Scanning Electron Micrograph Images Research Articles

Preparation and application of nickel copper ferrate and its metal–organic framework composite in the decontamination of chemical indicator contaminated synthetic and raw laboratory wastewater

Inefficient decontamination of laboratory wastewater polluted by chemical indicators such as methyl orange (MO) and phenolphthalein (PH) is a challenge that requires attention in most developing countries. In response to this, nickel-copper ferrate (NiCuFeO4) and nickel-copper ferrate-terephthalic acid-zinc metal–organic framework composite (NiCuFeO4@MOF-5) were synthesised via simple chemical process and their activities compared for the removal of MO and PH from synthetic and raw laboratory wastewater colleccted from a science laboratory at Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Nigeria. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images, revealed the surfaces of NiCuFeO4 and NiCuFeO4@MOF-5 to be rough and homogeneous with tightly arranged particles that are agglomerated. The adsorption capacity of NiCuFeO4@MOF-5 expressed for the removal of MO (30.97 mg g−1) and PH (41.22 mg g−1) from aqueous solution is higher than that of NiCuFeO4 for MO (25.82 mg g−1) and PH (23.00 mg g−1). NiCuFeO4 and NiCuFeO4@MOF-5 exhibited a promising stability even at the 7th regeneration cycle for the removal of MO and PH from solution. Results obtained for the removal of MO and PH from aqueous solution by NiCuFeO4 and NiCuFeO4@MOF-5 compared favorably with reported adsorbents in literature. Conclusively, NiCuFeO4@MOF-5 is a potential and better adsorbent than NiCuFeO4 for decontaminating laboratory wastewater contaminated with MO and PH.

Experimental investigation of micro-machining on borosilicate glass using mist flow aided WECDM

Wire electro-chemical discharge machining (WECDM) process is a variant of electro-chemical discharge machining process and is a novel method to machine electrically non-conductive materials. In the present research investigation, an in-house developed WECDM setup with mist flow was used to generate micro channels on borosilicate glass. The electrolyte was provided in the form of mist, formed with the combination of electrolyte and compressed air. The mist flow system was used to control the machining process that improved the stability of the spark, and flushing in the machining zone resulted in a smooth surface of machined channels. Electrolyte concentration, duty factor, wire feed rate, and mist flow rate were chosen as input process parameters, and their effect on output quality characteristics such as material removal rate and width of cut was evaluated. the performance of were during. The addition of the mist flow technique in the process resulted in an improvement in surface finish, heat affected zone (HAZ) and discharge characteristics. ANOVA analyses were carried out to obtain the significant process parameters that affected the output characteristics. Scanning electron micrograph images were captured in order to analyze the surface morphology of the machined channel and revealed thermal cracks, HAZ, irregular surface and recast layer in the samples machined with low mist flow rate as compared to samples machined using high Mist flow rates.

Optimizing reaction condition of octenyl succinic anhydride on heat-moisture-treated sago starch and its application for biodegradable film

This study presented the impact of pH and octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) concentration on the esterification reaction of heat-moisture-treated sago starch (HMT-S) using response surface methodology to achieve optimum degree of substitution (DS), reaction efficiency (RE), and water contact angle (CA). The results showed that HMT-OSA sago starch (HMT-OS) starch exhibited an optimum pH of 7.26 and an OSA concentration of 4.53%. The DS value, RE, and water CA of optimized HMT-OS starch were 0.0121, 33.07%, and 90.11°, respectively. Furthermore, the optimized HMT-OS was used to evaluate the effect of starch modification on film characteristics. HMT-OS film has the best moisture-proof and mechanical properties compared to control (NS), HMT-S, and N-OS films, as indicated by lower water vapor permeability (28.69 g H2O.mm/s.m2.Pa × 10-11), water solubility (26.61%), higher CA (104.40°), elongation at break (85.63%), and transparency (3.25% mm-1). According to the scanning electron micrographic images, the absence of cracks or pores was attributed to the waterproof properties and flexibility of the film. Conversely, x-ray diffraction results showed that the crystallinity of HMT-OS film decreased to 36.05%.

