Internal Consistency Of Scale Research Articles

RAMSAY Sedation Scale and Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS): A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Many sedation scales and tools have been developed and compared for validity in critically ill patients. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the reliability of two sedation scales; RAMSAY sedation scale and Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) in the adult intensive care unit. Methods: 290 patients in intensive care unit were recruited for the study and were independently assessed for sedation effect by investigator and bedside nurses simultaneously using RAMSAY scale and RASS scale. Results: Agreement between the nurse and researcher scores on RAMSAY scale (weighted κ=0.449, p<0.001) indicating weak level of agreement. Agreement between the nurse and researcher on RASS scale (weighted κ=0.879, p<0.001) indicating strong level of agreement. Cronbach’s alpha analysis showed that 10 items of RASS had excellent level of internal consistency (α=0.989) compared to good level of internal consistency of RAMSAY scale (α =0.828). Conclusion: RASS showed excellent inter-rater agreement compared to weak inter-rater agreement of RAMSAY scale. The results also support that RASS has consistent agreement with clinical observation and practice among different observers. The results suggest that use of RASS is linked to more reliable assessment of sedation levels in the ICU.

Road Traffic Injuries: A Study on Severity and Outcome among Inpatients of a Tertiary Care Level Hospital of West Bengal, India.

Background:Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a complex phenomenon caused by nonlinear combination and interaction of man, vehicles, road, and environment.Aim:This study aims to find out the outcome and severity of RTI in a district of West Bengal, India.Settings and Design:A cross-sectional study was conducted among inpatients of Departments of Surgery and Orthopedics of Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted for 1 year interviewing 295 RTI selected through scheduled sampling. Information pertaining to demographic and correlates of RTI was collected by face to face and over telephone using semi-structured questionnaire. Nine-item Simplified Injury Severity Scale (SISS) was used to assess injury severity. Internal consistency of SISS scale was showed by Cronbach's alpha and association with the correlates was done by Mann–Whitney U-test.Statistical Analysis Used:With SPSS version 22.0, binary logistic regression, and Mann–Whitney U-test.Results and Conclusion:Fatal outcome in terms of death and permanent disability was 34.24% and they had higher marginally significant (P = 0.06), SISS score (45.17 ± 12.59). Participants with absence of protective devices, presence of comorbidities, drunkenness, with accidents over national highways, in-between 6 am and 6 pm, mechanized two-wheelers, and nonreceipt of first aid were found to have significantly high scores compared to their counterpart. SISS, as a proxy measure of severity assessment, could throw a light on it and awareness generation and legislative stringency might be need of the hour for the country.

Internal Consistency and Factor Structure of the Therapist Achievement Evaluation Scale Developed as an Education Tool for On-the-job Training: Consideration of Attainment of Target of Providing Physical Therapy based on the Advice of a Tutor

Internal Consistency and Factor Structure of the Therapist Achievement Evaluation Scale Developed as an Education Tool for On-the-job Training: Consideration of Attainment of Target of Providing Physical Therapy based on the Advice of a Tutor

Reliability and Validity of the Student Teacher Professional Identity Scale in Pre-Service Kindergarten Teachers

Objective: To revise and explore the application of the student teacher professional identity scale in pre-service kindergarten teachers (STPIS-PK). Methods: 450 preservice kindergarten teachers were surveyed by the student teacher professional identity scale. Results: 1) The EFA supported that teacher professional identity consisted of four subscales: professional values, professional willingness, professional efficiency and professional volition. Also the CFA confirmed the hypothesized four-factor model (x2 = 133.277, x2/df = 2.777, CFI = 0.939, TLI = 0.901, RMSEA = 0.047). The Criteria-related validity was remarkable; 2) The internal consistency of teacher professional identity scale was 0.801 and the four subscales were from 0.628 to 0.789. For two weeks, the test-retest reliability was from 0.616 to 0.786. Conclusion: In sum, this study generated evidence that the STPIS-PK developed in the study is a psychometrically sound and valid instruments to measure pre-service kindergarten teachers’ professional identity.

