farmers, psychological distress to communities, and social tensions between stakeholders, leading to retaliation—killing or injuring wildlife. Nonetheless, traditional approaches to HWC management, such as physical barriers, buffer zones, scare tactics, and non-lethal wildlife deterrents, are ineffective in addressing the problem. The study investigates HWCs in five communities through case studies involving focus groups, interviews, and on-site observations to understand the effects of wildlife-related incidents on these villages, how stakeholders accept and tolerate wildlife issues, and assess the effectiveness of the community engagement and participation (CEP) approach as a potential solution. The findings show that although CEP has the potential to mitigate HWCs and promote coexistence, the lack of involvement of communities substantially hinders the success of conservation efforts and addressing HWCs, which have substantial ecological, economic, social, and psychological impacts on communities near the BBR. Also, farmers' level of acceptance is substantially affected by the perceived economic benefits derived from the reserve. A crucial lesson learned is that involving communities in wildlife management can be more challenging and demands stakeholder cooperation and trust-building. The study recommends that the Ghana government consider (a) fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility among communities by actively and meaningfully involving them in designing and implementing wildlife management and (b) implementing policies that prioritize creating alternative livelihood opportunities for communities living in the BBR area.

Defending ‘Islamic Belief’ Against Discrimination: Religious Minority Group Discourse in Indonesia

Abstract This paper employs Critical Discourse Analysis to examine resistance discourses as created by the Ahmadiyya followers – a self-defined sect of Islam – to argue against negative discourses undermining them in Indonesia. In some legal proclamations and statements delivered by state officials and the representatives of majority Muslims in the country, the followers of the sect, especially those affiliated to the JAI (Jemaat Ahmadiyya Indonesia) are excluded from Islamic community. By using Van Dijk’s ideological square, this study aims at identifying resistance discourses created by the JAI followers as the defence strategies to oppose negative discourses presenting them as the non-believers of Islam. The resistance discourses are apparent in both written and spoken texts, such as books, articles, speeches, and public debates created by the sect. The finding reveals that the JAI followers create discourses of victim, defender of Islam, imperialism, illegitimacy, and discourse of public deception using various discourse strategies namely victimization, scare tactics, positive attribution, quotation, power delegitimising and negative portraits of misbehaving.

Enhancing Crop Yield with Animal Detection in Agricultural Land using Convolutional Neural Network and Sound Based Scare Tactics

Agricultural sector faces a major loss that is caused by animal assaults and is one of the greatest threats in diminishing crop production. Pests, natural disasters, and animal damage pose severe risks to Indian farmers, lowering productivity. Crop raiding is one of the most acrimonious human-animal conflicts as a result of the extension of farmed land into former animal habitat. Traditional methods followed by farmers are not that effective and it is not feasible to hire huge manpower to keep an eye on crops and prevent animals from destroying them. Since safety of both human and animals is equally vital, it is important to protect the crop from damage caused by animal as well as divert the animal without any harm. The goal is to develop a model that can accurately detect animals in agricultural lands. The system will use deep learning to detect animals entering into the farm by using convolutional neural network concept. This system will monitor the entire farm at regular intervals through a camera which will be recording the surrounding throughout the day. With the help of a deep learning model, the system detect the entry of animals and also use sound based scare tactics to deter animals from the agricultural land

Perspective: lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic concerning the resilience of the population

BackgroundA vital stakeholder in the successful management of the COVID-19 pandemic is the public. The degree of involvement of the population in managing the pandemic, and the leadership perception of the public, had a direct impact on the resilience of the population and level of adherence to the issued protective measures.Main bodyResilience refers to the ability to ‘bounce back’ or ‘bounce forward’ following adversity. Resilience facilitates community engagement which is a crucial component of combating the COVID-19 pandemic. The article highlights six insights recognized in studies conducted in Israel during and following the pandemic concerning the resilience of the country’s population. (1) Contrary to varied adversities in which the community serves as an important support system to the individuals, this type of support was substantially impaired during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the need to maintain isolation, social distancing, and lockdowns. (2) Policy-making during the pandemic should be based on evidence-based data, rather than on assumptions made by decision-makers. This gap led the authorities during the pandemic to adopt measures that were ineffective, such as risk communication based on ‘scare tactics’ concerning the virus, when the highest risk perceived by the public was political instability. (3) Societal resilience is associated with the public’s behavior, such as with vaccine hesitancy and uptake. (4) Factors that affect the levels of resilience include, among others, self-efficacy (impacts individual resilience); social, institutional, and economic aspects as well as well-being (impact community resilience); and hope and trust in the leadership (impact societal resilience). (5) The public should be perceived as an asset in managing the pandemic, thus becoming a vital part of the ‘solution’. This will lead to a better understanding of the needs and expectations of the population and an applicable ‘tailoring’ of the messages that address the public. (6) The gap between science and policymaking must be bridged, to achieve optimal management of the pandemic.ConclusionsImproving preparedness for future pandemics should be based on a holistic view of all stakeholders, including the public as a valued partner, connectivity between policymakers and scientists, and strengthening the public’s resilience, by enhancing trust in authorities.

