Scanning Precession Electron Diffraction Research Articles

Elastic strain mapping of plastically deformed materials by TEM

A method for mapping elastic strains by TEM in plastically deformed materials is presented. A characteristic feature of plastically deformed materials, which cannot be handled by standard strain measurement method, is the presence of orientation gradients. To circumvent this issue, we couple orientation and strain maps obtained from scanning precession electron diffraction datasets. More specifically, orientation gradients are taken into account by 1) identifying the diffraction spot positions in a reference pattern, 2) measuring the disorientation between the diffraction patterns in the map and the reference pattern, 3) rotating the coordinate system following the measured disorientation at each position in the map, 4) calculating strains in the rotated coordinate system. At present, only azimuthal rotations of the crystal are handled. The method is illustrated on a Cr2AlC monocrystal micropilar deformed in near simple flexion during a nanomechanical test. After plastic deformation, the sample contains dislocations arranged in pile-ups and walls. The strain-field around each dislocation is consistent with theory, and a clear difference is observed between the strain fields around pile-ups and walls. It is further remarked that strain maps allow for the orientation of the Burgers vector to be identified. Since the loading undergone by the sample is known, this also allows for the position of the dislocation sources to be estimated. Perspectives for the study of deformed materials are finally discussed.

A method for crystallographic mapping of an alpha-beta titanium alloy with nanometre resolution using scanning precession electron diffraction and open-source software libraries.

An approach for the crystallographic mapping of two-phase alloys on the nanoscale using a combination of scanned precession electron diffraction and open-source python libraries is introduced in this paper. This method is demonstrated using the example of a two-phaseα/β titanium alloy. The data were recorded using a direct electron detector to collect the patterns, and recently developed algorithms to perform automated indexing and analyse the crystallography from the results. Very high-quality mapping is achieved at a 3nm step size. The results show the expected Burgers orientation relationships between the α laths and β matrix, as well as the expected misorientations betweenα laths. A minor issue was found that one area was affected by 180° ambiguities in indexing occur due to this area being aligned too close to a zone axis of the α with twofold projection symmetry (not present in 3D) in the zero-order Laue Zone, and this should be avoided in data acquisition in the future. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates a good workflow for the analysis of nanocrystalline two- or multi-phase materials, which will be of widespread use in analysing two-phase titanium and other systems and how they evolve as a function of thermomechanical treatments.

Scanning precession electron diffraction data analysis approaches for phase mapping of precipitates in aluminium alloys

Mapping the spatial distribution of crystal phases with nm-scale spatial resolution is an important characterisation task in studies of multi-phase materials. One popular approach is to use scanning precession electron diffraction which enables semi-automatic phase mapping at the nanoscale by collecting a single precession electron diffraction pattern at every probe position over regions spanning up to a few micrometers. For a successful phase mapping each diffraction pattern must be correctly identified. In this work four different approaches for phase mapping of embedded precipitates in an Al-Cu-Li alloy are compared on a sample containing three distinct crystal phases. These approaches are based on: non-negative matrix factorisation, vector matching, template matching and artificial neural networks. To evaluate the success of each approach a ground truth phase map was manually created from virtual images based on characteristic phase morphologies and compared with the deduced phase maps. The percentage accuracy of all methods when compared to the ground truth was satisfactory, with all approaches obtaining scores above 98%. The optimal method depends on the specific task at hand. Non-negative matrix factorisation is suitable with limited prior data knowledge but performs best with few unique diffraction patterns and requires substantial post-processing. It has the advantage of reducing the dimensionality of the dataset and handles weak diffracted intensities well given that they occur repeatedly. The current vector matching implementation is fast, simple, based only on the Bragg spot geometry and requires few parameters. It does however demand that each Bragg spot is accurately detected in each pattern and the current implementation is limited to zone axis patterns. Template matching handles a large range of orientations, including off-axis patterns. However, achieving successful and reliable results often require thorough data pre-processing and do require adequate diffraction simulations. For artificial neural networks a substantial setup effort is demanded but once trained it excels for routine tasks, offering fast predictions. The implemented codes and the data used are available open-source. These resources and the detailed assessment of the methods will allow others to make informed decisions when selecting a data analysis approach for 4D-STEM phase mapping tasks on other material systems.

Low Energy Twist Defects in Pentatwinned Silver Nanowires

Transmission electron microscopy investigation of networks of pentatwinned silver nanowires has identified the presence of nanoscale defects within individual wires, showing narrow regions of banded contrast normal to the nanowire axis (bamboo faults). Structural analysis using machine learning decomposition of scanning precession electron diffraction data identifies these bamboo faults as a pair of twist boundaries normal to the wire axis creating low energy coincident site lattices between the faulted region and the parent nanowire. This leads to a conservation of the relative misorientation of the twinned structure within the faulted region, leading to an apparent local rotation of the nanowire. Their presence after spraying and nonthermal processing suggests that they may form during nanowire synthesis. However, examination of the networks before and after cyclic straining finds an increase in the density of the defects, indicating that they may also form as a result of mechanical deformation.

