Scanning Electron Microscopy-energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Research Articles

Development and Characterization of a Remanufactured Motorcycle Clutch Hub from End-of-Life Aluminium Alloy

This study aims to employ reverse engineering in the development of the Yamaha CY 80 motorcycle clutch hub using end-of-life (EOL) aluminium alloy obtained from automotive vehicle scraps. The remanufactured motorcycle clutch hub underwent characterization and transient thermal analysis by integrating the geometric and structural features of the clutch hub. The EOL aluminium was thoroughly washed with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, cleaned with running water, and dried under sunlight to remove impurities trapped on the metal surfaces. The EOL aluminium alloy was melted in a gas furnace, and the molten metal was cast into the clutch hub using a permanent mold designed with the geometric features and characteristics of the Yamaha CY 80 motorcycle clutch hub. The EOL aluminium alloy was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The remanufactured CAD model of the Yamaha CY 80 motorcycle clutch hub was subjected to transient thermal analysis using ANSYS Workbench to predict the thermal behavior of the clutch hub during operation. The FTIR spectra exhibited the following distinctive bands: Al-O stretching modes in octahedral and tetrahedral structures, as well as symmetric bending of Al-O-H, with wavenumbers between 340 and 3131 cm-1 for -OH bonds and between 2109 and 1688 cm-1 for H-O-H bonds. The SEM-EDS micrographs indicated that the two main elements were bromine and silicon. Results from the transient thermal analysis indicated that the minimum and maximum temperatures were 40.109 °C and 250.09 °C within a time frame of 240 seconds. The maximum total heat flux was 30,271,000 W/m2. The compressive yield strength and tensile yield strength obtained in this study were 280 MPa, while the ultimate tensile strength was measured at 310 MPa. The alternating stress levels ranged from 62.05 MPa to 275.8 MPa. This study established that the material is susceptible to fatigue failure, as the alternating stress levels were below the material’s yield strength of 280 MPa.

Effect of ZrO2 on the phase relations for CaO-SiO2-TiO2 system related to efficient extraction of titanium from titania-bearing slag

The selective crystallization and phase separation process has been regarded as a promising process for the recycling of titanium from titania-bearing furnace slag, however, the composition modification mechanism still remains unclear due to the lack of fundamental thermodynamic data. In the present work, the influence of ZrO2 addition on the equilibrium phase relations and the 1400 °C isotherm for CaO-SiO2-TiO2 system were experimentally determined by using the high temperature equilibration-quenching technique, and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The equilibrium solid phases of rutile (TiO2), perovskite (CaTiO3), and tridymite (SiO2) are determined to be coexisting with the liquid phase. In addition, comparisons of present results with thermodynamic calculation by FactSage show significant discrepancies. The present work is important for enriching the thermodynamic database of titania-bearing slag oxide systems as well as optimizing the selective crystallization and phase separation process.

High entropy (HfTiZrVNb)B2 ceramic particulate reinforced Al matrix composites: Synthesis, mechanical, microstructural and thermal characterization

This study aims to introduce a novel type of particulate reinforced Al matrix composite. High entropy (HfTiZrVNb)B2 ceramic particulate reinforced Al matrix composites were produced via a combined process of different powder metallurgy methods. Firstly, boride compounds (HfB2, TiB2, ZrB2, VB2, NbB2) were synthesized in the laboratory scale using the related metal oxide, boron oxide, and magnesium by mechanochemical synthesis (MCS) and leaching processes under optimum conditions. Secondly, the synthesized and purified boride powders were mixed in equimolar ratios using a planetary ball mill for 72 h, and they were sintered at 2000 °C under 30 MPa via spark plasma sintering (SPS). Thirdly, equimolar high entropy (HfTiZrVNb)B2 bulks were crushed, converted into powder forms, and added into Al powders at different amounts as 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 wt %. Lastly, these powder blends were mechanically alloyed in a vibratory ball mill for 6 h, cold pressed and pressureless sintered at 630 °C for 2 h. For characterization techniques, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS), density measurements using pycnometer and Archimedes' methods, microhardness and dry sliding wear tests were conducted on the sintered composites. The highest hardness (∼1.5 GPa) and the lowest wear rate (∼0.0012 mm3/Nm) were obtained in the Al-15 wt % (HfTiZrVNb)B2 sample.