Economic Consequence of Human - Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) Conflicts on Farming Livelihood in Rural Adamawa State, Nigeria

Human-animal conflict is posing a severe threat to wildlife conservation as well as the long-term viability of farming communities. This study assessed the economic consequence of human-hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) conflicts on rural livelihoods in Adamawa state, Nigeria. The study had the following specific goals; describe the direct effects of Human Hippopotamus Conflict (HHC) on livelihoods in the study area, and estimate the agricultural economic losses incurred in the area as a result of HHC. A mixed research method was used to collect primary data from 371 crop farmers. The study relied on descriptive statistics in the analysis of the data collected between February to May 2019. The study found that Groundnut, Cowpea, and maize were among the most severely damaged crops at their mid-stage of development based on land size. In terms of the monetary value of the damages, sweet potato is the most affected. The study concluded that farmers should work as a team and adopt measures like fencing, scare tactics, or deterrents that will minimize significant crop losses. Also, there is the need for local awareness on the importance of Hippopotamus conservation in the area.

Understanding the Public's Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccines in Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom: Qualitative Social Media Analysis.

COVID-19 vaccines remain central to the UK government's plan for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. Average uptake of 3 doses in the United Kingdom stood at 66.7% as of March 2022; however, this rate varies across localities. Understanding the views of groups who have low vaccine uptake is crucial to guide efforts to improve vaccine uptake. This study aims to understand the public's attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines in Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom. A qualitative thematic analysis of social media posts from Nottinghamshire-based profiles and data sources was conducted. A manual search strategy was used to search the Nottingham Post website and local Facebook and Twitter accounts from September 2021 to October 2021. Only comments in the public domain and in English were included in the analysis. A total of 3508 comments from 1238 users on COVID-19 vaccine posts by 10 different local organizations were analyzed, and 6 overarching themes were identified: trust in the vaccines, often characterized by a lack of trust in vaccine information, information sources including the media, and the government; beliefs about safety including doubts about the speed of development and approval process, the severity of side effects, and belief that the ingredients are harmful; belief that the vaccines are not effective as people can still become infected and spread the virus and that the vaccines may increase transmission through shedding; belief that the vaccines are not necessary due to low perceived risk of death and severe outcomes and use of other protective measures such as natural immunity, ventilation, testing, face coverings, and self-isolation; individual rights and freedoms to be able to choose to be vaccinated or not without judgement or discrimination; and barriers to physical access. The findings revealed a wide range of beliefs and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination. Implications for the vaccine program in Nottinghamshire include communication strategies delivered by trusted sources to address the gaps in knowledge identified while acknowledging some negatives such as side effects alongside emphasizing the benefits. These strategies should avoid perpetuating myths and avoid using scare tactics when addressing risk perceptions. Accessibility should also be considered with a review of current vaccination site locations, opening hours, and transport links. Additional research may benefit from using qualitative interviews or focus groups to further probe on the themes identified and explore the acceptability of the recommended interventions.