Emulsion electrospinning of zein or gelatin-pectin with carotenoid from watermelon

Zein and gelatin-pectin nanofibers including carotenoid microemulsion were fabricated by emulsion electrospinnig. The microemulsion and feed solution properties, fiber morphology, carotenoid compounds and encapsulation efficiency were determined. The particle size ranges of microemulsion were narrow (190–206 nm) with homogeneous distribution. A low PDI value (0.251±0.02) showed a uniform size distribution. The zein solution properties except viscosity decreased with addition of the microemulsion, while all solution properties decreased for the gelatin-pectin solution. Scanning electron micrograph images showed that the addition of the microemulsion along with solvents significantly affected the electrospinning process, fiber diameter and morphology. As the microemulsion concentration increased, fiber production became more difficult or fiber could not be obtained. Electrospinability was better for zein solutions than the blend of gelatin-pectin solution. The highest encapsulation efficiency (%79.74) was achieved with zein nanofibers including the mixture of acetic acid:ethanol:water (30:40:30) and 40% microemulsion. In addition, gelatin-pectin nanofibers with 30% microemulsion were relatively obtained more smooth and thinner diameter, while the nanofibers had lowest encapsulation efficiency. Accordingly, the zein nanofibers and pectin-based nanofibers may be used as carrier vehicles for microemulsion containing bioactive compounds. They may be as a promising material in fortified foods and pharmaceuticals.

Artificial Scanning Electron Microscopy Images Created by Generative Adversarial Networks from Simulated Particle Assemblies

Particle assemblies created by software package Blender are converted into artificial scanning electron micrographs (SEM) with a generative adversarial network (GAN). The introduction of height maps (i.e., surface topography or relief structure) considerably enhances the quality of the artificial SEM images by providing 3D information on the input data. These artificial images serve as input data to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify and classify nanoparticles. Although the performance of the CNN trained with artificial SEM images is slightly inferior to the same CNN trained with real SEM images, this offers a pathway to create training data for segmentation and classification networks for SEM image analysis by deep learning algorithms.

Germination enhancement of mustard (Brassica nigra) seeds using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)

There have been continual attempts to identify alternatives to increase the agricultural output to improve the living standards of farmers, meet the current demand, and promote sustainability in commercial agriculture. Within this paradigm, low-temperature plasma (LTP) treatments have piqued the attention of investigators and are presently being extensively researched in the agriculture sector. A preliminary study was conducted on mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) to examine the potential of LTP in agriculture to enhance germination and productivity. The seeds were subjected to LTP treatment for 1 to 4 min in an argon environment (11.7 kV, 50 Hz, and Q = 3 L/min) at atmospheric pressure. The germination and growth parameters of the untreated and treated seeds were calculated on the 16th day of the seeds’ germination and compared. All germination and growth-related parameters were found to be improved in LTP-exposed seeds up to 3 min. However, the germination and growth-related parameters deteriorated in 4-min LTP-treated seeds compared to those of control and other treatment time seeds. The water contact angle and scanning electron micrograph images clearly indicated that there is a significant change in the seed coat after being exposed to LTP for a specific time period. The treated seed’s texture was significantly rougher than that of the control, which is directly related to the hydrophilicity of seeds. The findings of this study suggest that using seeds exposed to LTP for a suitable time results in a considerable increase in the germination percentage of sown seeds while also hastening seedling growth and development.

RETRACTED: Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on the Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Frond Fiber Composite

Retracted article: In this study, the influence of silane coupling agent on the matrix/ fiber interface bonding and its effect to the mechanical properties of oil palm frond fiber reinforced polyester composites were investigated. Tensile and flexural properties of the composites were studied at 0 - 10.2 volume fraction (% fiber content). Results showed an increasing trend in tensile modulus while tensile strength and flexural strength reduced as the fiber content increased. Higher tensile modulus values were observed in silane treated fiber composites due to additional fiber/ matrix interaction and increment in polyester molecular chain mobility constraint. Reduction in tensile strength is caused by decrease in the matrix crystallinity and formation of stress concentration spots emerging from interface discontinuity. These obstructions, however, were reduced by fiber surface modification, which improved the tensile strength. Enhanced fiber dispersion upon surface modification was unveiled through scanning electron micrograph images.