Mining Metal‐Biomolecular Framework/PANI Composite CO Sensor: Material Synthesis, Gas Sensing Performance and Mechanism

AbstractIn addressing the issue of poor gas sensitivity in semiconductor CO sensor materials used in mining, such as pure PANI. This study utilized an ice‐water bath in combination with an in‐situ polymerization method to synthesize a new composite material consisting of Cu(II)‐racemic glutamate nanofibers and PANI. The morphology, structure, and chemical bonds of the composite material were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) and spectral analysis. The material's ability to detect CO (100–500 ppm) at room temperature was investigated, revealing a response value of up to 6.8 % for 400 ppm CO detection when the composite material was deposited on a ceramic interdigital electrode. The material exhibited good selectivity and responsiveness to CO detection at room temperature, attributed to the heterojunction formed between Cu(II)‐racemic glutamate nanofibers and PANI, which enhanced carrier migration. Consequently, the Cu(II)‐racemic glutamate nanofiber/PANI composite(Cu(II)‐RGlu/PANI) material shows promise as a high‐performance sensing material for CO detection at room temperature and as a low‐power, integrable sensor material for underground coal mines. This research contributes to the development of a theoretical framework for such applications.

Exploring the provenance of a Byzantine excavated assemblage of textile and leather finds by the application of instrumental analysis

Stereomicroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance probe (FTIR-ATR), High Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Photodiode Array system (HPLC–PDA), X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS), and 14C dating were applied to an assemblage of textile and leather fragments that belong to the collection of the Byzantine & Christian Museum of Athens in Greece and lacked inventory information.The analyses applied, along with bibliographical research, yielded information on the materials, techniques and provenance of the find. The assemblage of finds consists of a gold thread embroidered silk satin, dyed with shellfish-purple; a gold strip-drawn wire embroidered silk tabby; a gold strip-drawn wire and red silk thread tapestry; a gold-thread embroidery on a tabby background; fragments of braided cord; and leather fragments. The material components could have been produced locally, in the area of the Byzantine Empire, though some of them indicate connections with India and/or China. The assemblage, dated between the mid AD 10th and mid eleventh century, was probably found in 1924 by Andreas Xygopoulos during the excavation of a tomb inside the church of Agia Sophia in Thessaloniki, Greece.

Analysis of combined processing method of phosphate minerals from the Kef Essenoun deposit

Currently, the processing of beige and black phosphates only concerns the main sub-layers, while the other sub-layers (lower and upper for beige phosphate and the upper for black phosphate) are considered waste rock and stored near the complex. Therefore, the object of this research is the use of mixtures of three beige phosphate sub-layers and two black phosphate sub-layers as a feed fraction for the calcination and reverses flotation processes. This research work aims to characterise and treat two types of phosphate: one beige with the sub-layers (main, lower and upper) and the other black with the sub-layers (main and upper) in order to have better recovery of P2O5. The working methodology consists of a series of sample preparation operations and characterization of the two types of beige and black phosphate. This characterization includes a petrographic study, a granulochemical analysis, an X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and an atomic adsorption spectrophotometry (SAA), an auto analyzer (AA), a Bernard calcimeter. These analyzes allow on the one hand to identify the mineral phases in quantitative and qualitative manner, and on the other hand to choose the process for treating phosphates from the Kef Essenoun–Tebessa deposit. The combined method of treatment by calcination followed by reverse flotation gave satisfactory results. The P2O5 content reaches 33.88 % for beige phosphate and 33.13 % for black phosphate. The stored waste rock represents a problem for the company; this waste rock contains fairly high levels of phosphate. The treatment of the mixture of the main sub-layers with these waste rocks makes it possible to obtain a better recovery of P2O5, a better economic profitability of the Djebel Onk mining complex and an environmental impact in the region.