Experts Offer Advice to Fight Harassment Toward Gender-Affirming Clinics

Back to table of contents Previous article ProfessionalFull AccessExperts Offer Advice to Fight Harassment Toward Gender-Affirming ClinicsKatie O'ConnorKatie O'ConnorSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:22 Mar 2023https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2023.05.5.25AbstractProfessionals and their institutions can implement several strategies before and after potential acts of online extremism to ensure their patients and staff are safe and experience as few disruptions in care as possible.istock/Cunaplus_M.FabaClinics and clinicians who provide gender-affirming care to youth have received an onslaught of threats and harassment in recent months, as treatment of transgender youth continues to be a hotly debated topic on social media and more states introduce bills that restrict gender-affirming care. In a JAMA Pediatrics viewpoint published last month, three clinicians whose institutions were the subject of harassment campaigns offered advice to support patients and clinicians in response to acts of online extremism, while always optimizing safety.In August 2022, social media posts falsely claimed that clinicians at Boston Children’s Hospital performed hysterectomies on minors. A month later, another social media attack claimed that gender-affirming care clinicians at Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital were chemically castrating minors, among other claims. Clinicians at both institutions faced threats, harassment, bomb threats, and hate speech.“Online extremism and the purposeful spread of misinformation for political gain undermine public trust in health care,” wrote Rishub Das, B.A., a third-year medical student at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Oren Ganor, M.D., M.Sc., co-director of the Center for Gender Surgery at Boston’s Children Hospital; and Brian Drolet, M.D., chief of the Division of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. “[T]he ways clinicians respond to harassment and hate speech regarding the care they provide have critical impacts on health outcomes, access to care, and patient and physician safety.”In the viewpoint, Das, Ganor, and Drolet pointed out that the polarization of health care issues, like abortion and gender-affirming care, severely limit access to health care. Yet it is essential that patients are still able to access the care they need. “We have to remember our role in society, why we became doctors, and the humanity involved in medicine,” Das told Psychiatric News. “We’re taking care of human beings who are being very vulnerable in expressing their identities to us. Sometimes they haven’t even expressed those identities to their families yet.”Das, Ganor, and Drolet described both reactive and proactive strategies that clinicians who provide gender-affirming care and their institutions can take to fight misinformation and protect both staff and patients.Reactive strategies they outlined include the following:Make a timely institutional response to misinformation-based threats. “Issuing a clear, official statement that corrects misinformation and directs people to credible sources and evidence within the first hours of a crisis has been shown to elicit greater trust from the public,” the authors wrote.Create clear channels through which clinicians and other staff can request the deletion of sensitive information (such as email addresses) from department websites to minimize harassment.Connect health care workers who receive online threats to law enforcement for guidance on protecting themselves and their families.Conduct patient appointments via telehealth if clinical spaces are at risk.“It’s really important to make sure that information patients need isn’t removed from the websites,” Das told Psychiatric News. “There’s this mentality that we need to block all the websites so these people on social media won’t find our information. But when these attacks happen, patients need us the most. Making sure that patients continue to have access to resources should remain a priority.”Das, Ganor, and Drolet also described numerous proactive strategies in the viewpoint article, including the following:Gender-affirming care clinicians should feel empowered to correct misinformation and provide expert medical advice to their peers and other individuals. Further, hospitals should protect these clinicians with internal and public statements of support.Systems should be implemented through which health care workers can report and document harassment.Professional organizations should continue to address misinformation through evidence-based recommendations and statements, particularly because these organizations can speak on behalf of health care professionals and limit identification of individual clinicians.Media relations teams should be prepared to aggregate and distribute reports of online harassment to law enforcement and report individual posts and users.Das pointed out that there is already a dearth of professionals who provide care to transgender and gender diverse patients.“The scare tactics these groups are using will further discourage clinicians from providing any kind of care to these patients,” he said. “We have to remember that respecting these patients and providing the care that is medically indicated is our duty as physicians.” ■Resources“Addressing Online Extremism—Lessons From Current Threats to Gender-Affirming Care” ISSUES NewArchived

Embodying Contagion: The Viropolitics of Horror and Desire in Contemporary Discourse

Embodying Contagion: The Viropolitics of Horror and Desire in Contemporary Discourse

The strategies used by the school health team during the delivery of sexual health information to unmarried adolescents in Malaysia.

