Scale Items Research Articles

Emotion processing difficulties in ADHD: a Bayesian meta-analysis study.

We investigated whether there is an emotional processing deficit in ADHD and whether this only applies to specific emotional categories. In this PRISMA-compliant systematic review based on a pre-registered protocol ( https://osf.io/egp7d ), we searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, Scopus and Web of Science databases until 3rd December 2023, to identify empirical studies comparing emotional processing in individuals meeting DSM (version III to 5-TR) or ICD (version 9 or 10) criteria for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and in a non-psychiatric control group. Study quality was assessed with the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS). Eighty studies were included and meta-analysed (encompassing 6191 participants and 465 observations). Bayesian meta-analyses were conducted to compare individuals with ADHD and non-psychiatric controls on overall emotional processing measures (meta-analysis 1) and across emotional categories (meta-analysis 2). The type of stimulus employed, outcome measurement reported, age, sex, and medication status were analysed as moderators. We found poorer performance in both overall emotion processing (g = - 0.65) and across emotional categories (anger g = - 0.37; disgust g = - 0.24; fear g = - 0.37; sadness g = - 0.34; surprise g = - 0.26; happiness/positive g = - 0.31; negative g = - 0.20; neutral g = - 0.25) for individuals with ADHD compared to non-psychiatric controls. Scales items and accuracy outcome being the most effective moderators in detecting such differences. No effects of age, sex, or medication status were found. Overall, these results show that impaired emotional processing is a relevant feature of ADHD and suggest that it should be systematically assessed in clinical practice.

Testing a Multidimensional Factor Structure of the Self-Control Scale.

The Self-Control Scale (SCS) is one of the most widely used measures in the clinical, personality, and social psychology fields. It is often treated as unidimensional, even though no research supports such a unidimensional factor structure. We tested the factor structure in an undergraduate sample as well as a community sample used for additional confirmatory analyses. Factors from the best-fitting confirmatory models were correlated with putatively related and distinct constructs to assess their (dis)similarities. Consistent with hypotheses, the best-fitting factor structure consisted of multiple, correlated factors; however, none of the factor solutions met pre-specified fit criteria. Several additional analyses were conducted beyond the preregistered analyses to find a reasonably fitting factor solution. Ultimately, study findings support a two-factor solution using the items of the Brief Self-Control Scale. Results are discussed for the full 36-item scale as well as the brief, 13-item scale. We conclude with lessons learned from a Registered Report focused on factor analysis.

Early Neurological Deterioration in Acute Ischemic Minor Stroke Patients with Large Vessel Occlusion Following Intravenous Thrombolysis.

Early identification of risk factors associated with early neurological deterioration (END) in patients with acute minor stroke and large vessel occlusion (LVO) receiving intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) could assist in formulating treatment decisions. Consecutive patients with acute minor stroke and LVO were extracted from a single-center prospective database spanning from January 2020 to December 2023. END was defined as an increase of ≥4 points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score from baseline or ≥2 points in any single National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale item, within 24 hours of IVT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for confounding variables, was employed to identify risk factors associated with END. A total of 163 patients were included in this study, of which 36 (22.1%) patients encountered END. Patients in the END group had a higher proportion of isolated internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion (30.6% vs. 6.3%), delayed antiplatelet therapy (88.9% vs. 66.1%), and a larger Tmax > 4 seconds volume (142 vs. 114 mL) (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounding factors showed that isolated (ICA) occlusion (adjusted odds ratio= 2.49, 95% confidence interval= 1.97-4.41; P < 0.001) and delayed antiplatelet therapy (adjusted odds ratio= 1.46, 95% confidence interval= 1.17-1.84; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with END. Isolated ICA occlusion and delayed antiplatelet therapy were significantly associated with END in minor stroke patients with LVO following IVT. Bridging thrombectomy and early administration of antiplatelet therapy may be considered reasonable strategies.

Development and psychometric testing of the school-life conflict scale (SLCS) among nursing students.

