Scan Sampling Method Research Articles

Ambient temperature and humidity modulate the behavioural thermoregulation of a small arboreal mammal (Callicebus bernhardi)

Maintaining a constant body temperature is critical to the proper functioning of metabolic reactions. Behavioural thermoregulation strategies may minimize the cost of energetic balance when an animal is outside its thermoneutral zone. We investigated whether ambient temperature and relative air humidity influence the use of behavioural strategies by a group of Prince Bernhard's titi monkeys (Callicebus bernhardi) living in a forest fragment. We monitored a social group composed of four individuals (an adult couple and two juveniles) for 1010h from March to September 2015. We used the instantaneous scan sampling method to record the body posture, the microhabitat, and the occurrence of huddling with group mate(s) when animals were resting. We recorded ambient temperature and relative humidity in the shade every 10min with a data logger hanging at a height of approximately 5m. Daytime temperature ranged from 18.5°C to 38.5°C and relative humidity ranged from 21% to 97%. Titi monkeys avoided sunny places at higher temperatures, especially above 31°C. Minimum night temperature did not influence the choice of resting microhabitats during the first hour after sunrise. Sitting was the major resting posture during the day (62%). Titi monkeys increased the use of heat-dissipating postures at ambient temperatures >27°C. In addition, an increase in relative humidity increased the use of these postures at 26°C, 27°C, 29°C and 33°C, but caused a decrease at 24°C. On the other hand, the ambient temperature did not influence the occurrence of huddling. We conclude that microhabitat choice and postural behaviour are important for titi monkeys to prevent overheating and suggest that these behavioural adjustments might also be critical for other tropical arboreal mammals.

Effect of Litter on Development and Severity of Foot-Pad Dermatitis and Behavior of Broiler Chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of litter type and litter treatment with enzymatic-bacterial production incidence and severity of footpad dermatitis and consequently on behavior of broiler chickens. A total of 1,200 one day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 4 replicates in 2 x 2 factorial design. The first factor was the physical form of the straw (chopped on approximately 2 cm or un-chopped) and the second factor was addition of enzymatic-bacterial product applied directly on the straw. Each replicate consisted of 75 as-hatched birds per pen. Occurrence and severity of the footpad dermatitis and histological evaluation of the scores was done at the end of the trial (42 days of age). During the trial, at 3 and 6 weeks of age, broiler behavior was observed by Scan Sampling Method. The results showed that chopped straw significantly lowered the incidence of footpad dermatitis. Chopped straw in combination with enzymatic-bacterial product showed the lowest footpad dermatitis score in broilers. Histological procedures confirmed the macroscopic evaluation of the footpad dermatitis severity. The chopped straw had a significant effect on some behavioral patterns of broiler chickens. Differences were observed for dust bathing and scratching. Correlation between footpad dermatitis and birds locomotor activity was not confirmed.

Behavior changes associated with lameness in sows

Lameness is a common health and welfare problem in sows. Little has been published about behavioral changes in lame sows. Ketoprofen is an effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat non-infectious locomotor disorders in pigs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of lameness and lameness-related pain on the behavior of sows. To evaluate this effect, we studied whether pain alleviation with ketoprofen and clinical relief of lameness were associated with changes in behavior. We allocated randomly 13 lame, early pregnancy sows in three treatment groups receiving either ketoprofen 4mg/kg, ketoprofen 2mg/kg (these two groups were pooled for statistical analyses) or placebo. The animals were treated orally for 5days and lameness scored before and on the last day of the treatment. Lameness was assessed with a 5-grade scoring system and behavior by scan sampling method. A clinically healthy, non-lame control sow was paired with each lame sow and they were examined the same way as lame sows but received no treatment. Lame sows were more passive, they lay more and stood and explored pen fixtures less than the control sows before treatment. After 5-days treatment, placebo-treated sows were in contact with the wall and lying more often when compared to control sows. Ketoprofen-treated sows were more seldom in contact with the wall and exploring bedding more often than placebo-treated sows. Placebo sows tended also to move and explore bedding less than control sows. Lameness had been relieved in altogether 7 out of 13 sows on day 5: six out of nine ketoprofen-medicated sows and one out of four placebo-treated sows. The behaviour of sows with relieved lameness did not differ from that of control sows on day 5. Sows with non-relieved lameness were in contact with the wall and lying more and moving and standing less than control sows. When compared to control sows, sows with non-relieved lameness tended to be more passive. When compared to sows with relieved lameness, sows with non-relieved lameness showed a tendency to be in contact with the wall more often. Our study showed that lameness reduces the activity of sows and affects their position in the pen. Passive behavior seemed at least partly be due to pain and lameness relief was associated with normalization of the behavior.