Adolescents' sexual health is vital to overall health and well-being to achieve sustainable development goals. Yet, research on the strategies used by Malaysian school health teams regarding their experiences of providing sexual health information to adolescents is sparse. This study was conducted to explore the experiences of school health teams in Malaysia who provide unmarried adolescents with sexual health information either during school health visits or at health clinics, with a particular interest in the strategies they use to educate these young people. This qualitative study used semi-structured interview data from twenty participants from four multidisciplinary school health teams. The participants included staff nurses, medical officers, and family medicine specialists. The transcripts were analysed for common themes. Four main themes were identified: discourse on risk, being selective, using scare tactics and maintaining own honour. The findings indicate that the interactions between school health teams and unmarried adolescents were not always 'adolescent friendly'. The school health teams tended to use discourses of 'risk' or scare tactics to encourage abstinence in the adolescents they advised. Staff were also selective about the information they gave, prioritising notions of 'maintaining honour' over 'safer sex' messages. This study revealed how school health teams perceived sexual health education to be about moral issues and social attitudes. Influenced by both culture and religion, the sexual health services provided were underpinned by a 'moral' approach and promoted abstinence. However, most of the nurses in this study held the belief that sexual health knowledge acts as an encouragement for sexual activity. Thus, as part of school health teams, nurses need to embrace evidence that improved sexual health education may delay sexual initiation and prevent unintended pregnancy and HIV/STDs.

Demagoguery, populism, and foreign policy rhetoric: evidence from Jair Bolsonaro’s tweets

ABSTRACT This article investigates whether Brazil’s President Jair Bolsonaro extended demagoguery and populism into his foreign policy discourse. An analysis of 673 tweets indicates that demagoguery was more common (observed in 94 tweets) than populism (observed in 14 tweets). Bolsonaro adopted a Red Scare tactic, distorted information about the 2019 Amazon wildfires, spread rumours about COVID-19, and portrayed relations with the US during Trump’s administration and Israel during Netanyahu’s as panaceas. Findings suggest that demagoguery can ramify into foreign policy discourse, with a leader fitting distorted interpretations of foreign topics and actors into stories made for domestic consumption. Bolsonaro was cautious concerning relations with China though, indicating that international power politics and expected gains or losses from trade and investment may condition the scope of demagogical discourses. This article shows a conceptual gap in literature on foreign policy discourse, which a framework using the concept of demagoguery can, in part, fill.

Covid 19 vaccines and the misinterpretation of perceived side effects clarity on the safety of vaccines.

In the era of Covid 19 and mass vaccination programs, the anti-vaccination movement across the world is currently at an all-time high. Much of this anti-vaccination sentiment could be attributed to the alleged side effects that are perpetuated across social media from anti-vaccination groups. Fear mongering and misinformation being peddled by people with no scientific training to terrorise people into staying unvaccinated is not just causing people to remain susceptible to viral outbreaks, but could also be causing more side effects seen in the vaccination process. This brief review will offer data that may demonstrate that misinformation perpetuated by the anti-vaccination movement may be causing more deaths and side effects from any vaccine. A mini review of published literature has been conducted and found that mental stress clearly causes vasoconstriction and arterial constriction of the blood vessels. Therefore, if subjects are panicked, concerned, stressed or scared of the vaccination, their arteries will constrict and become smaller in and around the time of receiving the vaccine. This biological mechanism (the constriction of veins, arteries and vessels under mental stress) is the most likely cause for where there has been blood clots, strokes, heart attacks, dizziness, fainting, blurred vision, loss of smell and taste that may have been experienced shortly after vaccine administration. The extreme mental stress of the patient could most likely be attributed to the fear mongering and scare tactics used by various anti-vaccination groups. This paper does not aim to rule in or out every side effect seen, but it is highly likely that many apparent side effects seen shortly after a subject has received a vaccine could be the result of restricted or congested blood flow from blood vessel or arterial constriction caused by emotional distress or placebo based on fear around vaccines.

The Weight of Words: Indian Physicians' Perspectives on Patient Communication to Promote Diabetes Adherence.

Background:Effective communication by physicians can lead to improved patient adherence, resulting in better patient outcomes and increased patient satisfaction. This study: (i) examined communication with patients when they were non-adherent, (ii) examined attitudes toward common communication cues, and (iii) explored communication approaches to encourage diabetes adherence used by Indian physicians.Methods:Using a concurrent mixed methods approach, Indian physicians, specialized in diabetes and/or endocrinology were recruited, to complete a survey containing quantitative (n = 834) and qualitative (n = 648) questions. The questions included (i) whether physicians expressed disappointment and used scare tactics for non-adherent patients, (ii) to rate the importance of common communication cues when promoting adherence, and (iii) nested, qualitative questions to understand their communication approach to promote adherence. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis, respectively.Results:The quantitative study reported that the majority of the physicians sometimes showed their disappointment in their patient's progress (44.4%), sometimes used scare tactics to convey disease severity due to non-adherence (34.3%), and rated all communication cues as most important. The qualitative findings revealed that physicians used paternalistic (authoritative, educational, authoritarian) or collaborative (multistakeholder, patient-centered) approaches and the language cues of fear, blame, and threats to promote patient adherence.Conclusion:These findings highlight the need for communication skill training programs for Indian physicians focused on empathic, non-verbal, supportive, and inclusive techniques so as to promote patient adherence. Further, these trainings need to use role-playing, video recording, and peer feedback methods to show physicians how to implement these skills during patient interactions.