Measuring Organizational Capacity to Accelerate Health Care Innovation in Academic Health Centers.

In an era of rising clinical costs and shrinking federal research dollars, the survival of the academic health center may depend on its capacity to cultivate high-impact innovations in care delivery on an accelerated basis. Yet, the health sciences literature offers little guidance regarding the key organizational determinants most likely to facilitate such innovation. We report on the conceptualization, development, and preliminary testing of a new 21-item Accelerated Healthcare Innovation Capacity scale for addressing that knowledge gap. Instrument development followed a standardized process, including expert panel testing of the new scale's content relevance validity. A sample (N = 53) of academic health center administrators, clinicians, and faculty affiliated with a single organization volunteered to complete the Accelerated Healthcare Innovation Capacity scale in survey form. Data were analyzed to evaluate scale reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity. High-expert agreement (overall S-CVI of 0.91) was obtained on content relevance validity. Cronbach α for the scale was 0.941. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the theoretical soundness of the scale's conceptual framework, which showed high-impact health care innovation support to be a complex, multidimensional concept involving key facilitating factors across 3 major constructs-that is, Culture, Structure, and Policy-with implications for future research and managerial practice, particularly for staff development educators engaged in evaluating quality management and organizational change strategies.

Persian Manuscript of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale Expected Internal Consistency and Factor Structure in Iranian Medical Students

Background: Adult attention-deficit/hyper activity disorder (ADHD) interacts with educational and occupational achievements. To introduce a valid screening tool for adult ADHD in Iranian students, the current study aimed at evaluating internal consistency and factor structure of adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS) Persian version 1.1. Methods: ASRS Persian version 1.1 was filled by 240 Iranian medical students aged 18 - 24 years, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and factor analysis were performed with SPSS version 21. Results: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.76.8 for ASRS. Factor analysis confirmed two factors of attention deficit and hyperactivity for ASRS Persian version. Conclusions: ASRS Persian version 1.1 had adequate internal consistency and saved the two structure factors of the original questionnaire, the hyperactivity and the attention deficit.

Russian Adaptations of General and Personal Belief in a Just World Scales: Validation and Psychometric Properties

In a questionnaire study, Russian versions of the General and Personal belief in a just world (BJW) Scales were validated. Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Personal BJW Scale could be empirically differentiated from the General BJW Scale; however, both scales correlated positively. Good internal consistencies of both scales were demonstrated. Age was positively correlated with personal BJW but not with general BJW. Gender differences were found neither in personal nor in general BJW. Personal BJW was found to be stronger than general BJW. Convergent validity was tested by inspecting correlations of BJW scales with the Basic World Assumptions Scale. Divergent validity was examined by inspecting correlations with Markers for the Big Five Factor Structure Scale and Justice Sensitivity Scales. Both personal and general BJW showed positive connections with all subscales of the Basic World Assumptions Scale (self-worth, benevolence of world, justice, luck, and control). We demonstrated divergent validity of personal BJW regarding intellect, agreeableness, conscientiousness, beneficiary and perpetrator sensitivity, and divergent validity of general BJW regarding intellect, beneficiary, perpetrator, and observer sensitivity. Both BJW dimensions were unrelated to beneficiary and perpetrator sensitivity. In addition, general BJW was not related to observer sensitivity. Results give evidence for satisfactory psychometric properties and validation of the Russian versions of BJW scales.

Instrument Development of Integrative Health and Wellness Assessment™

The nurse coach role was developed to address the needs of our nation and the world for health and wellbeing. The Theory of Integrative Nurse Coaching provides a foundation for coaching interventions supporting health promotion, and a framework for the development of the Integrative Health and Wellness Assessment (IHWA) short form. This 36-question Likert-type scale self-reporting tool assists participants in assessing healthy behaviors through a self-reflection process, provides information for the coaching relationship, and may be an outcome measurement. This article describes the history of the IHWA tool and the development and pilot testing of the IHWA short form using guidelines provided by DeVellis. Results of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test yielded a value of .520, and the Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant. Cronbach's alpha overall scale internal consistency was .88 ( n = 36). Pilot study results indicate that the scale could be improved through additional revision, and an ongoing study is in progress.

A Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Version of the Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale

The present study reported the initial validation of an abbreviated version of the Students' Life Satisfaction Scale- Chinese version (SLSS-Chinese) in two samples of Chinese middle school students. Initial analyses based on the original 7-item scale suggested that the two reverse-worded items functioned differently compared to other items. The plausible reasons behind this finding were discussed based on extant literature on mixed worded scales and cross-cultural research on life satisfaction scales. Then we compared the validity of three formats of the SLSS-Chinese: the 7-item (full scale), the 5-item (positively worded items only), and the 2-item (reverseworded items only) scales, respectively. Convergent evidence suggested that the two reverse-worded items hampered the scale's internal consistency, dimensionality, and validity. Also, the 5-item scale demonstrated good psychometric properties, and was clearly superior compared to the 7-item scale. These findings provide a solid foundation for applying the 5-item SLSS-Chinese in measuring Chinese adolescents' life satisfaction.

Design and validation of a German version of the GSRS-IBS - an analysis of its psychometric quality and factorial structure

BackgroundCurrently, a suitable questionnaire in German language is not available to monitor the progression and evaluate the severity of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, this study aimed to translate the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GSRS-IBS) into German and to evaluate its psychometric qualities and factorial structure.MethodsThis study is based on a total sample of 372 participants [62.6% female, mean age = 41 years (SD = 17 years)]. 17.5% of the participants had a diagnosis of IBS, 19.9% were receiving treatment for chronic inflammatory bowel disease, 12.1% of the participants were recruited from a psychosomatic clinic, and 50.5% belonged to a control group. All participants completed the German version of GSRS-IBS (called Reizdarm-Fragebogen, RDF), as well as the Gießen Subjective Complaints List (GBB-24) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - German version (HADS-D).ResultsThe internal consistency of the RDF total scale was at least satisfactory in all subsamples (Cronbach’s Alpha between .77 and .92), and for all subscales (Cronbach’s Alpha between .79 and .91). The item difficulties (between .25 and .73) and the item-total correlations (between .48 and .83) were equally satisfactory. Principal axis analysis revealed a four-factorial structure of the RDF items, which mainly resembled the structure of the English original. Convergent validity was established based on substantial and significant correlations with the stomach-complaint scale of the GBB-24 (r = .71; p < .01) and the anxiety (r = .42; p < .01) and depression scales (r = .43; p < .01) of the HADS-D.ConclusionThe German version of the GSRS-IBS RDF proves to be an effective, reliable, and valid questionnaire for the assessment of symptom severity in IBS, which can be used in clinical practice as well as in clinical studies.

Influence of Teacher Performance Appraisal on Effectiveness in Curriculum Evaluation in Kenyan Public Secondary Schools

AbstractThe objective of the study was to establish the impact of Teachers Performance Appraisal(TPA) policy on effectiveness in curriculum evaluation in public secondary schools in Kenya. The study employed a Correlational research design. Additionally, the study used Stratified random sampling technique to select 179 Principals and 179 Deputy Principals. Consequently, the study used questionnaires to collect data from the Principals and Deputy Principals. The study also tested reliability of the instruments for data collection by assessing the scale's internal consistency using Crobanch's alpha, and reliability coefficient of at least 0.7 was achieved. Validity was determined by experts in Educational Administration of JaramogiOgingaOdinga University of Science and Technology. Quantitative data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that TPA policy had a significant positive influence on curriculum evaluation by teachers (r =.726, p&lt;.05). The study confirmed that TPA: accounted for 52.5% of the variation in curriculum evaluation. The study established TPA to be a significant predictor of curriculum evaluation [F (1, 316) = 351.92, p &lt;.05)]. The study recommends that the Kenyan Teachers Service Commission should enhance the use of reports when making decisions on teachers to be deployed to senior positions and those to be promoted to the next job groups. Such a step would make teachers respect and adhere to the policy guidelines. This is because the study reported that more teachers had embraced TPA with a view that it would be used to determine their suitability promotion.