Scanning precession electron diffraction study of carbide precipitation sequence in low alloy martensitic Cr-Mo-V tool steel

Precipitation of carbides after tempering of a medium carbon low alloyed Cr-Mo-V tool steel at 600°C was studied with scanning precession electron diffraction (SPED) in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The precipitation sequence was evaluated by mapping the carbide distribution on carbon extraction replicas prepared from samples tempered for different durations of up to 24 h. The SPED results were supplemented by equilibrium calculations and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements in a TEM. It was found that ε-Fe2C precipitates within martensite laths during quenching via auto-tempering. During reheating to tempering temperature ε-Fe2C was dissolved and replaced by cementite, θ-M3C, which predominately form on martensite boundaries. It was further found that the small carbides in the early stage of tempering have predominantly a cubic MC structure, even if the V/Mo-ratio of the studied steel was only 0.12, and it is known from literature that V and Mo form cubic MC or hexagonal M2C carbides, respectively. Later during tempering more stable carbides, such as M7C3 and M23C6, also form, and it was concluded that the M7C3 form both by separate nucleation and precipitation on the cementite/matrix interface. The latter phenomenon was seen as particles with a core of cementite and a shell of M7C3 after 24 h of tempering.

Elastic strain field measurements in the TEM for metallurgical applications

In the last twenty years, several transmission electron microscopy techniques have been developed to measure nanoscale elastic strain fields, but with very little applications to metals and alloys. Here, we show that scanning precession electron diffraction can be used to measure elastic strain fields induced by nanometric coherent particles in an aluminium alloy. The agreement with theory is excellent, despite small discrepancies very near the particle. Strains are examined in both cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems. Examination of the radial strains around the particle reveals that the deformation mode in the matrix is close to plane-strain. This results from having prepared samples as thin foils, which is required for observation in the microscope. Plane strain implies that only a partial information about the strain field in the bulk material is available, but it ensures that the measurements are not disturbed by variations of strain through the foil thickness. Strategies for ensuring plane strain in future observations are discussed at the end of the paper.

Structure determination in a new type of amorphous molecular solids with different nonlinear optical properties: a comparative structural analysis

The microscopic structures of two amorphous molecular solids with extremely nonlinear optical properties have been studied. They consist of organotetrel chalcogenide clusters with the chemical formula [(RSn)4S6]. The basic molecular building blocks are adamantane-like {Sn4S6} cores with organic ligands R attached to the Sn atoms. While the material equipped with R=naphthyl generates frequency doubling upon irradiation with a simple infrared laser diode, the material decorated with R=phenyl responds by emitting brilliant white light. The structural differences were investigated using x-ray scattering and extended x-ray absorption fine structure combined with molecular Reverse Monte Carlo. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning precession electron diffraction were used to examine structural differences from mesoscopic down to microscopic scales. Characteristic differences were found on all scales. While close core-to-core distances between {Sn4S6} cluster cores and molecular distortions are found in the white light emitting material, undistorted molecules and significantly larger core distances characterize the material showing frequency doubling. Here however, results of scanning precession electron diffraction reveal the formation of nanocrystalline structures in the amorphous matrix, which we identify as cause for the suppression of white light emission.

Correcting for probe wandering by precession path segmentation.

Precession electron diffraction has in the past few decades become a powerful technique for structure solving, strain analysis, and orientation mapping, to name a few. One of the benefits of precessing the electron beam, is increased reciprocal space resolution, albeit at a loss of spatial resolution due to an effect referred to as 'probe wandering'. Here, a new methodology of precession path segmentation is presented to counteract this effect and increase the resolution in reconstructed virtual images from scanning precession electron diffraction data. By utilizing fast pixelated electron detector technology, multiple frames are recorded for each azimuthal rotation of the beam, allowing for the probe wandering to be corrected in post-acquisition processing. Not only is there an apparent increase in the resolution of the reconstructed images, but probe wandering due to instrument misalignment is reduced, potentially easing an already difficult alignment procedure.

Kinking of GaP Nanowires Grown in an In Situ (S)TEM Gas Cell Holder

AbstractNanowires are a promising structure to create new defect‐free heterostructures and optoelectronic devices. GaP nanowires grown via the VLS mechanism using tertiary‐butyl phosphine (TBP) and trimethylgallium (TMGa) as precursors in an in situ closed gas cell heating holder are shown. This holder is a model system to investigate the processes in metal‐organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). GaP nanowires change their growth direction after random distances by producing kinks. Statistics of these kink angles show dominant values of around 70.5°, 109.5°, and 123.7°. A custom holder tip capable of holding a single heating chip is used to perform scanning precession electron diffraction (SPED) measurements on the nanowire kinks. The results show that the predominant kink angles result from micro twins of first and second order. Understanding the defect formation and resulting geometry changes in GaP nanowires can lead to increased control over their shape during growth and mark a huge step toward applicable nanowire devices.