Nursing students often face a heavy academic burden compared to students in other programs, possibly affecting their personal lives. However, a standardized scale assessing how academic demands interfere with the personal well-being in student nurses is lacking. This study was conducted to develop and test the psychometric properties of the School-Life Conflict Scale (SLCS). Exploratory sequential research design. Three government nursing schools in the Philippines. A total of 1014 student nurses participated in the study. Both the inductive and deductive methods were employed to generate the scale items. The factor structure of the scale was established through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Five faculty experts examined the content validity of the scale. A 14-item scale with three-factor structure was identified through factor analyses. These factors were labeled 'Academic Demands and Well-being', 'Social Interactions and Relationships', and 'Engagement in Extracurricular Activities'. The overall Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the scale was 0.900, while the Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the 3 factors ranged from 0.808 to 0.859. The SLCS shows excellent psychometric properties and can be used to assess the extent to which academic responsibilities intersect and interfere with personal life in student nurses. This scale may be utilized by nurse faculty to identify students at risk of conflict and to implement approaches to support their health and well-being.

An Embedding-Based Semantic Analysis Approach: A Preliminary Study on Redundancy Detection in Psychological Concepts Operationalized by Scales.

As psychological research progresses, the issue of concept overlap becomes increasing evident, adding to participant burden and complicating data interpretation. This study introduces an Embedding-based Semantic Analysis Approach (ESAA) for detecting redundancy in psychological concepts, which are operationalized through their respective scales, using natural language processing techniques. The ESAA utilizes OpenAI's text-embedding-3-large model to generate high-dimensional semantic vectors (i.e., embeddings) of scale items and applies hierarchical clustering to group semantically similar items, revealing potential redundancy. Three preliminary experiments evaluated the ESAA's ability to (1) identify semantically similar items, (2) differentiate semantically distinct items, and (3) uncover overlap between scales of concepts known for redundancy issues. Additionally, comparative analyses assessed the ESAA's robustness and incremental validity against the advanced chatbots based on GPT-4. The results demonstrated that the ESAA consistently produced stable outcomes and outperformed all evaluated chatbots. As an objective approach for analyzing relationships between concepts operationalized as scales, the ESAA holds promise for advancing research on theory refinement and scale optimization.

Reliability and construct validation of the Blended Learning Usability Evaluation–Questionnaire with interprofessional clinicians in Canada : a methodological study

Purpose: To generate Cronbach’s alpha and further mixed methods construct validity evidence for the Blended Learning Usability Evaluation–Questionnaire (BLUE-Q).Methods: Forty interprofessional clinicians completed the BLUE-Q after finishing a 3-month long blended learning professional development program in Ontario, Canada. Reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s α for each of the 3 sections of the BLUE-Q and for all quantitative items together. Construct validity was evaluated through the Grand-Guillaume-Perrenoud et al. framework, which consists of 3 elements: congruence, convergence, and credibility. To compare quantitative and qualitative results, descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations for each Likert scale item of the BLUE-Q were calculated.Results: Cronbach’s α was 0.95 for the pedagogical usability section, 0.85 for the synchronous modality section, 0.93 for the asynchronous modality section, and 0.96 for all quantitative items together. Mean ratings (with standard deviations) were 4.77 (0.506) for pedagogy, 4.64 (0.654) for synchronous learning, and 4.75 (0.536) for asynchronous learning. Of the 239 qualitative comments received, 178 were identified as substantive, of which 88% were considered congruent and 79% were considered convergent with the high means. Among all congruent responses, 69% were considered confirming statements and 31% were considered clarifying statements, suggesting appropriate credibility. Analysis of the clarifying statements assisted in identifying 5 categories of suggestions for program improvement.Conclusion: The BLUE-Q demonstrates high reliability and appropriate construct validity in the context of a blended learning program with interprofessional clinicians, making it a valuable tool for comprehensive program evaluation, quality improvement, and evaluative research in health professions education.

Navigating Children's Risky Play: A Comparative Analysis of Saudi Mothers and Fathers.