High valency of charge compensator (Mo6+) to substitute Ti site in REE doped zirconolite (REE=Nd, Sm, Gd, Ho and Yb): Solid solubility, phase evolution and structural analysis

Zirconolite ceramics have been proven to be a promising matrix for high-level waste immobilization, especially for minor actinides. In this study, a series of CaZr1-2xREE2xTi2-xMoxO7 (REE = Nd, Sm, Gd, Ho, Yb) samples were prepared to investigate the formation of zirconolite REE as surrogates of minor actinides and Mo6+ as charge compensator. Synchrotron and in-house powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) were used to study their solid solubility, phase evolution, and structural details. XRD results show that the formation of zirconolite-2M can be up to x = 0.15 in the CaZr1-2xNd2xTi2-xMoxO7 samples when co-existence of 2 M and 4 M was observed at x = 0.20 and 0.25. The “yellow phase” appears when x exceeds 0.4. The phase evolutions of CaZr1-2xSm2xTi2-xMoxO7, CaZr1-2xGd2xTi2-xMoxO7, CaZr1-2xHo2xTi2-xMoxO7 and CaZr1-2xYb2xTi2-xMoxO7 solid solutions are similar to each other: (1) zirconolite-2M in x = 0.05 and 0.10; (2) co-existence of 2 M and 4 M and then formation of 4 M phase from x = 0.15 to 0.25; (3) formation of “yellow phase” and pyrochlore when x ≥ 0.30. Interestingly, perovskite exits in all the ceramic samples, and its lattice parameters slightly change when increasing the dopants. Rietveld refinement results reveal that Sm/Ho mainly incorporates into 8f (Wyckoff position) Zr-sites while Mo replaces the 8f (Wyckoff position) Ti-sites. XANES results further confirm the occupation of Mo in TiO5 coordination environments. Furthermore, there is a considerable amount of Sm/Ho incorporated into 8f Ca-sites, demonstrating a different substitution mechanism from the preliminary design.

Microstructural characterization and corrosion behaviour of heat treated standard stainless steels in tar sand

This paper aims to investigate the corrosion behaviour of heat-treated standard duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205) in the recovery of bitumen from Nigerian-rich tar sand, using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the process solution. Appropriate material family needs to be identified for the exploitation of tar sand resources to ensure sustainable extraction of bitumen. UNS S32205 offers exceptional mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance which makes it a great material choice for demanding applications, including offshore platforms and construction projects. Samples of UNS 32205 were heat-treated and immersed in the digested tar sand, maintaining a process temperature of 90°C. The microstructure of the corrosion coupons was studied using SEM/EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive Spectroscope), and the corrosion rate of the samples was derived using gravimetric technique following ASTM G31 standard. The SEM micrographs indicated varying degrees of pits associated with the passivity of UNS 32205 and an imbalance between its ferrite and austenite phases due to the presence of secondary precipitates formed during heat treatment.The normalized sample, having a corrosion rate of 0.053 mm/year, exhibited the best corrosion resistance, followed by oil quenching (0.054 mm/year), then annealing (0.076 mm/year), and water quenching (0.077 mm/year), where they all showed improved corrosion resistance over the as-received sample having a corrosion rate of 0.078 mm/year.

