Scaling Behavior Of Dynamic Hysteresis Research Articles

Insights into improved ferroelectric and electrocaloric performance of Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 thick films grown by the electrophoretic deposition

Lead-free Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 (BCZT) bulk ceramics have recently gained attention as one of the attractive candidates for electrocaloric cooling due to their large heat absorption capacity induced by electro-structural phase transition near room temperature. However, adiabatic temperature change (ΔT) at room temperature in ceramics has been limited by their relatively low dielectric breakdown strength. Thick films, in this respect, possess the advantages of ceramics (volume) and thin films (thickness). In this work, a systematic ferroelectric and electrocaloric investigation of BCZT thick films, fabricated by electrophoretic deposition combined with laser annealing, has been carried out. Laser annealing at an optimized energy density of 398 W/cm2 has resulted in densely packed grain morphology with no compositional heterogeneities. Analysis of the scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis revealed that ferroelectric domain reversal in BCZT/Pt has good stability and low energy consumption in the saturation region. The present thick films exhibited larger breakdown strength of 294 kV/cm and recoverable energy storage density of ∼7.3 J/cm3, at least five-fold enhancement compared to the bulk which is stable up to a 4 mm bending radius. The indirect electrocaloric measurements displayed parameters such as a ΔT and entropy change (ΔS) of 2.94 K and 3.1 J kg−1 K−1 respectively, for 205 kV/cm which are more than two orders increased compared to the bulk. Higher values of ΔT (1.9 K) at 25 °C, refrigerant capacity of 249 J/kg, and responsivity of 0.143 K mm/kV for BCZT/Pt film compared to relevant lead-free ferroelectric thick films elucidate the potential use of these films for solid-state refrigeration applications. The work also presents electrophoretic deposition with laser annealing as an alternative technique to widely studied tape-casting of thick films for electrocaloric studies.

Comparative study on (Na0.47Bi0.47Ba0.06)0.95A0.05TiO3 (A = Sr2+/Ca2+) lead-free ceramics: Scaling behavior of ferroelectric hysteresis loop

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis of (Na0.47Bi0.47Ba0.06)0.95A0.05TiO3 (A = Sr2+/Ca2+) (expressed as BNBT-Sr and BNBT-Ca, respectively) lead-free ceramics was comparatively studied. BNBT-Ca exhibits typical ferroelectric hysteresis (polarization vs electric field, P–E) loops, while BNBT-Sr shows pinched P–E loops. The two samples' electric field and frequency-dependent dynamic hysteresis behavior were systematically investigated. The dopants difference (Sr2+/Ca2+) produces different scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis, which is related to the electric field-induced phase transition and domain size between BNBT-Sr and BNBT-Ca.

Electric field and frequency dependent scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in the epitaxial (Pb0.9La0.1)(Zi0.4Ti0.6)O3 films

Epitaxial (Pb0.9La0.1)(Zi0.4Ti0.6)O3 (PLZT) film was prepared with Pt as the upper electrode and La0.5Sr0.5CoO3(LSCO) as the bottom electrode on (001) STO substrate by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The dynamic hysteresis scaling behavior of the film, including the variation of remanent polarization (P r), coercive field (E c), and loop area () with external field (E 0) and frequency (f) , was systematically studied. The evolution of scaling behavior in the PLZT film can be divided into two stages: minor loops and major loops, which are in the low and high E 0 regions, respectively. The scaling relations take form of and in minor loops and major loops, respectively. The results show that the domain structure and domain reversal play an important role in the dynamic hysteresis behavior of ferroelectric materials.

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in multiferroic Bi5FeTi3O15 thin films

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in multiferroic Bi5FeTi3O15 thin films

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in epitaxial ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin films

The evolution of the dynamic hysteresis with electrical field amplitude (E) and frequency (f) in the ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BTO) single crystal films prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has been investigated systematically. A noticeable transition from the low-frequency behavior to the high-frequency one was confirmed by observing the obtained hysteresis loops and the change of the physical properties. In addition, the analysis of the theoretical model shows that the frequency dependence of domain motion is the cause of the dynamic hysteresis loop scaling behavior.