The Pulsed Electric Field Assisted-Extraction Enhanced the Yield and the Physicochemical Properties of Soluble Dietary Fiber From Orange Peel.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted extraction on the yield, physicochemical properties, and structure of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from orange peel. The results showed that the optinal parameters of PEF assisted extraction SDF was temperature of 45oC with the electric field intensity of 6.0 kV/cm, pulses number of 30, and time of 20min and SDF treated with PEF showed the higher water solubility, water-holding and oil-holding capacity, swelling capacity, emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, foam stability and higher binding capacity for Pb2+, As3+, Cu2+, and higher which resulted from the higher viscosity due to PEF treatment. Compared with the untreated orange peel, the SDF obtained with PEF exhibited stronger antioxidant activities, which was due to its smaller molecular weight (189 vs. 512 kDa). In addition, scanning electron micrograph images demonstrated that the surface of PEF-SDF was rough and collapsed. Overall, it was suggested that PEF treatment could improve the physicochemical properties of SDF from the orange peel and would be the potential extraction technology with high efficiency.

Hydrogenation and annealing impact on Si/CdTe junction for solar energy application

In the present research work, author has deposited CdTe thin film on N-type Si substrate, by a thermal evaporation method. The Hind High vacuum system had used, under the pressure of 10−5 torr, and investigated the effect of hydrogenation and annealing on Si/CdTe junction. The current-voltage (I–V) characteristics of the Si/CdTe junction have obtained using Keithley power supply. The I–V characteristics have found change with hydrogenation and annealing. The Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of the Si/CdTe junction indicates that the CdTe layer deposited on the substrate has regular and crystalline in structure. The change in I–V characteristics with both Hydrogenation and Annealing make it useful in hydrogen and light sensing device.

Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviour of Nickel and Nickel-Reduced Graphene Oxide Coatings on Mild Steel in 3.5% NaCl Solution

Nickel-based electrodeposits are extensively used to protect mild steel. The graphene-based materials as corrosion resistive coatings for metallic substrates have been attracted researchers due to their ability to prevent the metal surface. Herein, nickel and nickel reduced graphene oxide (Ni-rGO) composite coatings have been electrodeposited on mild steel using sulphate bath solution. The morphological results reveal that the Ni-rGO coatings exhibited a smaller grain size with less surface defects. It was observed from the scanning electron micrographs images that composite coatings are porous free. The anti-corrosion properties of coatings were further examined by salt spray test. The electrochemical polarization and impedance measurements revealed that Ni-rGO coating enhances the corrosion resistance of mild steel. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the insertion of a few-layered rGO to the Ni matrix increases the corrosion resistance properties of the Ni-rGO coatings.

Comparative catalytic activity of low-cost route prepared TiO2 and silver nanoparticle modified TiO2 for visible light assisted dye degradation and mechanism insights

Pure rutile phase of Titanium dioxide (r-TiO2) is prepared by nitric acid assisted hydrothermal process. XRD, Ft-IR, Raman spectroscopic techniques were utilized to confirms the formation of pure rutile phase for as prepared titania materials. SEM (scanning electron micrograph) images confirms the formation of Cauliflower like morphology for as prepared R-TiO2 with reduced particle size below 5 nm. Ag-TiO2 shows the hexagonal cubic shaped morphology with improved catalytic activity. The catalytic activity of as prepared R-TiO2 and silver modified TiO2 have analysed under visible light irradiation for dye degradation reaction. Dye degradation is occurred very effectively even at higher concentration of MB at reduced time intervals from 5 h to 3 hours of reaction time. Hence, the prepared pure Rutile titania and silver modified TiO2 are shown improved and effective activity in the presence of visible light irradiaiton for dye degradation and discoloration process.

Polyethylene FSSW/Adhesive hybrid single strap joints: Parametric optimization and FE simulation

In this paper, the mechanical behavior of single strap joints was investigated under tensile loading. Four sets of specimens were fabricated e.g., adhesively bonded, friction stir spot welded (FSSW), adhesively bonded-FSSW (AB-FSSW), and hybrid joints. The failure load of specimens subjected to lap shear tests was employed to compare the load carrying capacity of the samples. L9 Taguchi design of experiment was used and the effects of FSSW parameters e.g. tool rotational speed (RS), plunge rate (PR), and dwell time (DT) on the failure load of the specimens were investigated. It was found that the welding parameters of RS = 1600 rpm, PR = 8 mm/min, and DT = 30 s leads to the highest failure load (FL) of FSSW joints, and applying the adhesive increased the joints failure load capacity up to 80%. By comparing the Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) images of the FSSW joints, it was revealed that a specimen with the maximum failure load has a homogeneous microstructure. The finite element method was developed to estimate the failure load of different joint types. It was observed that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data with errors of less than 6%.