Validating the short measure of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire in older workers in the context of New Zealand

The objective of this study was to validate a short version of the Effort-Reward-Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire in the context of New Zealand among older full-time and part-time employees. Data were collected from 1694 adults aged 48-83 years (mean 60 years, 53% female) who reported being in full- or part-time paid employment in the 2010 wave of the New Zealand Health, Work and Retirement study. Scale reliability was evaluated by item-total correlations and Cronbach's alpha. Factorial validity was assessed using multi-group confirmatory factor analyses assessing nested models of configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance across full- and part-time employment groups. Logistic regressions estimated associations of effort-reward ratio and over-commitment with poor physical/mental health, and depressive symptoms. Internal consistency of ERI scales was high across employment groups: effort 0.78-0.76; reward 0.81-0.77, and over-commitment 0.83-0.80. The three-factor model displayed acceptable fit in the overall sample (X2/df = 10.31; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.075), and decrements in model fit indices provided evidence for strict invariance of the three-factor ERI model across full-time and part-time employment groups. High effort-reward ratio scores were consistently associated with poor mental health and depressive symptoms for both employment groups. High over-commitment was associated with poor mental health and depressive symptoms in both groups and also with poor physical health in the full-time employment group. The short ERI questionnaire appears to be a valid instrument to assess adverse psychosocial work characteristics in old full-time and part-time employees in New Zealand.

Activity Limitations in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Role for Fear of Movement and (Re)injury Beliefs.

To determine whether fear of movement and (re)injury [FOM/(R)I] beliefs, measured with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia 11-item version (TSK-11), influence activity limitations and mediate the relationship between pain severity and activity limitations in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). In 173 patients with axSpA, these data were collected: sex, body mass index, disease duration, medication, activity limitations (BASFI; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index), disease activity [Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI); BASDAIinf, items 5 and 6; BASDAIpain, items 2 and 3; C-reactive protein and physician's global assessment], spinal mobility (BASMI; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index), and FOM/(R)I (TSK-11). Scaling assumptions and reliability of TSK-11 were tested with item-to-total correlations, item variances, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Hypothesis testing determined TSK-11's construct validity. Multiple linear regression showed the contribution of TSK-11 to BASFI (enter and backward modeling). Mediation by TSK-11 was analyzed (bias-corrected bootstrapping and Sobel test). Adequate scale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.80) and item internal consistency (range item-scale correlations 0.41-0.58, except for item 5, r = 0.23), equal item-scale correlations, and item variances were found for TSK-11. Construct validity was confirmed, except for the hypothesized positive relationship between TSK-11 and BASMI. Regression models (enter method, adjusted R2 range 53-74%) consistently identified TSK-11 as a determinant of BASFI (β range 0.155 to 0.321, p < 0.05), although BASMI (β range 0.441 to 0.537) and disease activity (β range 0.243 to 0.571, p < 0.05) were the largest determinants. TSK-11 partially mediated the BASDAIpain/BASFI relationship (B = 0.107; Sobel test, p = 0.004; bias-corrected CI 0.046-0.197). TSK-11 is a promising and valid tool to assess fearful beliefs in relation to activity limitations in axSpA. Future research applying TSK-11 may reveal FOM/(R)I as a novel treatment target in axSpA.

Psychometric testing of the Family-Carer Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale.

The aim of this study was to develop and test the construct and content validity, internal consistency of the Family-Carer Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (F-DMSES). A sample of 70 Thai individuals who cared for those living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a rural community in Thailand was included in the study. Data were collected by a questionnaire survey in January 2014. The F-DMSES was initially derived from the DMSES, with subsequent forward and backward translations from and to English and Thai languages. The psychometric properties (content, construct and internal consistency) of the Thai version were explored using the Content Validity Index approach, exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha test. The F-DMSES initially designed with 20 items was reduced to 14 items within four factors (general diet and blood glucose monitoring, medications and complications, diet in differing situations, and weight control and physical activities), and explained 72.2% of the total variance in overarching construct. Internal consistency was supported (α=0.89). The F-DMSES was also able to measure change over time following an intervention, with an effect size of 0.9. The F-DMSES is a valid and reliable self-administered instrument that measures the diabetes management self-efficacy of family-carers of individuals with T2DM. This instrument can be used in practice and clinical trials to assess the impact of family-carers on the health outcomes of individuals with T2DM.