Provenance of the Bronze Age lapis lazuli pieces from the Early Urban Center of Konar Sandal, Jiroft, Southern Iran

The sources of lapis lazuli objects found in the Bronze Age of the Iranian Plateau and its trade routes have been a subject of interest and a research question. Four archaeological pieces of lapis lazuli recovered from a stone-working workshop in the Bronze Age site of Konar Sandal South (Jiroft Plain), southern Iran, were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) techniques to characterize the mineralogical composition and the possible provenance of raw materials. Results showed that these objects are identical based on their composition, presenting diopside and specific trace element proportions as provenance markers. Comparison with available data from Iranian archaeological sites and ancient resources from Central Asia revealed that these finds may have been imported from lapis lazuli mines located at Badakhshan in Afghanistan, as they were supplied raw materials for ancient lapis lazuli objects of Iran.

Effects of pyrite, quartz and sodium sulfite on roasting of a refractory sulfide concentrate and gold, silver, copper leaching during cyanidation

The oxidation roasting pretreatment process, which is a mature and dominant industrial practice for treating complex polymetallic gold deposits, has a low recovery of associated silver and exhibits an unclear reaction sequence. This study takes a silver-containing gold ore as the research object and investigates the effect of (i) sodium sulfite as an additive, (ii) main gold-bearing mineral pyrite, and (iii) gangue mineral quartz, on silver during the roasting process in roasting and leaching tests. Characterization techniques included scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis, and thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The results based on thermodynamic calculations and characterization show that the main reason for the low extraction of silver is that the calcined product (i.e., iron silicate) formed by the reaction between pyrite and quartz during the roasting process is mutually absorbed and wrapped with silver oxide. In addition, silver minerals decompose some iron sulfides and iron oxides under high-temperature conditions, promoting the reaction of iron and quartz to form iron silicate while strengthening the secondary encapsulation of silver by products of roasting, thus deteriorating the extraction of silver. The addition of sodium sulfite reduces the formation of iron silicate and increases the extraction of silver by directly promoting the conversion of pyrite to iron oxide. This study provides a theoretical basis for further improving the roasting and leaching of silver.

Effect of ligand interactions within modified granular activated carbon (GAC) on mixed perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) adsorption

A new adsorbent based on commercial granular activated carbon (GAC) and loaded with Cu(II) (GAC-Cu) was prepared to enhance the adsorption capacity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The surface area (SA) and pore volume of GAC-Cu decreased by ∼15% compared to those of pristine GAC. The scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and leaching test results indicated that, compared with GAC, the Cu atomic ratio and Cu amount in GAC-Cu increased by 2.91 and 2.43 times, respectively. The point of zero charge (PZC) measured using a salt addition method obtained a pH of 6.0 (GAC) and 5.0 (GAC-Cu). According to the isotherm models obtaining highest coefficient of determination (R2), GAC-Cu exhibited a 20.4% and 35.2% increase for PFOA and PFOS in maximum uptake (qm), respectively, compared to those of GAC. In addition, the adsorption affinity (b) for GAC-Cu increased by 1045% and 175% for PFOA and PFOS, respectively. The pH effect on the adsorption capacity of GAC-Cu was investigated. The uptake of PFOA and PFOS decreased with an increase in pH for both GAC and GAC-Cu. GAC-Cu exhibited higher uptake than GAC at pH 6 and 7, but no enhanced uptake was observed at pH 4.0, 5.0, and 8.5. Therefore, ligand interaction was effective at weak acid or neutral pH.

Shear strength characterization and sustainability assessment of coal bottom ash concrete

The present study investigated the synergistic influence of coal bottom ash (CBA) on the shear strength of concrete. CBA was milled for 2, 6, and 10 h to form grinded CBA (GCBA). “L” shaped specimens were prepared with 10%–30% GCBA and 25%–50% CBA as alternative of Portland cement and natural fine aggregates. Concrete containing 20% GCBA (grinded for 6 h) and 25% CBA reported the highest shear strength owing to pozzolanic reactiveness and filler action. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared also supported the experimental outcomes. Well fitted mathematical models were derived followed by optimization using desirability function approach recommending 5.71 h of grinding, 26.27% GCBA, and 36.69% CBA as the optimum amount for its successful utilization in concrete. This approach further leads to significant reduction of about 22% in carbon footprints and eco-costs in comparison to conventional concrete.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-based pH-sensitive biofilm: An experimental design approach for release of vitamin B12