English

A study on effect of age, sex and seasonal variation in forage preference of camel was conducted in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of north western Nigeria. A total number of 12 camels were used in the study. Data were collected at an interval of 5 min for each category of animal for 3 consecutive days in dry and rainy seasons using scan sampling method. Based on the observation, the number of plants preferred in this study by young camel calves was less than that preferred by matured camel. Matured animals consume mostly diversified, thorny and taller plant species which might not be easily accessed by the camel calves. Leptadania hastata was found to be the most preferred forage during the rainy season, while Ziziphus mauritiana was the preferred forage during dry season with mean feeding time of 87.33 and 46.66 min/day, respectively; while the least preferred forage during the rainy and dry seasons were Acacia sieberiana and Bauhinia rufescens with mean feeding time of 0.11 and 15.00 min/day, respectively. Browse species found in the study area are extremely important as feed for camels. Key words: Camel, preference, forage, grazing.

Feeding Frequencies and Their Effect on Behavior of Nursing Sows

An experiment to relate behavior activities with reference to feeding was carried on 16 lactating sows and their litters after one week of farrowing. Two types of diets were fed to the sows. The control group (C) animals were fed with standard ration containing 18% crude protein (CP). The ration for kitchen waste fed group (K) was prepared by substituting the CP of standard ration by food leftover kitchen wastes to the extent of 40%. The sows were randomly distributed into four groups based on frequency of feeding either once (C1, K1) or twice (C2, K2). All the sows were housed individually. The behavior data of sows were collected on ethogram data sheet using scan sampling method. Instantaneous sampling time recording rule was followed to record the listed activities at regular interval during the study period. The sows activities were recorded for 15 days after one week of farrowing. The activities were recorded for 4 hours split between morning and evening, one hour before and one hour after offering of feeds to the sows (8:30 to 9:30 am, 10:30 to 11:30 am, 3:00 to 4:00 pm and 4:30 to 5:30 pm). Nine behavioral parameters were recorded and categorized into 3 major attributes viz., feeding and nursing behavior, active self-care behavior and inactive resting behavior. The sows weaned their litters at the end of 8 weeks. The data on litter size at birth and at weaning was used to compare the nursing behavior with productivity of sows. The increased frequency of feeding made sows spend significantly more time (P<0.01) in eating while reducing their inactive resting time. Thus reduced frequency of feeding to once per day is more beneficial in terms of keeping pigs undisturbed and also this reduces the labour requirement for feeding purpose.

English

A study on the population size, habitat association and dietary composition of Boutourlini&rsquo;s blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii) was carried out from January, 2015 to September, 2016 in Komto Protected Forest. Data was collected for a total of 58 days encompassing both the wet and dry seasons. Scan sampling method was used to collect data on the diet and foraging behaviour of Boutourlini&rsquo;s blue monkeys. Population size was determined by total counting method. A total of two groups (natural and riverine forest) and 29 individuals of Boutourlini&rsquo;s blue monkeys were recorded in the study area. Natural forest group was selected to study about the diet and foraging behaviour of Boutourlini&rsquo;s blue monkeys. The overall dietary composition of Boutourlini&rsquo;s blue monkeys was dominated by young leaves which accounted for 27.40% of the total diet. In addition, they fed on mature leaves (20.3%), fruits (15.38%), flowers (11.24%), shoots (8.99%), bark (6.91%), seeds (4.93%) and animal matter (3.37%). They consumed a total of 21 plant species belonging to 18 families. Syzygium guineense was the most consumed plant species and constituted 16.68% of Boutourlini&rsquo;s blue monkey diet followed by Ficus sur (13.13%) and Prunus africana (12.01%). The most often utilized foraging method was capturing and manipulating food using both hands. This accounted for 47.97% of total foraging observations followed by grabbing (31.46%) and pulling (11.93%). Boutourlini&rsquo;s blue monkeys were restricted to natural and riverine forest habitats in Komto Protected Forest. Preference of such taper ecological niche resulted from selective deforestation for timber and charcoal production, trampling of habitats by livestock and agricultural land expansion. To ensure future conservation of Boutourlini&rsquo;s blue monkeys, habitat rehabilitation, enforcement of laws against deforestation for timber and charcoal production, and other appropriate management and conservation strategies should be designed.&nbsp; &nbsp; Key words: Boutourlini&rsquo;s blue monkeys, diet, foraging behavior, habitat association, Komto Protected Forest.