Scale of Body Connection: A multi-sample construct validation study.

The Scale of Body Connection (SBC) was created to address the need for a self-report measure to examine body awareness and bodily dissociation in mind-body research. Developed in the U.S.A., it has been translated into many languages and tested for validity of scale translation. The burgeoning of mind-body research and the widespread use of the SBC scale underscored the need for critical assessment of the instrument’s measurement properties. Thus, a broader evaluation of the SBC was designed using large samples from eight international, cross-sectional studies drawn from community (i.e., non-clinical) populations. Specifically, we assessed scale distribution properties and internal consistency reliabity, and using confirmatory factory analysis we evaluated scale contruct validity and compared male/female measurement models. The results indicated acceptable reliability for both the body awareness and bodily dissociation scales, and a good fit between the proposed theoretic model and the data, providing evidence of construct validity across all samples. Mean differences in body awareness were observed for males vs. females in most samples, with females generally showing higher body awareness compared to males. Multi-group structural equation modeling demonstrated a stable latent factor structure and factor loadings, indicating equivalent measurement models for males and females. In summary, this multi-sample study demonstrated SBC construct validity that supports its use in clinical research as a brief, readily translated, easy to administer measure of body awareness and bodily dissociation.

A systematic review of methods to measure family co-participation in physical activity.

The family environment is key in influencing children's health behaviours. Encouraging family co-participation in physical activity may therefore be an effective approach to increasing children's physical activity levels. Yet, little is known about how to best assess family co-participation in physical activity. This review summarizes methods to measure family co-participation in physical activity, which was defined as joint physical activities including at least one healthy child (0-18years) and one other family member. Methods were identified through a systematic literature search, cross-referencing pre-selected reviews and contacting research groups. Thirty-seven measurement methods were included. Questionnaires were the most common method used, with the majority assessing frequency of co-participation and few also assessing duration and type. Reliability and internal consistency of scales were often reported, but rarely specified for the item(s) relevant to co-participation. Other methods of measuring co-participation included diaries, event history calendars, direct observations and accelerometry combined with diary, ecological momentary assessment or global positioning systems (GPS). Whilst a large number of measurement methods of family co-participation in physical activity exist, few are comprehensive and/or report acceptable psychometric properties. Future work should focus on reaching consensus in defining family co-participation in physical activity, and subsequently developing reliable and valid measures.

Addiction to work and factors relating to this: a cross-sectional study on doctors in the state of Paraíba.

Addiction to work is one of the new behavioral phenomena present in organizations and it is characterized by excess work and compulsion to work. This phenomenon may give rise to different sicknesses and may affect different professionals, including doctors. Thus, the aims of this study were to analyze the factorial validity and internal consistency of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS); to evaluate the prevalence of addiction to work among doctors in the state of Paraíba; and to investigate factors relating to addiction to work among these doctors. This was an exploratory, descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach conducted in municipalities in the state of Paraíba. Data were gathered between June and October 2015, by applying a questionnaire containing sociodemographic questions and the Work Addiction Scale. The results showed that the Work Addiction Scale has internal consistency and factorial validity and that, in the population studied, only one factor was pointed out: addiction to work. Most of the doctors were not addicted to work; among the addicts, the addiction was not excessive; and the addiction had a positive correlation with the number of shifts done and a negative correlation with age. Greater attention to this phenomenon is required and further research on this topic is needed in order to elucidate the harm caused by addiction to work in daily medical practice.

Measuring Recurring Stigma in the Lives of Individuals with Mental Illness.