Hydrogels because of their unique potentials, such as highwater content and hydrophilicity, are of interest for the controlled release of drug molecules. In the present study, a biofilm was produced using chitosan, a natural polymer. Characterization analyses of the synthesized biofilm were performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. The analysis results of the film before loading were compared to the analysis made after adding vitamin B12 to the film. The release percentage of vitamin B12 was investigated by using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometery. The FT-IR bands of vitamin B12 were in the range of 2,800-3,500 cm-1 and 1,000 cm-1-1,750 cm-1. When pH increased from 3 to 7, release of vitamin B12 from the biopolymer increased up to pH 5. While examining the release potential, parameters, such as pH, initial concentration of vitamin B12, release time, and solution volume, were optimized by using response surface methodology. It was determined that with the increase in release time and the initial concentration, pH contributed positively to the release of vitamin B12. The following conditions were determined for release of vitamin B12 from the biofilm: pH: 4.2, initial concentration of vitamin B12: 54.0 mg L-1, the release time: 117 min, and volume of solution: 2.1 mL. The analysis of variance results showed that the determination coefficients for the use of synthesized biofilm in vitamin B12 release were high and R2 =0.9704.

Performance of pulsed plasma thruster at low discharge energy

As the size of satellites scales down, low-power and compact propulsion systems such as the pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) are needed for stabilizing these miniature satellites in orbit. Most PPT systems are operated at 2 J or more of discharge energy. In this work, the performance of a PPT with a side-fed, tongue-flared electrode configuration operated within a lower discharge energy range of 0.5‒2.5 J has been investigated. Ablation and charring of the polytetrafluoroethylene propellant surface were analyzed through field-effect scanning electron microscopy imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. When the discharge energy fell below 2 J, inconsistencies occurred in the specific impulse and the thrust efficiency due to the measurement of the low mass bit. At energy 2 J, the performance parameters are compared with other PPT systems of similar configuration and discussed in depth.

Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid, and etidronic acid on root dentin mineral content and bond strength of a bioceramic-based sealer: A scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy study.

This study assessed the impact of chelating agents, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% citric acid (CA), and 18% etidronic acid (HEDP), on root dentin mineral content. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was applied to analyze changes, and the push-out bond strength test was used to measure dentin adhesion of Well-Root ST, a bioceramic root canal sealer. A total of 80 extracted single-rooted lower premolar teeth were included in this study and randomly divided into four groups (n=20): group 1 (17% EDTA), group 2 (10% CA), group 3 (18% HEDP), and group 4 (distilled water, control). After irrigation and drying, SEM-EDS was applied to analyze eight samples from each group at coronal, middle, and apical root regions for mineral content and SEM images. The remaining 12 samples underwent a push-out bond strength test using Well-Root ST sealer and gutta-percha. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were used for statistical analyses. Statistically significant differences were found between groups (P<0.05). SEM-EDS showed significant differences in C, O, Ca, P, and Ca/P content, with no significant differences in Na and Mg. Push-out bond strength was significantly higher in the 17% EDTA, 10% CA, and 18% HEDP groups compared to the control group, with no significant differences between chelating agents. Chelating agents altered root dentin mineral content and improved the adhesive properties of the bioceramic sealer. These findings highlight the importance of considering the selection and use of chelating agents in the clinical practice for root canal treatment.

Study on the effectiveness of sulfate-reducing bacteria to remove Pb(II) and Zn(II) in tailings and acid mine drainage.