Preying frequency of white-throated kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758)

A study was conducted on ‘Preying frequency of White-throated Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus 1758) in Bangladesh’ from September 2008 to September 2011 at Nikunja-1 in Dhaka City Corporation area. The objectives of the study were to know the average preying frequency per day in different months and seasons. Scan sampling method was followed to study the kingfishers’ behaviour. At regular interval (5 minutes), day long observation was made with some observatory equipments. It preyed 4.1± 2.3 times per day on an average. They had bimodal feeding patterns, at morning (0701-1200 h) and afternoon (1401-1800 h). At noon they avoided preying. December was the highest preying month and summer was the highest unsuccessful preying season in the year. The food items composed of 36.6% arthropods and 61.1% fishes. Arthropods were preyed for 1.5 times and fishes for 2.5 times on an average per day. In association with arthropods and fishes they also preyed on amphibians and reptiles occasionally. Arthropods were preferred highly during non breeding season but fishes were preferred in breeding season for saving time and energy.ECOPRINT 22: 39-49, 2015

Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Sago, West Sumatra: Diversity and Flower Preference

Diversity of butterfly depends on the availability of food plant and habitat quality. The aims of this study were to assess diversity and flower preference of butterflies in Mount Sago, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Observations were performed by scan sampling method in four types of habitats, i.e. secondary forests, pine forests, rubber forests, and agricultural areas. Our results showed that at least 184 species of butterflies and 56 species of nectar plants have been identified in Mount Sago. Nymphalid butterfly, Neptis hylas, was the most dominant species of butterflies. Two species, i.e. Trogonoptera brookiana and Troides amphrysus, were found as the protected butterflies. Diversity of butterfly in secondary forests was highest, whereas the lowest diversity was found in pine forest. Papilionid butterflies were found frequently feeding on tube blossoms, nymphalid butterflies on head blossoms, and lycaenid butterflies on flag blossom. Our results also showed that habitat change impacts composition and diversity of butterfly.

Effects of four dim vs high intensity red color light regimens on growth performance and welfare of broilers.

ObjectiveBroilers show clear preference towards red color light (RL). However setting of an optimum light intensity is difficult since dim intensities that favor growth reduce welfare. This experiment was conducted to test the most effective RL intensity regimen (Dim [5 lux; DI] vs high [320 lux; HI]) in combination applied at different growth stages that favors for both performance and welfare.MethodsComplete randomize design was adopted with 6 replicates. Treatments were; T1 = early DI (8–21 d)+latter HI (22–35 d); T2 = early DI (8–28 d)+latter HI (29–35 d), T3 = early HI (8–21 d)+latter DI (22–35 d), T4 = early HI (8–28 d)+latter DI (29–35 d) and T5 = control (white light; WT) (8–35 d) at medium intensity (20 lux). Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), water/feed intake and ratio, feed conversion ratios (FCR) were assessed. Common behaviours (15) were recorded by scan sampling method. Lameness, foot pad dermatitis, breast blisters, hock burning damage were assessed as welfare parameters. Fear reactions were tested using Tonic Immobility Test. Ocular and carcass evaluations were done. Meat and tibiae were analyzed for fat and bone ash respectively.ResultsOn 35 d, the highest BW (2,155.72±176 g), WG (1,967.78±174 g) were recorded by T2 compared to WT (BWWT = 1,878.22±155, WGWT = 1,691.83±160). But, application of RL, either DI, or HI during early/latter stage had no significant effect on FCR. Under HI, birds showed much higher active behaviours. DI encourages eating. Though LI changed from DI to HI, same trend could be seen even under HI. The highest leg strength (218.5±120 s) was recorded by T2. The lowest leg strength (64.58±33 s) and the highest ocular weight (2.48±1 g) were recorded by T1. Significantly (p<0.05) the highest skin weight (162.17±6 g) but the lowest fat% in meat (13.03%±5%) was recorded by T2.ConclusionEarly exposure to DI-RL up to 28 days followed by exposure to HI-RL is the most favorable lighting regimen for optimizing production, better welfare of broilers and improving health benefits of meat.