Influence of various sintering parameters and the temperature dependent scaling on the dynamic hysteresis behavior of Ba0.9Ca0.05Sr0.05T0.85Zr0.15O3 ceramics

PurposeThe article explores the effect of sintering temperature on the ferroelectric hysteresis behavior of the synthesized ceramic material Ba0.9Ca0.05Sr0.05T0.85Zr0.15O3 (BCSTZO). It describes how the sintering temperature and its holding time have effect on the polarization-electric field (P-E) loops which is an important characteristic of a ferroelectric material. From the P-E loops obtained, various representative parameters like remnant polarization and coercive field values were extracted and scaling results were systematically established using them.Design/methodology/approachThe present article describes the establishment of scaling relations for coercive field (Ec), remnant polarization (Pr) and back switching polarization (Pbc) as a function of temperature which have been obtained from P-E loops sintered at various temperature and time. This is because sintering temperature plays a pivotal role in determining the hysteresis parameters.FindingsThe temperature dependent scaling of Ec and Pr at sintering temperature of 1400, 1425, 1450 and 1475 °C yields EcαT0.40, EcαT0.80, EcαT0.47, EcαT0.29 and PrαT−1.72, PrαT−1.55, PrαT−1.72, PrαT−1.69 respectively. Further the scaling relations for the samples sintered at 1450 °C at different time interval of 3, 4, 5 and 6 h was also established to bring the effect of sintering in switching the ferroelectric hysteresis parameters.Originality/valueThe findings of this work will prove beneficial for the researchers working in optimization of sintering parameters and will benefit researchers selecting best material among the fabricated samples for further property enhancement. The optimized sample could be explored for multifunctional applications ranging from pyroelectric voltage to piezoelectric energy harvesting. In addition to this, the scaling results help to understand the nature of ferroelectric parameters with sintering. This may open up new avenues for studying the scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in synthesized material by focusing on hysteresis area as a function of applied electric fields, frequency and temperature. This reason owes to the fact that electric field and frequency are important parameters for a number of applications like sensor, transducers and medical applications.

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis of PMN‐PT relaxor ferroelectric ceramics near the morphotropic phase boundary

AbstractDue to the feature of domains, ferroelectric materials display hysteresis behavior with respect to the change of the applied electric field. Every ferroelectric material has its own unique hysteresis loop reflecting the information of domain reversal under an electric field. In this work, the scaling behaviors of dynamic hysteresis in relaxor (1‐x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐xPbTiO3 (PMN‐PT) ceramics with different compositions were studied systemically. Our results showed that the evolution of scaling behavior in PMN‐PT ceramics can be divided into three stages, which is independent of the phase structure of the ceramics and the testing electric field frequency. The relationship between hysteresis area <A> and field amplitude E0 obeys the power law <A>∝ in the low and high E0 regions, where the reorientations of 180° and non‐180° domain are dominant, respectively. However, the dynamic hysteresis area <A> does not follow the power law in the intermediate E0 regions, which is attributed to the interaction of different domain reversal mechanisms. Furthermore, the hysteresis area <A> decreases gradually with increasing frequency at a certain E0 and the time‐dependent domain reversal process was also discussed.

Electric field and frequency dependent scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in relaxor-based ferroelectric 0.71Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.29PbTiO3 single crystal

The evolution of the dynamic hysteresis with electrical field amplitude (E0) and frequency (f) in the relaxor-based ferroelectric 0.71Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.29PbTiO3 (PMN-29PT) single crystal has been investigated systematically. Our results showed that the electric field dependent scaling relationship in PMN-29PT single crystal can be divided to three regions, and the hysteresis area <A> follows the power law <A>∝fαE0β in the low and high E0 regions, but the power law is not obeyed in the intermediate region due to the complex collective contributions of 180° and non-180° domains. The frequency dependent scaling relationship can be separated into two regions, and presents a unique behavior when the field level E0 is equal or lower than the coercive field Ec. The hysteresis area decreases continually with the increase of frequency when E0 < Ec, while <A> first increases then decreases for high E0 situation (E0≥2Ec). Related electrical field and frequency dependent polarization reversal mechanisms are proposed based on the experimental observations.