Investigation of structural, optical and electrical properties of Barium (Ba2+)- and Strontium (Sr2+)-doped Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 ceramics

In this work, we discuss the synthesis, characterization and dielectric properties of Bi[Formula: see text]La[Formula: see text](Ba/Sr)[Formula: see text]FeO3 [[Formula: see text]] ceramic compounds. These samples were synthesized via a solid-state reaction method and then characterized for structural analysis exploiting the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The Rietveld refinement data inferred that all the prepared samples were acquired a monoclinic phase with space group C1c1. Field emission scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM) images of the samples indicated highly grown grains with a moderate level of grain boundary development across the sample. The energy dispersive analysis of the X-ray (EDAX) diffraction spectra analysis confirmed that the composition was free from foreign impurities. Further, UV–Vis experiment was conducted and estimated average value of optical bandgap was about 2.2 eV, which is highly recommended for photocatalytic and opto-electronic device applications. Room-temperature dielectric studies revealed that samples were extremely good dielectric materials with low dielectric loss, which is important for storage device applications. In addition, the depressed semicircles obtained from impedance analysis indicated that the samples exhibited distributed relaxation times and non-Debye behavior.

Surface characteristics analysis of fractures induced by supercritical CO2 and water through three-dimensional scanning and scanning electron micrography

Morphology of hydraulic fracture surface has significant effects on oil and gas flow, proppant migration and fracture closure, which plays an important role in oil and gas fracturing stimulation. In this paper, we analyzed the fracture surface characteristics induced by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) and water in open-hole and perforation completion conditions under triaxial stresses. A simple calculation method was proposed to quantitatively analyze the fracture surface area and roughness in macro-level based on three-dimensional (3D) scanning data. In micro-level, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) was used to analyze the features of fracture surface. The results showed that the surface area of the induced fracture increases with perforation angle for both SC-CO 2 and water fracturing, and the surface area of SC-CO 2 -induced fracture is 6.49%–58.57% larger than that of water-induced fracture. The fractal dimension and surface roughness of water-induced fractures increase with the increase in perforation angle, while those of SC-CO 2 -induced fractures decrease with the increasing perforation angle. A considerable number of microcracks and particle peeling pits can be observed on SC-CO 2 -induced fracture surface while there are more flat particle surfaces in water-induced fracture surface through SEM images, indicating that fractures tend to propagate along the boundary of the particle for SC-CO 2 fracturing while water-induced fractures prefer to cut through particles. These findings are of great significance for analyzing fracture mechanism and evaluating fracturing stimulation performance.

High transmittance n-type tin-oxysulfide Sn(OxS2-x) heterojunction layer grown from surfactant mediated chemical bath deposition for thin film solar cells

Highly transparent n-type polycrystalline SnS2 and Sn(OxS2-x) thin films were deposited by a modified chemical bath deposition technique using an ionic surfactant t-Octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol (abbreviated Tx) activator. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) analysis of the films shows the presence of Sn3d5/2 (486.65 eV) and S2p3/2 (161.7 eV) XPS lines signifying the Sn4+-S2− bonding confirming single phase SnS2 film formation with the addition of < 5 v/v% Tx. With the addition of Tx in higher ≥ 5 v/v% Tx concentration, a strong O1s (531.1 eV) XPS peak attributed to the lattice oxygen matched with the asymmetrical Sn3d5/2 (486.65 and 487.31 eV) XPS peaks confirm the growth of Sn-oxysulfide [Sn(OxS2-x)] film. The Raman spectral analysis based on single intense 314 cm−1 peak suggests the monophasic SnS2 film growth is promoted by Tx addition and complete suppression of the SnS and Sn2S3 phases. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction show formation of highly crystalline SnS2 film in the hexagonal phase with preferred [100] orientation. Scanning electron micrograph images show uniform lateral growth apparently aided by homogeneous substrate surface nucleation for films deposited with Tx added in the chemiplating solution. The mechanism of SnS2 and Sn(OxS2-x) film growth is discussed in detail based on the reactions which involve controlled dissociation Sn(OH)4 into SnO alongside the SnS2 formation. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of deposited films showed a dominant PL peak at ~492 nm attributed to the direct excitonic transitions. The optical transmittance spectra of the Sn(OxS2-x) films are suggestive of sub-bandgap absorption region characterized by gradually decreasing mid-gap states from 2.60 to 2.49 eV and gradually increasing direct bandgap from 3.16 to 3.34 eV indicating increase in oxygen incorporation with increasing concentration of Tx in chemiplating solution. The high optical bandgap and low absorption coefficient 3.2−5.8×103cm−1 in the 900–400 nm range of the Sn(OxS2-x) films is highly suitable for application as an n-type heterojunction layer in thin film solar cells.