We present an exploratory factor analysis of the 8-item Daily Indignities of Mental Illness (DIMI) scale, created to measure the detection and perceptions of recurring stigma among individuals with recent psychiatric hospitalizations. Structured in-person interviews were conducted with individuals with recent psychiatric hospitalizations in metropolitan New York. The 8-item DIMI scale's internal consistency for the sample (n = 65), measured by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.869. Statistically significantly higher DIMI scale scores were observed among individuals with more than 2 psychotic episodes and those reporting seeing relatives less often after hospitalization. The DIMI scale possesses good internal consistency for research contextualizing perceptions around the occurrence or recurrence of mental illness-related stigma among individuals with recent psychiatric hospitalizations.

Family accommodation of anxiety symptoms in youth undergoing intensive multimodal treatment for anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Nature, clinical correlates, and treatment response

BackgroundFamily accommodation is associated with a range of clinical features including symptom severity, functional impairment, and treatment response. However, most previous studies in children and adolescents investigated family accommodation in samples of youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or anxiety disorders receiving non-intensive outpatient services. AimsIn this study, we aimed to investigate family accommodation of anxiety symptoms in a sample of youth with clinical anxiety levels undergoing an intensive multimodal intervention for anxiety disorders or OCD. ProceduresWe first assessed the internal consistency of the Family Accommodation Scale – Anxiety (FASA). We next examined family accommodation presentation and correlates. ResultsThe FASA showed high internal consistency for all subscales and total score, and good item and subscale correlations with the total score. All parents reported at least mild accommodation, and the mean levels of family accommodation were particularly high. Child age, anxiety severity, and comorbid depressive symptoms predicted baseline accommodation. However, the association between anxiety severity and family accommodation no longer remained significant after adding the other factors to the model. In addition, family accommodation partially mediated the relationship between anxiety severity and functional impairment. Finally, post-treatment changes in family accommodation predicted changes in symptom severity and functional impairment. ConclusionsThese findings suggest the FASA is an appropriate tool to assess family accommodation in intensive treatment samples. Further, they underline the importance of addressing family accommodation in this population given the particularly high levels of accommodating behaviors and the evidence for adverse outcomes associated with this feature.

The psychometric characteristics of the revised depression attitude questionnaire (R-DAQ) in Pakistani medical practitioners: a cross-sectional study of doctors in Lahore

BackgroundDepression is common mental health problem and leading contributor to the global burden of disease. The attitudes and beliefs of the public and of health professionals influence social acceptance and affect the esteem and help-seeking of people experiencing mental health problems. The attitudes of clinicians are particularly relevant to their role in accurately recognising and providing appropriate support and management of depression. This study examines the characteristics of the revised depression attitude questionnaire (R-DAQ) with doctors working in healthcare settings in Lahore, Pakistan.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 using the revised depression attitude questionnaire (R-DAQ). A convenience sample of 700 medical practitioners based in six hospitals in Lahore was approached to participate in the survey. The R-DAQ structure was examined using Parallel Analysis from polychoric correlations. Unweighted least squares analysis (ULSA) was used for factor extraction. Model fit was estimated using goodness-of-fit indices and the root mean square of standardized residuals (RMSR), and internal consistency reliability for the overall scale and subscales was assessed using reliability estimates based on Mislevy and Bock (BILOG 3 Item analysis and test scoring with binary logistic models. Mooresville: Scientific Software, 55) and the McDonald’s Omega statistic. Findings using this approach were compared with principal axis factor analysis based on Pearson correlation matrix.Results601 (86%) of the doctors approached consented to participate in the study. Exploratory factor analysis of R-DAQ scale responses demonstrated the same 3-factor structure as in the UK development study, though analyses indicated removal of 7 of the 22 items because of weak loading or poor model fit. The 3 factor solution accounted for 49.8% of the common variance. Scale reliability and internal consistency were adequate: total scale standardised alpha was 0.694; subscale reliability for professional confidence was 0.732, therapeutic optimism/pessimism was 0.638, and generalist perspective was 0.769.ConclusionsThe R-DAQ was developed with a predominantly UK-based sample of health professionals. This study indicates that this scale functions adequately and provides a valid measure of depression attitudes for medical practitioners in Pakistan, with the same factor structure as in the scale development sample. However, optimal scale function necessitated removal of several items, with a 15-item scale enabling the most parsimonious factor solution for this population.