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 ceramics

The scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis was investigated in Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 bulk ceramics at a frequency of 1–1000 Hz and an external electric field amplitude of 79–221 kV/cm. The scaling behavior at low amplitude (E0 ≤ 114 kV/cm) takes the form of \(\langle A \rangle \propto f^{ - 0.013} E_{0}^{0.7}\) for low frequency (f ≤ 200 Hz) and \(\langle A \rangle \propto f^{ - 0.013} E_{0}^{0.22}\) for high frequency (f > 200 Hz), where \(\langle A \rangle\) is the area of hysteresis loop and f and E0 are frequency and amplitude of external electric field, respectively. At high amplitude (E0 > 114 kV/cm), we obtain \(\langle A \rangle \propto f^{0.011} E_{0}^{1.163}\) at low frequency and \(\langle A \rangle \propto f^{ - 0.015} E_{0}^{0.7}\) at high frequency. At low E0, the contribution to the scaling relation mainly results from reversible domain switching, while at high E0 reversible and irreversible domain switching concurrently contribute to the scaling relation.

Dynamic hysteresis and scaling behavior in epitaxial antiferroelectric film

In this study, we investigated the scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis with frequency f and electric field E in epitaxial PbZrO3 antiferroelectric film on (111)-oriented SrTiO3 substrate. The scaling relation for the saturated hysteresis loops takes the form of hysteresis area <A> ∝f0.03(E−499)0.20 at relatively low testing f. However, when frequency exceeds 30Hz, the <A> shows stronger dependence on f while remains basically unchanged relation with E, leading to a form of <A> ∝f0.10(E−499)0.20. The scaling behavior is modeled as occurring in a viscous medium where several forces, such as viscous and restoring forces, act on the phase transition process.

Identical scaling behavior of saturated dynamic hysteresis in rhombohedral lead zirconate titanate bulk ceramics

The scaling behaviors of dynamic hysteresis were investigated in serial rhombohedral Nb-doped Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 (PZT) bulk ceramics as a function of frequency (f) and field amplitude (E0). Three distinct regions were plotted including linear loops, minor loops, and saturated loops with an increase of E0. When the external fields were over ∼1.5 times of coercive field (Ec), the scaling relations of saturated loops for these PZT ceramics could be expressed with an identical form as hysteresis area ⟨A⟩ ∝ f 0.01E00.10, which indicated that similar ferroelectric systems with different compositions could display a uniform scaling law under high-E0 and low-f regions.

Temperature scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis for (K,Na)NbO3 lead-free ferroelectric films

The temperature scaling of the ferroelectric hysteresis was first investigated in (K,Na)NbO3 films grown on SrRuO3/SrTiO3 over a temperature range from 100 K to 340 K. The power-law temperature scaling relations were obtained for ⟨A⟩, Pr, and Ec in the two distinguished temperature regions, separated by T ∼ 245 K. It was observed that ⟨A⟩ and Pr had a similar temperature dependence, compared with Ec. With increasing T, ⟨A⟩ and Pr decreased in the first region, and increased in the second region. While Ec decreased in the whole temperature range, but with different decrease rate in the two temperature regions.

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in relaxor ferroelectric 0.67Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33PbTiO3 ceramics

The scaling behaviors of dynamic ferroelectric hysteresis in the relaxor ferroelectric 0.67Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33PbTiO3 (PMNT67/33) ceramics near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) and other PMNT systems out of MPB region were investigated. The scaling relation of hysteresis area 〈A〉 against frequency f and field amplitude E0 for minor loops takes the form of 〈A〉∝f−0.2391E04.8779; while for the saturated loops, it is 〈A〉∝f 0.0401E00.5722. The scaling relations of PMNT67/33 ceramics are significantly different from those of other ferroelectrics, and the results of the analysis indicate that domain reversal in it is much more sensitive to the change of E0 at low electric field and responses more quickly to f at high electric field than other normal ferroelectrics. The coexistence of rhombohedral (R), monoclinic (M) and tetragonal (T) phases near the MPB and the polar nanoregions seems to play the key role in the dynamic behavior of the domain reversal in relaxor PMNT67/33 ceramics.