Efeitos de hormônios esteroides de contraceptivos orais combinados sobre os parâmetros comportamentais de Betta splendens (Regan, 1909)

Os hormônios esteroides presentes em várias gerações de contraceptivos orais combinados (COC) podem se apresentar como disruptores endócrinos, produzindo alterações no comportamento e na fisiologia de peixes. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de hormônios esteroides presentes em COC sobre os parâmetros comportamentais de Betta splendens, um peixe ornamental usado na aquariofilia e bastante agressivo. Machos adultos foram observados pelo método ad libitum para confecção do etograma e divididos em cinco grupos, controle e expostos aos hormônios: 17β-estradiol (E2); levonorgestrel e etinilestradiol (LEA - segunda geração de COC); gestodeno e etinilestradiol (GEA - terceira geração de COC); e drospirenona e etinilestradiol (DEA - quarta geração de COC). Os peixes foram expostos por 30 dias à concentração final de 10ng/L. Foram avaliados os comportamentos pelos métodos de varredura instantânea e animal-focal, bem como o consumo de ração. No método varredura, o comportamento descansar apresentou o maior valor (54,4±10,1%) no grupo E2 (P&lt;0,05). Os comportamentos agressivos de carga (16,1±3,6%) e recuar e carga (16,4±5,1%) apresentaram os maiores valores no grupo controle em relação aos demais grupos (P&lt;0,05). Os animais do grupo E2 apresentaram maior frequência de comportamentos inativos (76,1%) comparados aos de outros grupos. O comportamento atípico natação errática não foi observado no grupo controle, mas foi observado nos grupos experimentais. Os grupos E2, LEA, GEA e DEA apresentaram redução nos comportamentos agressivos (10%) quando comparados ao grupo controle pelo método animal-focal. Não foram observadas diferenças na exibição desses comportamentos ao se compararem os animais expostos às diferentes gerações de contraceptivos e no consumo de ração. Pode-se concluir que 17β-estradiol causou mais efeitos aos peixes e que diferentes gerações de COC apresentaram efeitos tóxicos semelhantes em relação aos comportamentos observados.

Diversity and Abundance of Insect Pollinators in Different Agricultural Lands in Jambi, Sumatera

Agricultural land use is an artificial ecosystem. Insect pollinators are important keys to success of the agroecosystem. Converting natural landscapes to agricultural land, such as oil palm and rubber plantations, affects the insects. The research aims to study diversity and abundance of insect pollinators in three different agricultural land uses, i.e. oil palm plantation, rubber plantation, and jungle-rubber. Scan sampling method was used to explore the diversity of insect pollinators. Observations of the insects were conducted from 08.00 to 10.00 AM and 02.00 to 04.00 PM in sunny days. There were 497 individuals of insect pollinators collected, which belong to 43 species in three orders (Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera). Number of species and individual of insect pollinators found in rubber plantations (31 species, 212 individuals) and oil palm plantation (23 species, 188 individuals) were higher than that in jungle rubber (7 species, 97 individuals). Insect pollinators in oil palm plantations were dominated by giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) and stingless bee (Trigona sp. [=aff. T. planifrons]), whereas in rubber plantation, they were dominated by small carpenter bees (Ceratina lieftincki and Ceratina simillima), and in jungle-rubbers were dominated by hoverfly (Syrphid sp.) and Apis andreniformis. Higher foraging activities of insect pollinators occured in the morning.

Diversity and density of insect pollinators on sweet cherry (Prunus aviuml.) in temperate region of Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh

A total number of 20 insects belonging to 18 genera under 10 families and 5 orders were recorded from cherry bloom. Among all insects, Apis mellifera, A. cerana and Episyrphus balteatus were most frequent visitors. Other insect visitors trapped in florescent traps were 0.83/trap in the orchard. A. mellifera showed decreasing trend in its activity from 25 m to 100 m distance from the point of placement as no such trend was, observed in other insect groups indicating the impact of introduction of A. mellifera colonies in to cherry orchard. A. cerana population was good on cherry flowers and played important role in pollination in temperate areas like Katrain, Kullu. All insect groups (except wild bees) observed by scan sampling and sweep net method peaked their activity at 1200 h. All the three sampling methods were effective in recording insect pollinators diversity.