3D scanning precession electron diffraction analysis of nanodomains in thin films

3D scanning precession electron diffraction analysis of nanodomains in thin films

Precessed electron diffraction study of defects and strain in GaN nanowires fabricated by top-down etching

Gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires (NWs) have been fabricated by top-down etching from GaN heteroepitaxial films, which provides an accurate control of their position and dimensions. However, these NWs contain, similar to the initial GaN films, high density of structural defects such as threading dislocations (TDs). In this work, different strategies to reduce the density of defects along the NWs have been compared based on two different wet etching approaches followed by a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 750 °C. The addition of a 30 nm SiNx coating is also explored. The defects and strain/stress along the NWs have been studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, diffraction contrast imaging in two-beam conditions and 4D STEM, as well as strain maps calculated from scanning precession electron diffraction measurements. RTA reduced the density of TDs at the middle of GaN NWs with bare surfaces by approximately 25%. The reduction increased to approximately 70% by RTA of GaN NWs with surfaces coated by amorphous SiNx, which is attributed to enhancement of dislocation movements by stresses induced from differential thermal expansion of GaN and SiNx. These results suggest a process route that, if optimized and combined with reduction of NW diameter, could establish etching as an efficient fabrication method for high crystal quality GaN NWs.

Scanning Precession Electron Diffraction and What We Get Out of Such Data in Studies of Aluminium Alloys

Scanning Precession Electron Diffraction and What We Get Out of Such Data in Studies of Aluminium Alloys

The Effect of Small Additions of Fe and Heavy Deformation on the Precipitation in an Al–1.1Mg–0.5Cu–0.3Si At. Pct Alloy

The effect of 0.03 and 0.08 at. pct Fe additions on the formation of secondary phases in an Al–1.1Mg–0.5Cu–0.3Si at. pct alloy was investigated. Following solution heat treatment and natural aging, the alloys were analyzed in an undeformed, artificially aged condition and in a two-step deformed condition consisting of 80 pct deformation, artificial aging, 50 pct deformation and a final, short artificial aging. Using electron microscopy, it was found that both alloys contained similar amounts of primary Mg2Si particles, while the higher Fe level alloy produced roughly twice the number density and volume fraction of primary bcc α-AlFeSi particles. Lower volume fractions of hardening precipitates were measured in the high Fe level alloy, as attributed to the lower amount of Si available for precipitation. Using atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, a mix of L phases and structural elements of GPB zones was found in the undeformed conditions. In the deformed conditions, scanning precession electron diffraction revealed that the precipitates were nucleated both on and between deformation induced defects. The addition of Fe affected the relative ratio of these precipitates. Hardness measurements of conditions combining deformation and artificial aging were performed to investigate the hardening mechanisms at each processing step.Graphical

High resolution crystal orientation mapping of ultrathin films in SEM and TEM

Ultrathin metallic films are important functional materials for optical and microelectronic devices. Dedicated characterization with high spatial resolution and sufficient field of view is key to the understanding of the relation between microstructure and optical and electrical properties of such thin films. Here, we have applied on-axis transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) and scanning precession electron diffraction (SPED) to study the microstructure of 10 nm thick polycrystalline gold films. The study compares the results obtained from the same specimen region by the two techniques and provides insights on the limits of each diffraction technique. We compare the physical spatial resolution of on-axis TKD and SPED and discuss challenges due to the larger probe size in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, we present an improvement for the physical spatial resolution (PSR) of on-axis TKD through acquisition in immersion mode. We show how this method extends the capabilities of SEM-based microstructure characterization of ultrathin films and achieve PSR comparable to semi-automated SPED. • State of the art on-axis TKD SEM system comparison with SPED TEM system. • High resolution orientation mapping of ultrathin nano-crystalline metal films. • Improving TKD physical spatial resolution maps by immersion mode.