Despite documented benefits for development, children are engaging in considerably fewer risky play activities. Research on parent gender and children's risky play is inconsistent. Gender and cultural context shape how individuals perceive and tolerate children's risky play. Little research exists on gender disparities in approaches to risky play in Eastern cultures, including Saudi Arabia. The study's objective was to examine gender variations in Saudi parents' willingness and tolerance for children's risky play. It included 85 parents: 41 fathers and 44 mothers. Differential Item Functioning analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between mothers and fathers on three Factors Affecting Tolerance of Risk in Play Scale items. While interaction effects and predictors were not significant (p = .22-.97), the overall multiple regression model significantly predicted parents' risk tolerance (p = .04). Within the context of other factors, gender appeared to play a complex and indirect role in determining parents' risk tolerance.

Human Resources Management Practices (HRMP) and Disaster Preparedness of Accommodation Establishment in Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro

There was a potential research gap in the theoretical knowledge of the social impact of socially responsible HRM practices and disaster preparedness. The literature review also indicates that few studies have explored the influence of employees’ perceived socially responsible HRM on individual employees’ attitudes and behaviors, such as organizational identification and job performance. Most previous studies on socially responsible HRM focused on its relationship with employee organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, well–being, and turnover intention. There are research gaps in the context of accommodation establishment in Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines despite the glowing understanding of the significance of disaster preparedness and HRMP. Hence, the study aims to determine the Human Resources Management Practices (HRMP) and disaster preparedness of accommodation establishments in Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro. The study used descriptive correlational methods research. The respondents of the study are the supervisors, managers, and staff in the total of 30 respondents in selected accommodation establishments in Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro. The researchers used a self-prepared research instrument. Mean was used to summarize and responses and Cronbach Alpha was used to calculate by taking a score from each scale item and correlating it with the total score for each observation. Results showed that the relationship between human resource management practices and disaster preparedness in accommodation establishments underscores the multifaceted approach required to mitigate risks, ensure employee and guest safety, and maintain operational continuity during emergencies.

Validation of a Cancer-Focused Information Seeking Experience (ISEE) Scale

Background Searching for health information is critical for maintaining one’s health and reducing risk of disease, including cancer. However, some people are more likely to experience challenges in finding and comprehending health information; therefore, it is important to measure health information-seeking behavior. In order to add to prior research conducted with the scale, this study provides the first formal evaluation of the validity and reliability of the four-item, cancer-focused Information Seeking Experience (ISEE) scale in a cross-sectional, nationally representative health survey of U.S. adults. Results Results indicated that the four ISEE scale items were within limits of normality (skew range = -.44–.11; kurtosis range = -1.07 – −.71), exhibited medium to strong pairwise correlations (r’s = .54–.72), and indicated a strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .85). The scale was unidimensional (CFI = .997, TLI = .992, SRMR = .012), and the scale demonstrated construct validity with known sociodemographic characteristics. As predicted, the ISEE scale had relatively weak relationships with the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety, Patient-Centered Communication Scale, and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Instrumental Support 4a, demonstrating discriminant validity. Conclusions Tracking information-seeking experience in the population is critical, especially to inform efforts that ensure individuals have accessible, understandable, and reliable information about cancer. The ISEE scale was found to assess various aspects of cancer information-seeking in a reliable and valid manner and may be used in future surveys to track information support needs of those who seek health and cancer information.

Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome and Autism Traits are Empirically Distinct from each Other and from Other Psychopathology Dimensions.

Recently, an association between cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), formerly sluggish cognitive tempo, and autism has been documented, but it is not known if the association is due to overlapping autism and CDS traits or if CDS is empirically distinct from autism. Mothers rated 2,209 children 4-17years (1,177 with autism, 725 with ADHD-Combined type, and 307 with ADHD-Inattentive type) on the Pediatric Behavior Scale. Factor analysis of the Pediatric Behavior Scale items indicated that CDS and autism traits are empirically distinct from each other without cross-loading and are distinct from eight other factors (attention deficit, impulsivity, hyperactivity, oppositional behavior, irritability/anger, conduct problems, depression, and anxiety). CDS total scores were significantly higher in the autism + ADHD-Inattentive and autism + ADHD-Combined groups than in the autism, ADHD-Combined, and ADHD-Inattentive only groups with a nonsignificant difference between the latter three groups. CDS and autism are empirically distinct from each other and from other psychopathology dimensions. Overlapping traits do not explain the association between autism and CDS. Autism in combination with ADHD-Combined or ADHD-Inattentive increases the likelihood of CDS relative to youth who have autism, ADHD-Combined, or ADHD-Inattentive only. Because of the known associations between autism, CDS, and ADHD, both autism and ADHD must be assessed in CDS research and clinically to better understand and explain research findings and provide targeted clinical intervention.