Ecology and Behavior of Assamese Monkeys in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal

The population distribution and diurnal behavior of Assamese monkey Macaca assamensis were studied in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal and data collected during Dec. 2011 to March 12 by scan sampling methods along with application of ArcGIS software. Seven bisexual troops were observed in subtropical/lower temperate forest of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park and its marginal areas near to human settlement. The observed smallest troop was with 12 individuals while the largest troop had 35 individuals of different age. The average troop size is 23.71 with standard deviation 9.22. Out of three broad age groups adults were 40.27%, immature 42.95% and infants were 14.09 %. The sex ratio between male and female was 1:1.03.A troop was selected as focal troop for behavioral study after habituation. Foraging/eating covered 46% of total observed time while resting 19%, locomotion 16%, sleeping 12%, grooming 6%, and playing 1%. Some other behavior noticed such as aggression, copulation, stone licking, coughing and sniffing for short duration. Young and tender leaves as well as burgeoning twigs were primary sources of food (38.24 %) for winter followed by seeds (35.29%, moss and epiphytes (14.71%), insects (5.88%) and others 5.88%. while water drinking was never observed. All troops in Shivapuri forest were found residing on the steep cliffs along with river bank while Nagarjun forest troops used cliff as well as tall trees.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013: 12-24

Activity budget of Preuss’s red colobus (&lt;i&gt;Procolobus preussi&lt;/i&gt;) in Korup National Park, South-West region, Cameroon

Preuss’s red colobus is critically endangered and endemic to Cameroon and Nigeria. It is one of the least studied red colobus species and therefore further knowledge about the species is crucial for conservation work. Activity budget of Preuss’s red colobus was carried in the southern part of Korup National Park, South West region of Cameroon for 18 months and was aimed at contributing to the understanding of the species general behavioural pattern for conservation. Time interval scan sampling method was used for this study. Two thousand three hundred and three individual observations were recorded from 273 group scans for 462 hours. Results revealed general activity time budget for the species, activity related to seasonality, period of the day and age class. In general, this species spent 1: 1: 1: 4: 2 resting, feeding, moving, others and socializing respectively. In wet season they spent more time in all the activities 1: 1: 1: 1: 4 resting, moving, feeding, other and socializing respectively more than in the dry season. Their activity budget within a day revealed the following results: feeding 9: 7: 6 afternoon, morning, mid-day respectively, moving 1: 1: 4 mid-day, morning, afternoon respectively, resting 1:1:2 mornings, mid-day and afternoon respectively, socializing 4: 1:0:2 mornings, mid-day, afternoon respectively and other 1: 1: 3 morning, mid-day, afternoon respectively. Results on the activity budget of age class indicate that adults spent more time feeding (16.31%), resting (25.72%), moving (13.09) than juveniles and infants but infants spent more time socializing (5.55%) than adults (1.58%) and juveniles (00%). This study therefore gives a basic clue of activity budget of Preuss’s red colobus, specific for Korup National Park, experiencing human threat. This information can play an important part for the proper management and conservation of this species. © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Behavioural patterns, red colobus, conservation, scan sampling, seasonality, time period

A preliminary study on the activity budget of post released Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys (Mammalia: Primates: Hylobatidae) in Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India

The Wildlife Trust of India has taken a long term responsibility to identify a suitable habitat for the threatened families of Eastern Hoolock Gibbon from a village called Dello in Arunachal Pradesh to a nearby forested area which was the earlier home of this species. There is an ongoing successful rescue and translocation programme since November, 2011 in which four Eastern Hoolock Gibbon families comprising 11 individuals were translocated in three different habitat types in and around the forested area of the Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary. Post-release monitoring is an obvious and required technique to study the rescued families of Eastern Hoolock Gibbons after translocation to confirm their post-release survival and better livelihood. The regular monitoring of the activity patterns has helped to understand the habitat utilization and resource use in the newly released sites. Along with the rescue operation, there is an additional task to find out the potential habitats to define as ideal release sites for gibbons. The post release monitoring was studied through the instantaneous scan sampling method to collect the information mostly about their activity patterns. The present study describes the overall activity patterns and resource use in the released gibbons on the basis of utilization of different habitat types. It was observed that the ranging pattern was mostly influenced by the resource availability and forest type. The gibbon family released in the denser forest habitat developed a general food habit whereas the family from the thinner forest area became the specialist consumer. However, further detailed study with sufficient data is required to comment on their general ecology.

