Abstract
The scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis was investigated in Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 bulk ceramics at a frequency of 1–1000 Hz and an external electric field amplitude of 79–221 kV/cm. The scaling behavior at low amplitude (E0 ≤ 114 kV/cm) takes the form of \(\langle A \rangle \propto f^{ - 0.013} E_{0}^{0.7}\) for low frequency (f ≤ 200 Hz) and \(\langle A \rangle \propto f^{ - 0.013} E_{0}^{0.22}\) for high frequency (f > 200 Hz), where \(\langle A \rangle\) is the area of hysteresis loop and f and E0 are frequency and amplitude of external electric field, respectively. At high amplitude (E0 > 114 kV/cm), we obtain \(\langle A \rangle \propto f^{0.011} E_{0}^{1.163}\) at low frequency and \(\langle A \rangle \propto f^{ - 0.015} E_{0}^{0.7}\) at high frequency. At low E0, the contribution to the scaling relation mainly results from reversible domain switching, while at high E0 reversible and irreversible domain switching concurrently contribute to the scaling relation.
Published Version
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