Ozonized Water in Microbial Control: Analysis of the Stability, In Vitro Biocidal Potential, and Cytotoxicity.

Simple SummaryControlling microbial infections, especially nosocomial infection, is a task that continues to be a burden in many societies. The current pandemic has brought new concerns on this matter, mainly on how to better control the dissemination of microbial agents in the environment/surfaces and among humans. Therefore, the search for alternative methods and agents for disinfection is warranted. The aim of our study was to analyze the disinfecting potential of ozonized water in different in vitro tests. By performing microbiological and cell lineage in vitro assays, the biocidal effect of ozonized water was confirmed. Upon a short incubation time, bacterial strains and a yeast were killed by ozonized water, whereas there was no cytotoxicity in the mammalian cell line. These findings lead to the conclusion this agent can be safely tested in technologies for water spray disinfection devices.O3 dissolved in water (or ozonized water) has been considered a potent antimicrobial agent, and this study aimed to test this through microbiological and in vitro assays. The stability of O3 was accessed following modifications of the physicochemical parameters of water, such as the temperature and pH, with or without buffering. Three concentrations of O3 (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 ppm) dissolved in water were tested against different microorganisms, and an analysis of the cytotoxic effects was also conducted using the human ear fibroblast cell line (Hfib). Under the physicochemical conditions of 4 °C and pH 5, O3 remained the most stable and concentrated compared to pH 7 and water at 25 °C. Exposure to ozonized water resulted in high mortality rates for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Scanning electron micrograph images indicate that the effects on osmotic stability due to cell wall lysis might be one of the killing mechanisms of ozonized water. The biocidal agent was biocompatible and presented no cytotoxic effect against Hfib cells. Therefore, due to its cytocompatibility and biocidal action, ozonized water can be considered a viable alternative for microbial control, being possible, for example, its use in disinfection processes.

Air Oxidation of Corn Starch: Effect of Heating Temperature on Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Digestibility

AbstractCorn starch is heated (100, 120, 140, and 160 °C) under air convective conditions for 4 h. Scanning electron micrograph images show that the treatment produced pores and fractures on the granule surface. Hydroxyl groups of starch molecules are oxidized to carboxyl and carbonyl groups. Increasing heating temperature conditions lead to significant increases in the carboxyl and carbonyl groups contents. Solubility profiles increase while the apparent viscosity of the starch gels (5% w/v) decreases as heating temperature increases. X‐ray diffraction shows that the modified starch heated at 160 °C has a crystallinity of 6.42% and a short‐range ordering of 0.14 as revealed by Fourier‐transform infrared ratio 1047/1022, which is significantly lower than the respective values of 24.42% and 0.2 exhibited by native starch. The onset, peak, conclusion gelatinization temperatures, and enthalpy of the modified starches tend to decrease slightly with increasing temperature. The air oxidation treatment affects the digestibility of corn starch, and as temperature increases, the rapidly digestible and slowly digestible starch fractions decrease, while the resistant starch fraction increases significantly. Overall, the results show that heating of corn starch at mild temperature conditions lead to important modifications of the molecular organization and to moderate oxidation of starch chains.