Theory of second optimization for scan experiment

In many high energy experiments, the physics quantities are obtained by measuring the cross-sections at a few energy points over an energy region. This was referred to as scan experiment. The optimal design of the scan experiment (how many energy points, what the energies are, and what is the luminosity at each energy point) is of great significance both for scientific research and from economical viewpoint. Two approaches, one has recourse to the sampling technique and the other resorts to the analytical proof, are adopted to figure out the optimized scan scheme for the relevant parameters. The final results indicate that for [Formula: see text] parameters scan experiment, [Formula: see text] energy points are necessary and sufficient for optimal determination of these [Formula: see text] parameters; each optimal position can be acquired by single parameter scan (sampling method), or by analysis of auxiliary function (analytic method); the luminosity allocation among the points can be determined analytically with respect to the relative importance between parameters. By virtue of the second optimization theory established in this paper, it is feasible to accommodate the perfectly optimal scheme for any scan experiment.

JENIS PAKAN OWA JAWA (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) DI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK PROVINSI JAWA BARAT

Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) is one of Javan endemic primates. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park is one of its suitable habitat that supports significant number of population of the gibbon in Java. One of the habitat usage by Javan Gibbon is for foraging at tree canopies.. This study aimed to reveal food plants for feeding . This study was conducted at Cikaniki Research Station, Citalahab village and the surrounding habitats. The equipments used in this study included binocular, range finder, camera, stop watch, ribbon, compass, tally sheet, rope, work map, and stationary. This study was focussed on two groups of Javan gibbon consisting 4 and 3 individuals respectively.. The data collected using focal animal sampling with continous recording and scan sampling methods.. Javan gibbon consumed 47 kind of feeds covering 46 species of plants and one species of insect. Parts of the plants eaten by the Javan gibbon were fruits, leaves, and flowers representing 77,8% , 21,02% , 1,18% respectively. The Javan gibbon was also observed eating insects which was 0,002% of the total consumption.

Activity budget and behavioural patterns of Gelada Theropithecus gelada (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) on the Gich Plateau of the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia

The time budget and behavioural patterns of Gelada were studied on the Gich Plateau of the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. The plateau is dominated mainly by Afroalpine grasses and the endemic giant Lobelia rhynchopetalum . Gich lies on the climatic and altitudinal limits of the Gelada’s geographical distribution. Activity data were collected using continuous focal animal scan sampling method during 10 consecutive days each month (from May 2013 to April 2014). Data were recorded for different age/sex classes. The Gelada spent on average 56.7% of daylight hours feeding, 14.1% travelling, 10.7% resting, 17.5% socializing and 1.1% in other non-social activity. There was seasonal variation in activity budgets, indicating a significant increase in time allocation for feeding activity, but a decrease in resting time during the dry season. The age/sex classes showed variation in activity budgets, except for social activity.

The effects of introducing the Amazonian squirrel monkey on the behavior of the northeast marmoset

The squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus, an endemic primate of the Amazonian Basin, has been introduced in many localities of the Atlantic Forest biome. Introduced exotic species gain a competitive advantage in their new environment because of a lack of natural predators, competitors or diseases. This advantage can result in a reduction in the resources for the endemic species. The aims of this work were to evaluate the level of adaptation, and monitor the forms of interaction and the impact caused by S. sciureus on the behavior of the native species Callithrix jacchus in the Saltinho Biological Reserve, Tamandaré, Pernambuco, Brazil. The behavior was assessed by use of scan sampling method, every 5 min. A total of 382 h (191 h or 2,292 scans per group) of time sampling was performed. Sixteen interactions were recorded. The interaction index was low and represented 2.4% of the total observation time. Interactions were significantly higher during the dry season (58.5%) relative to the rainy season (41.5%). Callithrix jacchus was intolerant to the presence of S. sciureus and the last one was more tolerant during the interactions. In the presence of S. sciureus, C. jacchus eating, foraging, resting, socializing, and self-grooming behaviors were reduced while alertness was increased. Territorial behavior showed no significant difference. In the presence of S. sciureus, on average, the group of marmosets assembled at a higher layer of the forest stratum. The results might indicate a negative effect of S. sciureus on the native species, C. jacchus.