In view of water and soil getting polluted by Pb(II), Zn(II), and other heavy metals in tailings and acid mine drainage (AMD), we explored the removal effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) on Pb(II), Zn(II), and other pollutants in solution and tailings based on the microbial treatment technology. We used the scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), to reveal the mechanism of SRB treatment of tailings. The results showed that SRB had a strong removal capacity for Zn(II) at 0-40 mg/L; however, Zn(II) at 60-100 mg/L inhibited the growth of SRB. Similarly, SRB exhibited a very strong ability to remove Pb(II) from the solution. At a Pb(II) concentration of 10-50 mg/L, its removal percentage by SRB was 100%. SRB treatment could effectively immobilize the pollutants leached from the tailings. With an increase in the amount of tailings added to each layer, the ability of SRB to treat the pollutants diminished. When 1 cm of tailingssand was added to each layer, SRB had the best effect on tailing sand treatment. After treatment, the immobilization rates of , Fe(III), Mn(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), and total Cr in the leachate of #1 tailing sand were 95.44%, 100%, 90.88%, 100%, 96.20%, 86.23%, and 93.34%, respectively. After the tailings were treated by SRB, although the tailings solidified into a cohesive mass from loose granular particles, their mechanical strength was <0.2 MPa. Desulfovibrio and Desulfohalotomaculum played the predominant roles in treating tailings by mixing SRB. The S2- and carbonate produced by mixing SRB during the treatment of tailings could metabolize sulfate by combining with the heavy metal ions released by the tailings to form FeS, MnS, ZnS, CuS, PbS, Cr2S3, CaCO3, MnCO3, and other precipitated particles. These particles were attached to the surface of the tailings, reducing the environmental pollution of the tailings in the water and soil around the mining area.

Influences of reaction parameters and complexation pretreatments on the distribution of phosphorus during hydrothermal carbonization of dewatered sewage sludge

This study investigated the effects of reaction parameters and pretreatments with complexing agents, namely ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), glutamate diacetic acid (GLDA), and citric acid (CA), on the phosphorus contents and forms in the sludge hydrothermal carbonization products. The results showed that reaction temperature had the greatest effect on the distribution and forms of phosphorus in liquid and solid products. High reaction temperatures inhibited the transfer of phosphorus from the solid phase to the liquid phase. Indeed, the proportions of phosphorus in the liquid phases only accounted for 3.56 % at reaction temperature and time of 160 °C and 60 min, respectively. However, this proportion increased to 16.32, 12.62, and 13.15 % following complexation pretreatments with EDTA, GLDA, and CA at 0.1 mol/L, respectively. In addition, the complexation pretreatments enhanced the transfer of phosphorus from the solid phase to the liquid phase. The total phosphorus contents in the liquid phase (TPL) reached 896.46 mg/L. The finding can be explained by the binding of the complexing agents with metal ions, such as Mg, Ca, Al, and Fe, transferring phosphorus originally bound to these metal ions to the liquid phase. In addition, the results demonstrated the effectiveness of the magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization method for recovering phosphorus from the EDTA-pretreated liquid product. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses showed high purity and crystallinity of the obtained struvite to some extent.

Aqueous-phase Reforming of Glycerol using Cu-Ni Bimetal Catalyst Supported over Coconut Shell Activated Carbon

The increasing generation of glycerol as a waste from biodiesel production calls for its various consumptions, especially in producing industrial chemicals. However, the focus of popular studies in this process is on using noble metals as the catalyst. It should be shifted to a low cost and abundant element to ensure sustainability. Therefore, this study uses activated carbon from coconut shells to support a bimetal catalyst copper-nickel in converting glycerol into value-added products. The catalyst was synthesized via the wet impregnation method and was characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform infra-red spectroscopy, and a surface area analyser. It was revealed that the BET surface area (582 m2/g) is smaller than the pristine carbon because of the exposure to high temperature during calcination. The average pore size (1.7 nm) is also smaller than the coconut shell carbon due to the same effect. The surface functional groups mainly consist of carboxylic acids that is known to contribute to the hydrogenolysis of glycerol. At 20 wt% initial glycerol concentration, 20 bar and 200 °C, acetic acid, propylene oxide, carbon monoxide and acetaldehyde were detected as the products. A possible mechanism was proposed considering the aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol and the dehydration process. The optimum operating conditions in this case are 20 wt% initial glycerol concentration, 25 bar and 200 °C. More studies are needed to evaluate the reactions involved in aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol using the Cu-Ni doped on coconut shell activated carbon. In conclusion, glycerol can be converted to valuable chemicals under mild conditions by using the cost-effective catalyst.