Validity and Reliability of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Adolescents with Heart Disease.

Kinesiophobia (KP) is the fear of movement or physical activity (PA) that is related to a medical condition. In adolescents, KP is associated with depression, anxiety, and impaired quality of life (QoL). Adolescents with heart disease (HD) often avoid PA. Factors that may moderate PA avoidance, such as KP, have not been adequately studied in this population. Purpose: To assess the validity and reliability of a newly adapted Tampa Scale for KP for adolescents with HD (TSK-Heart-A). Methods: The TSK-Heart-A survey consists of 17 Likert scale items, producing a summary score (SS) ranging from 17 (low KP) to 68 (high KP). Following content and face validity, adolescents (age 12-18 years) with arrhythmia disorders or Fontan palliation were recruited. The PROMIS pediatric anxiety and depression short forms, PedsQL generic core and cardiac module, and a PA questionnaire for adolescents (PAQ-A) were used for criterion validity. The TSK-Heart-A was completed twice (20.4 ± 6.3 days apart) for assessment of internal and test-retest reliability. Pearson correlations and Cronbach's alpha determined validity and reliability, respectively. Results: Adolescents (n = 63) were 15.5 ± 1.8 years-old, 50.8% female, and 69.8% had arrhythmia disorder. Mean TSK-Heart-A SS was 33.8 ± 7.8 (range: 20 to 56). The TSK-Heart-A SS correlated significantly with PROMIS T-scores (anxiety: 49.7 ± 12.2, r = 0.48; depression: 46.9 ± 12.7, r = 0.41), PedsQL score (generic QoL: 75.2 ± 18.9, r = -0.61; cardiac QoL: 74.7 ± 17.5, r = -0.56), and PAQ-A (score: 2.0 ± 0.7, r = -0.35). Test-retest and internal reliability had a total score of r = 0.77 (p = 0.89). Conclusions: The new TSK-Heart-A survey is valid and reliable and suggests KP is present in some adolescents with HD.

Raising the bar: evaluating quality and consistency in clinical guidelines for surgical management of pulmonary carcinoid.

Leading societies have established guidelines that vary significantly regarding recommendations for the surgical management of pulmonary carcinoids (PC). We aimed to assess current guidelines and recommendations for PC surgical management, benchmark their methodological quality, and identify factors that may influence their effectiveness in guiding surgical practice. Literature was sought to identify relevant guidelines for the management of PC. Each guideline was evaluated using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) tool and rated on a seven-point scale for items and domains. Five observers assessed four guidelines (developed by ENETS in 2015, ESMO in 2021, NANETS in 2021, and NCCN in 2020). In Scope and Purpose and Stakeholder Involvement, the NCCN guideline achieved the highest score. In Rigor of Development, NANETS and ENETS achieved the highest score. In Clarity of Presentation, ENETS guidelines scored the highest score. For applicability, NCCN received the highest score. All guidelines got the highest score in the Rigor of Development and Clarity of Presentation domains, whereas the Applicability domain received the lowest score. The methodological quality of guidelines on the surgical management of PC varies significantly. The findings underscore the need for future guidelines to prioritize practical implementation in clinical and surgical practice, ensuring that recommendations reflect best practices and effectively meet surgeons' needs. Based on our AGREE II appraisal, the ENETS and ESMO guidelines might be recommended as a model for developing future recommendations and guidelines.

Fairness in language classroom assessment practices: what do EFL teachers underscore?