山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201303230494 作者: 作者单位: 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所,中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所,中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所,山西省自然保护区管理站,山西省自然保护区管理站,中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所,山西省平陆县林业局 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国林业科学研究院基金资助项目(CAFRIFEEP201003); 国家林业局野生动物疫源疫病项目专项经费资助 Diurnal activity patterns of Whooper Swan wintering at Pinglu, Shanxi,China Author: Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of State Forestry Administration,National Bird Banding Center of China,The Research Institute of Forest Ecology,Environment and Protection,The Chinese Academy of Forestry,Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of State Forestry Administration,National Bird Banding Center of China,The Research Institute of Forest Ecology,Environment and Protection,The Chinese Academy of Forestry,Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of State Forestry Administration,National Bird Banding Center of China,The Research Institute of Forest Ecology,Environment and Protection,The Chinese Academy of Forestry,Station of Shanxi National Nature Reserve,Taiyuan,Station of Shanxi National Nature Reserve,Taiyuan,Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of State Forestry Administration,National Bird Banding Center of China,The Research Institute of Forest Ecology,Environment and Protection,The Chinese Academy of Forestry,Forest Bureau of Pinglu,Shanxi Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:2011年12月至2012年2月和2012年11月至2013年1月,采用瞬时扫描法,对山西平陆黄河湿地越冬的大天鹅进行了日间行为时间分配和活动节律的研究。结果表明,大天鹅在越冬期的主要行为是静息、运动和取食,分别占全部行为比例的(40.5±1.4)%、(22.8±0.9)%和(18.2±0.8)%。在日间节律方面,大天鹅的取食行为呈现早晚双高峰,静息行为的高峰则出现在早上和中午。对不同地点的大天鹅的行为时间分配研究表明,大天鹅在两地的行为时间分配存在明显差异。其中,在干扰强度较大的三湾村,运动和争斗行为更多;在干扰较小的关家窝村,静息和警戒行为更多。在行为时间分配与温度变化关系的研究中,通过Pearson相关性分析发现,大天鹅的取食、运动和理羽行为与温度成显著正相关,静息和警戒行为与温度呈现显著负相关。 Abstract:From December 2011 to February 2012 and from November 2012 to January 2013, we conducted research on Whooper Swan Cygnus Cygnus diurnal activity allotment and rhythm at the Yellow River wetland in Pinglu using instantaneous scan sampling methods. The chosen study area was the Yellow River wetland at Sanwan and Guanjiawo villages in Pinglu, Shanxi Province because the ecological environments at these two locations are similar, and they are both close to rivers and winter wheat fields. There are relatively high numbers of tourists at Sanwan every day, so the human interference level there is relatively high. Guanjiawo, on the other hand, is closer to natural conditions with relatively low human interference levels. We categorized the activities of Whooper Swans into seven behavioral types: foraging, locomotion, resting, maintenance, alerting, fighting, and calling. We recorded the activity types of 10 Whooper Swans every 10 minutes between 7:00 and 18:00. At the same time, we recorded the local temperature (accuracy of 1°C) and calculated the diurnal average temperature as the average of temperatures at 6:00, 12:00, and 18:00. During the wintering period, the major behaviors of Whooper Swans were resting, locomotion and foraging, which accounted for 40.5%, 22.8% and 18.2% of the total behavior, respectively. The peak foraging times were 7:00-8:00 and 17:00-18:00, and the peak resting times were 7:00-8:00 and 12:00-13:00. Peak maintenance time was 12:00-13:00, and peak calling and fighting time was 10:00-11:00. Results of a Chi-squared test showed that with the exception of fighting activity (x2=17.17, df=10, P=0.071), the diurnal rhythms of all other activities were highly significant. Results comparing the diurnal activity allotment of Whooper Swans in areas of different human disturbances showed obvious differences in their behavior patterns. Compared with Guanjiawo, which is a site of less interference, the Whooper Swans in Sanwan spent more time on locomotion and fighting, and spent less time on resting and alerting. Investigations into the relationship between Whooper Swan behaviors and local temperatures, as determined by Pearson correlation analysis, showed that the behaviors of foraging, locomotion and maintenance were significantly positively correlated with temperature, while the behaviors of resting and alerting were significantly negatively correlated with temperature. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献