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis of a deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal

The hysteresis areas ⟨A⟩ for the saturated loops of a deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal, viz., (S)-4-(2-methyloctanoyl) 4′-biphenyl-4-octyloxybenzoate (MIP0806) have been studied. The scaling laws ⟨A⟩∝f0.24E00.68 and ⟨A⟩∝f0.28E00.70 connecting frequency (f) and amplitude (E0) of the applied signal are found to be valid close to and far away from the SmA-SmC* transition temperature (104°C), respectively. The formation of ferroelectric monodomain in MIP0806 is weakly constrained by surface and dipolar interactions, which might be responsible for the observed small deviation obtained from theoretically predicted scaling laws.

Stress- and temperature-dependent scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in soft PZT bulk ceramics

Effects of electric field-frequency, electric field-amplitude, mechanical stress, and temperature on the hysteresis area, especially the scaling form, were investigated in soft lead zirconate titanate (PZT) bulk ceramics. The hysteresis area was found to depend on the frequency and field-amplitude with the same set of exponents as the power-law scaling for both with and without stresses. The inclusion of stresses into the power-law was obtained in the form of which indicates the difference in energy dissipation between the under-stress and stress-free conditions. The power-law temperature scaling relations were obtained for hysteresis area ⟨A⟩ and remanent polarization Pr, while the coercivity EC was found to scale linearly with temperature T. The three temperature scaling relations were also field-dependent. At fixed field amplitude E0, the scaling relations take the forms of , Pr ∝T−1.2322 and (EC0 - EC) ∝T.

Stress-dependent scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in bulk soft ferroelectric ceramic

The effects of frequency f, field amplitude E0, and mechanical stress σ on the hysteresis area ⟨A⟩ and their scaling relations were investigated on soft PZT bulk ceramics. The hysteresis area was found to depend on the frequency and field amplitude with a same set of exponents to the power-law scaling for both with and without stresses, indicating the universality. The inclusion of stresses into the power law was also obtained in the form of ⟨A−Aσ=0⟩∝f−0.25E0σ0.44, which indicates the difference of the energy dissipation between the under stress and stress-free conditions and reveals how the hysteresis area decays with increasing stresses.

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in soft lead zirconate titanate bulk ceramics

The scaling behavior of the dynamic hysteresis of ferroelectric bulk system was investigated. The scaling relation of hysteresis area ⟨A⟩ against frequency f and field amplitude E0 for the saturated loops of the soft lead zirconate titanate bulk ceramic takes the form of ⟨A⟩∝f−1∕4E0, which differs significantly from that of the theoretical prediction and that of the thin film. This indicates that the scaling relation is dimension dependent and that depolarizing effects in the interior must be taken into account to model bulk materials. Additionally, the scaling relation for the minor loops takes the form of ⟨A⟩∝f−1∕3E03, which is identical to that of the thin film as both cases contain similar 180° domain-reversal mechanism.

Scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis in multi-domain spin systems

The dynamic hysteresis in two-dimensional multi-domain spin systems is simulated using Monte-Carlo method based on Q-state planar Potts model. The pattern and scaling property of the hysteresis as a function of the oscillating time-varying external field are studied and compared qualitatively with the experimental data on PZT ferroelectric films and theoretical predictions. While the scaling of the hysteresis area with frequency f and amplitude E 0 of the external field at a form of f 1/3 E 0 2/3 over the low- f range is well-established, the high- f range scaling relations as derived from the simulation, experiment and theoretical model differ from one and another.