Characterization of Ceria Nanoparticles as Abrasives Applied with Defoaming Polymers for CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) Applications.

Chemical mechanical polishing/planarization (CMP) is an essential manufacturing process in semiconductor technologies. This method combines chemical and mechanical forces to smooth the surfaces of wafers. The effectiveness of CMP relies on a carefully chosen slurry, demanding a sophisticated manufacturing technology. This technology must seamlessly integrate both chemical composition and mechanical elements, highlighting the intricate synergy required for successful semiconductor fabrication. Particularly in milling processes, if agglomerated particles due to slurry particle corrosion are present during polishing, uneven polishing, numerous fine scratches occur, leading to an increase in roughness and a deterioration in the quality of the finished surface. In this study, to overcome the issue of particle agglomeration and uneven polishing in commonly used ceria nanoparticle slurries during CMP processes, we investigated the ceria nanoparticle behavior based on styrene-maleic acid (SMA) dispersant polymer applied with three types of defoaming polymers. The investigations are expected to open up the possibility of utilizing ceria nanoparticles with applied defoaming polymer as an abrasive for advanced CMP applications. All samples were characterized by DLS (dynamic light scattering), SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), pH, conductivity, viscosity, a 10-day stability test at 60 °C, the AF4 test, and the polishing rate efficiency test. Our research demonstrates a significant improvement achieved through the use of SMA dispersant polymer, resulting in a polishing selection ratio exceeding 80 for oxide and nitride films. The G-336 defoaming polymer utilized here is expected to serve as a viable alternative in CMP processes by providing stable uniformity.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Performance of ZnFe2O4-g-C3N4 Composites for Tetracycline Removal from Contaminated Water

The presence of emerging contaminants in wastewater like tetracycline poses a significant challenge in water reuse worldwide. The implementation of a p-n heterojunction and dye-sensitized techniques in the enhancement of graphite carbon nitride provides a promising alternative for visible light-driven degradation of emerging contaminants present in wastewater. The present study investigated dye-sensitized and plain composites in degrading tetracycline using natural sunlight in a parabolic trough reactor. The study synthesized four composites of ZnFe2O4-g-C3N4 at 5, 15, and 25 wt% loading of the ferrite by direct annealing of melamine, followed by thermal and ultrasonic exfoliation of bulk graphite carbon nitride and in situ precipitation with zinc ferrites to yield a composite photocatalyst. The photocatalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses which confirmed that all the spinel ferrite phases of ZnFe2O4 were well bonded with g-C3N4 nanosheets to form a composite. The crystallite sizes were calculated by the Debye–Scherrer equation indicating crystal sizes of between 4.63 and 8.61 nm confirming the nanostructures. The scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) tests verified that the spherical globules of ZnFe2O4 were well attached to the mesoporous layers of g-C3N4 and absence of contaminant phases. The UV-Vis analysis for 25% ZF-GCN revealed a band gap reduction from 2.67 eV to 2.03 eV. The PL intensity for all the composites decreased at excitation of 266 nm and 550 nm which was evidence for suppressed charge recombination. A 25% ferrite loading resulted in the best photocatalytic performance with tetracycline degradation of 93.64% and total organic carbon (TOC) removal of 51.89%. The sensitization of the 25% ZF-GCN composite with Eosin Y further improved its performance for degradation of tetracycline to 94.62% and TOC removal to 68.29%. Therefore, dye sensitization is an efficient way of improving the photocatalytic activity of a multicomponent photocatalyst for the removal of emerging pollutants.