Precipitation and crystallographic relationships of nanosized η/η’ precipitates at S-Al interface in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

Quench-induced S(Al 2 CuMg) phases are generally formed in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys. The precipitation and relative crystallographic relationships of η-type (MgZn 2 ) precipitates at the interfaces between the quench-induced S phases and Al matrix were studied in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy by coupling Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with scanning precession electron diffraction (SPED) technology. It was found that Zn segregation occurred at S-Al interfaces due to higher lattice strain energy, which induced the heterogeneous nucleation of nanosized η’ precipitates at these interfaces. Crystallographic orientation relationships (ORs) between the S phases and η’/η precipitates were firstly reported and discussed in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. With the coarsening of η precipitates at S-Al interfaces, a new type of OR ([112] Al //[ 1 ¯ 2 1 ¯ 0] η , (11 1 ¯ ) Al //(10 1 ¯ 3) η ) between the interfacial η precipitates and Al matrix was identified, which was different from their non-interfacial counterparts in Al matrix reported to date.

Reconstructing dual-phase nanometer scale grains within a pearlitic steel tip in 3D through 4D-scanning precession electron diffraction tomography and automated crystal orientation mapping

The properties of polycrystalline materials are related to their microstructures and hence a complete description, including size, shape, and orientation of the grains, is necessary to understand the behavior of materials. Here, we use Scanning Precession Electron Diffraction (SPED) in the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) combined with a tilt series to reconstruct individual grains in 3D within a polycrystalline dual-phase cold wire-drawn pearlitic steel sample. Nanoscale ferrite grains and intragranular cementite particles were indexed using an Automated Crystallographic Orientation Mapping (ACOM) tool for each tilt dataset. The grain orientations were tracked through the tilt datasets and projections of the individual grains were reconstructed from the diffraction data using an orientation-specific Virtual Dark Field (VDF) approach for tomographic reconstruction. The algorithms used to process and reconstruct such datasets are presented. These algorithms represent an extension to the ACOM approach that may be straightforwardly applied to other multi-phase polycrystalline materials to enable 3D spatial and orientation reconstructions.

Studying GPI zones in Al-Zn-Mg alloys by 4D-STEM

A new methodology has been developed to study the fine details of GP zones in age-hardenable aluminium alloys. It is complementary to atomic resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging, and combines scanning precession electron diffraction with diffraction simulations. To evaluate the method, data was collected from an Al-Zn-Mg alloy in a condition with a dense distribution of GPI zones. Diffraction patterns were recorded in the 〈001〉Al orientation, capturing GPI zones in three projections: along the unique [001]GPI axis, and along the two other mutually orthogonal orientations. The GPI zones viewed along [001]GPI revealed how the truncated octahedron units of the GPI zones were connected in multi-unit GP zones, while the two orientations normal to [001]GPI highlight the internal structure. The stability of the atomic models developed based on the experimental results was verified by density functional theory calculations.

Effect of the nanostructuring by high-pressure torsion process on the secondary phase precipitation in UNS S32750 Superduplex stainless steel

In this work, the precipitation and the morphology of secondary phases after severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing followed by an isothermal treatment was investigated. High-pressure torsion (HPT) was the SPD process carried out on superduplex 2507 (UNS S32750) stainless steel material under P = 6 GPa at room temperature. At this high strain levels (ε up to 170) samples have shown grain size decrease and strained microstructure with high dislocation density and nanostructure features. After a short isothermal treatment at 830 °C, the sigma phase and chromium nitrides were revealed as the main secondary phases identified by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and element analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Scanning precession electron diffraction and automated crystal orientation mapping have been carried out in order to confirm the precipitation of the secondary phases. In fact, the results provide evidence that the precipitation of chromium nitrides seems to be the preferred nucleation site for sigma phase at higher deformation strain, in addition to the intergranular precipitation of sigma. Both the sigma phases nucleated integranularly and besides chromium nitrides are randomly orientated.

Microwave synthesis of ZnO microcrystals with novel asymmetric morphology

This paper reports a discovery of novel morphological features of ZnO asymmetric micron-sized single crystals synthesized by microwave irradiation of W/O emulsions containing a Zn source in the inner aqueous phase. The influence of the zinc ion concentration on the size and shape is studied in detail. The morphological and structural properties show that the obtained ZnO powders are almost mono-dispersed ZnO single crystals with a novel morphology of truncated hexagonal pyramids ca. 1 μm in diameter. A scanning precession electron diffraction analysis reveals that the asymmetrically shaped ZnO single crystals thus obtained have a crystallographic c-axis perpendicular to the bottom hexagonal flat surfaces, and annular bright-field imaging indicates that the bottom surfaces are Zn-terminated ZnO(0001)-Zn polar faces. These new findings are led from a combination of well-controllable liquid-phase emulsion synthesis of the oxide powders and highly advanced atomic-resolution TEM imaging technique, suggesting for the first time a highly probable relationship between the polarity of the wurtzite-type crystal structure and the novel asymmetric morphology of the ZnO microcrystals obtained in this study.

The benefits of scanning precession electron diffraction to access the crystallographic phases and orientations of nanomaterials

The benefits of scanning precession electron diffraction to access the crystallographic phases and orientations of nanomaterials