Structural, optical and morphological properties of zinc -doped cobalt-ferrites CoFe2−xZnxO4 (x=0.1-0.5)

Cobalt-ferrite (CoFe2O4) based nanoparticles are appropriate candidates for electrical, optical, and magnetic applications for electrical appliances. In the current study, a coprecipitation technique was used to prepare Zinc doped cobalt ferrites with compositions CoFe2−xZnxO4 (x=0.1-0.5) at various percentages using Zinc and Co-nitrate as precursors. The analysis of crystal phase structure, hkl planes, average crystalline size, volume, and lattice parameters of the unit cell of CoFe2-xZnxO4 doped (NPs) was carried under X-ray diffraction (XRD). X-ray spectra analysis, FT-IR Spectra, UV Visible Spectra, and SEM studies shown that the as-synthesized powders were contained of nano-crystallite size (42– 53nm) cubic-spinel phase with irregularly-structure. Calcination at low temperature (80˚C) of the precursor followed through sintering (500°C for 3h) con-sequence in a single-phase cubic-spinel shape with an average particle size of 42-53nm, as shown by scanning electron micrographs images. Sharp peaks and intense diff raction features in XRD pattern show that an increase in Zn doping concentration in cobalt spinel ferrite increases the crystalline behavior of the cubical spine phase. In cubical structure ferrites crystal lattices, the absorption band at low frequency is noticed above 400cm-1 but in the range of 300- 600cm-1 of the Fourier Transform Infrared bands were attributed to the tremblant of the ions of metal. The absorbance results of UV Spectra indicate that Zinc doped Cobalt Ferrite specimen had symbolic absorbance in the range of 660-900nm wavelength range of the conspicuous region. The Zn-doped cobalt-ferrite have a high strain derivative that could be a prospective material for electrical devices.

Fatigue analysis and fracture toughness of graphene reinforced carbon fibre polymer composites

AbstractThree‐point flexural fatigue behaviour and mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of the carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs) modified by the addition of graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) were investigated. CFRPCs without any addition of nanoparticles were also tested as control samples. Fatigue life was characterized by the two parameter Weibull distribution function and predicted using the combined Weibull and Sigmoidal model. It was found that incorporation of very small amount (0.1%) of GnP in the epoxy polymer matrix improved mean and predicted fatigue life up to 155% and 190% (0.5 failure probability), respectively. The critical mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of the GnP reinforced composites was found up to 40% higher than the control samples. The improvement achieved by incorporating GnP is discussed in terms of crack deflection mechanism by nanoparticles and scanning electron micrograph images of the fracture specimens that revealed strong interfacial bonding in the nanoreinforced specimens.

Surface Roughness of Milled Lithium Disilicate With and Without Reinforcement After Finishing and Polishing: An In Vitro Study.

To determine the efficacy of various finishing and polishing techniques on the surface roughness of two computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials, lithium disilicate (IPS e.max), lithium disilicate reinforced with lithium aluminosilicate (Straumann® n!ce™), and a stackable low-fusing nanofluorapatite glass ceramic (Ceram). Flat specimens (n = 12) per treatment group were fabricated 2 mm thick, 15 mm in length, and 12mm in width. Samples were either glazed or polished. Glazing was accomplished with either Ivoclar IPS e.max CAD crystall glaze spray or IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste, according to manufacturer instructions. Three different polishing systems were tested: Brasseler Dialite HP, Ivoclar OptraFine, and Komet LD/ZR. Polishing was performed using a Kavo adjustable slow speed electric contra-angle handpiece mounted to an oscillating Toothbrush Dentifrice Assessment Instrument. Surface roughness data was collected using a benchtop stylus profilometer and analyzed for statistical significance using two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Representative scanning electron micrograph images were generated for all samples. Overall there was no significant difference in Ra when comparing types of ceramic (p = 0.9315, F = 0.071). However, there was a statistically significant difference when comparing groups of finishing treatments (p < 0.001, F = 113.5) and also when comparing finishing treatment with ceramic type (p < 0.001, F = 11.13). No significant difference was found with IPS e.max CAD crystall glaze spray on Straumann® n!ce™ versus IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste on IPS e.max Ceram (p = 0.8745) or IPS e.max CAD crystall glaze spray on IPS e.max versus IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste on IPS e.max Ceram (p = 0.3373). Significant differences in Ra of Straumann® n!ce™ were found when comparing Brasseler with Ivoclar (p = 0.0014) and Ivoclar with Komet (p = 0.047). No significant difference was observed between Brasseler and Komet (p = 0.8099). It appears that the degree of surface roughness depends upon the specific finishing system and ceramic combination used. Straumann® n!ce™ is more efficiently polished using Brasseler Dialite HP or Komet LD/ZR polishing systems. Ivoclar crystal glaze spray was found to be equally as effective on Straumann® n!ce™ and IPS e.max as IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste on IPS e.max Ceram.