Studies have confirmed that fair assessment practices in educational contexts affect learners’ motivation, self-regulation, and above all teacher credibility, yet the concept has been subject to educational stakeholders’ diverse outlooks and perspectives. On this basis, this study delves into the high school English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ understanding and perceptions of fairness of assessment practices in Iranian educational contexts. Thus, 105 conveniently selected EFL teachers of Junior/Senior high schools took the Classroom Assessment Fairness Scale (CAFS) consisting of 35 Likert scale items that tap into the five dimensions of the concept. The obtained questionnaire data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, the results of which revealed that Iranian English teachers were cognizant of different principles of fairness in classroom assessment, and they were quite conscious of the significance of its different components. Additionally, the findings demonstrated that there was no notable difference in the perceptions of EFL teachers in terms of their teaching context. The findings might have a couple of implications: First, classroom assessment fairness seems to be both an established concept in Iranian EFL contexts, and of the EFL teachers’ concern. Second, teaching contexts seem not to affect the EFL teachers’ conceptions of what constitutes a fair classroom assessment practice.

The corneal biomechanical changes of phacoemulsification in cataract patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the corneal biomechanical properties of phacoemulsification in the treatment of cataract patients. Pertinent studies were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and clinicaltrials.gov., as of November 05, 2024. The reference lists of related published reviews were included as well. This meta-analysis was performed with Stata Software and Review Manager, we used mean difference (MD) to evaluate the statistical consequence, using I2 statistic to assess the heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis were performed under the occurrences of high heterogeneity. We used eleven items to describe the characteristics of included studies, publication bias was performed with Egger's test. The quality assessment were evaluated with 3 items by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) items. Thirteen eligible studies were identified for data synthesis and assessment. According to the result of meta-analysis, the central corneal thickness(CCT) (MD = 10.50, 95% CI: [5.01, 15.98]; P<0.05) and intraocular pressure(IOPg)(MD = -0.73, 95% CI: [-1.26, -0.19]; P<0.05) of cataract patients after phacoemulsification was significantly higher than the control groups. The values of corneal hysteresis(CH) (MD = -0.43, 95% CI: [-0.62, -0.23]; P<0.05) and corneal resistance factor(CRF) (MD = -0.49, 95% CI: [-0.64, -0.33]; P<0.05) after phacoemulsification surgery were statistically lower than the control groups. While the values of IOPcc did not show statistically different (MD = -0.13, 95% CI: [-0.67, 0.41]; P = 0.64). Included data analysis indicated that the values of CCT, CH, CRF and IOPg showed statistical change in cataract patients after phacoemulsification surgeries compared with control groups. There is a correlation between corneal biomechanics and phacoemulsification surgeries.

How social frailty is operationalized matters: Relationships with health and wellbeing in late adulthood.

There are currently major inconsistencies in the methodological approaches used to index social frailty. The present study aimed to better understand which of these approaches may be most valuable in predicting older adult's physical health and psychological wellbeing. One hundred and thirty-three participants aged 60-90 years completed five measures commonly used to index social frailty, along with five measures of physical health, and psychological wellbeing. Social frailty was not only assessed at the scale level but was also considered in terms of both the objectivity (versus subjectivity) of each scale item, and at the social concept level (whether each item captured lifestyle, living alone, loneliness, social activities, social network, social role, social support, or sociodemographic characteristics). As predicted, subjective social frailty accounted for the largest share of explained variance of psychological wellbeing in older adults, relative to objective indicators and key demographics. However, contrary to hypotheses, objective social frailty failed to uniquely predict physical health. Further analyses revealed that the predictive value of subjective social frailty was driven primarily by feelings of loneliness. The present study provides novel insights into how operationalizations of social frailty vary in terms of their relationship with important indicators of real-life function. The findings have direct implications for the development of targeted interventions focused on reducing social frailty in late adulthood.

The Impact Of Revolution 5.0 on Digital Government and Public Service Efficiency

This study explores the impact of Revolution 5.0 on public service efficiency in the context of digital governance. The primary aim of the research is to assess how advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are influencing the performance and efficiency of government services. This study uses a quantitative research approach, employing a descriptive and explanatory design to describe the phenomenon and analyze the relationship between Revolution 5.0 technologies (independent variable) and public service efficiency (dependent variable). Data were collected through a survey administered to 250 respondents, including government employees, State Civil Apparatus (ASN), and the public, using a structured questionnaire with Likert scale items. The findings indicate that the integration of digital technologies significantly enhances administrative efficiency, reduces processing time, and improves public satisfaction with government services. The study contributes valuable insights into the ongoing digital transformation in public administration and provides recommendations for improving digital literacy among civil servants to further optimize service delivery.