A Survey on Windows-based Ransomware Taxonomy and Detection Mechanisms

Ransomware remains an alarming threat in the 21st century. It has evolved from being a simple scare tactic into a complex malware capable of evasion. Formerly, end-users were targeted via mass infection campaigns. Nevertheless, in recent years, the attackers have focused on targeted attacks, since the latter are profitable and can induce severe damage. A vast number of detection mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. We provide a systematic review of ransomware countermeasures starting from its deployment on the victim machine until the ransom payment via cryptocurrency. We define four stages of this malware attack: Delivery, Deployment, Destruction, and Dealing. Then, we assign the corresponding countermeasures for each phase of the attack and cluster them by the techniques used. Finally, we propose a roadmap for researchers to fill the gaps found in the literature in ransomware’s battle.

Explaining Conspiracy Beliefs and Scepticism around the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Public opinion on COVID‐19 provides new empirical evidence for the debate on the ideological contours of conspiracy theories. I report findings from a web survey in Greece where participants were recruited via paid advertising on Facebook and the study sample was adjusted for age, gender, education, domicile, and region of residence using a nationally representative reference sample. I find that beliefs about conspiracy theories are more correlated than the values associated with established political ideologies, and that conspiracy beliefs and scepticism about the pandemic are best explained by belief in unrelated political and medical conspiracy theories. No other demographic or attitudinal variable has such a strong influence, and the results are robust to different statistical specifications. In comparison, the effect of ideology measured by left‐right self‐placement is rather negligible and further moderated by trust in government. The results have implications for the strategies aimed at fighting disinformation during public health emergencies.

Using Best Practices to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The Case for the Motivational Interviewing Approach.

Future control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is dependent on the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Many factors have swayed the public's perception of this coronavirus and the new vaccinations, including misinformation, heightened emotions, and the divisive and tumultuous partisan climate. As such, vaccine hesitancy may be more prevalent for the COVID-19 vaccine than others. Healthcare workers are trusted sources of information and have the opportunity to influence an individual's choice to take the vaccine. For those who initially present as unwilling to be vaccinated, trying to persuade them with facts and scare tactics may cause more resistance. By using the communication approach of motivational interviewing, practitioners can support autonomy to reduce defensiveness, use a guiding style to elicit ambivalence and provide information, address personal agency to ensure that their patients understand that their efforts can reduce risk, and evoke a person's own argument for vaccination to decrease vaccine hesitancy.

Scientific persuasion and use of language forms

The paper sought to explore the dynamics of the rhetoric of the language of science on climate change publications. The arguments presented in this paper were drawn from the theoretical framework that saw rhetorical argument and discourse as an important feature of scientific publications. This research paper aimed at making a consequential input to an ongoing debate about climate change in Namibia and the world over; the use of rhetorical devices in the construction of knowledge about climate change; analysis and exploration of rhetorical elements employed by science researchers. The research was inspired by the study of rhetoric. As such the research looked at the progression of persuasive methodical argument and facts, as a result providing a clear understanding of how scientific publications influence government policy on climate change. The paper adopted a qualitative approach. Rhetorical interpretations of science publications seemed complex, as such required a research design that enables such complexity to be analysed and explored. The paper found that different rhetorical moves were used by the authors of the analysed documents, to try and persuade policymakers and the public. The study revealed the frequent use of scare tactics by the authors to try and persuade the public about climate change. Moreover, the study exposed the presence of the language forms that seemed to rely on perpetual persuasive techniques to persuade the current and future generations.

The Disney ‘Princess Bubble’ as a Cultural Influencer

The Disney ‘Princess Bubble’ as a Cultural Influencer