Development of “Teachers’ Attitude Scale Towards Students” (Validity and Reliability Analysis)

Attitudes play an important role in the formation of behaviours. Attitude is defined as an emotional reaction to an object, person or behaviour. People's attitudes towards objects or situations can be positive or negative. Teachers' attitudes and beliefs about students' learning abilities affect achievement. When teachers have high expectations of students and are willing to take personal responsibility for them, students participate more effectively in the learning process and consequently learn more permanently. This research aims to develop a scale by performing validity and reliability analyses of the "Teachers' Attitudes Towards Students Scale"(TATSS). In this study, which aims to develop a scale to determine teachers' attitudes towards students, the survey model, one of the quantitative research models, was used. The scale consists of a total of 19 items and two subscales. Scale items covering teachers' attitudes towards students, factor I: Effort for Students; II. Factor: It consists of the Dimension of Being Appreciated by Students. As a result of the reliability analysis, the " TATSS " was accepted to be a reliable tool (α = 0.912).

Assessment of patient’s feedback regarding services provided in healthcare in Uttar Pradesh: An observational study

Background: Patients have certain expectations provision of healthcare delivery when they approach a healthcare facility. It has been observed that satisfied patients are more likely to follow medical advice and comply with treatment recommendation. Objective: Assessment of patient’s feedback regarding services provided in healthcare facility. Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study. It was conducted in a healthcare institute situated in Kanpur district. The study was conducted from January 2024 to March 2024. Purposive sampling technique was used for data collection. Likert scale items. Results: Overall 92.1% of the patient rated care received during the visit as either fair, good, very good or excellent with the services given by the care providers. Similarly, majority (99%) of the participants reported satisfaction with the Attitude &amp; communication of doctors. Conclusion: Majority of participants, both OPD and IPD, agreed that behaviour of hospital staff was good, doctors and nurses spent adequate time with patients, and detailed information about illness and treatment was provided to them by doctors. Finally, a system for patients’ feedback may be institutionalized at all health facilities to improve quality of healthcare.

Tokenism Perception Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Tokenism can be defined as the activity of opening the way for numerical minority individuals to become visible, in order to demonstrate the existence of a perception of diversity and inclusion in organizations and to help that organization appear tolerant or inclusive. The concept of tokenism; previously, emerged only from the disadvantages of being a woman, but with ongoing research, it has been determined that many different variables cause this perception within the organization. In this research, it was aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool that can determine the level of teachers' perception of tokenism. In this research, an exploratory sequential design was used, combining both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The study group of the research consists of 304 teachers working in Malatya during the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) phase and 306 teachers working in Elazig province during the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) phase. While creating the item pool, a literature review was conducted and the scale items were created based on this literature. These items were submitted to expert opinion to ensure content validity. As a result of EFA conducted to determine construct validity, a 3-factor structure consisting of 14 items was obtained. This structure was tested in a different sample group. As a result of CFA, it was determined that the fit values were at an acceptable level. In light of these data, it has been determined that the Tokenism Perception Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Development and Initial Validation of Teachers’ Compliance with Professional Ethics in Relations with Students Scales

This study aims to develop parallel forms of the Teachers' Compliance with Professional Ethics in Relations with Students Scale for secondary school teachers and students. The first study group comprised 266 secondary school teachers and 427 students, while the second group included 216 secondary school teachers and 851 students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a single-dimensional structure consisting of 18 items for teacher and student scales, and the total variance explained by this structure was found 64.00% and 48.00% respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that both scales maintained their single-dimensional structure, fitting well and meeting the criteria for goodness-of-fit indices. The Cronbach's α internal consistency coefficient was .96 for both scales. These findings indicate that teachers' compliance with professional ethics in relations with students scales for secondary school teachers and students are valid and reliable scales.