Space Scales Research Articles

Analysis of temporal and spatial variation of visibility in Beijing, China, from 2015 to 2020

This study analyzes the visibility characteristics in Beijing from 2015 to 2020 using the 10-min average horizonal visibility hourly data from 20 national meteorological stations (NMSs). We examine the visibility trends on different time and space scales, including year, month, day. Our findings reveal that the visibility of the Beijing area shows a noticeable change trend year by year. Overall, the number of days with high visibility (visibility ≥10 ​km) has increased, and the number of hours with low visibility (visibility < 1 ​km) has decreased. Low visibility in Beijing mainly occurs during winter, whereas high visibility occurs throughout the year. On a daily scale, low visibility mainly occurs around 6 a.m. and 8 p.m. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of high and low visibility in Beijing correlates with the topographic boundary between plains and mountains. We observed that mountainous areas have more days with increased visibility and fewer hours with low visibility, while plain areas have fewer days with high visibility and more hours with high visibility. These findings have implications for understanding the environmental hazards caused by poor visibility in Beijing, such as impaired air quality, increased traffic accidents, and reduced human mobility. By identifying the temporal and spatial patterns of visibility, this study provides valuable information that can be used to improve hazard mitigation strategies and promote public safety.

How to balance protection and development? A comprehensive analysis framework for territorial space utilization scale, function and pattern

The harmonious coexistence of man and nature is a universally recognized standard to test the rational utilization of multifunctional territorial space, and the planning of territorial space adapted to nature is a scientific guide to balance ecological protection and human development. This study focuses on the inevitable relationship between the scale, function and pattern of territorial space utilization (TSU), and puts forward a process research framework of “background evaluation-advantage comparison-optimization conduction”. Based on the evaluation of resource and environment suitability, this paper determines the scale of multifunctional territorial space through the potential conflict identification model of TSU. The location entropy method is used to identify the advantageous functions of the county level, and the matching characteristics of the research results and the current situation are obtained by comparing them with the current plan. Finally, from the county functional zoning to the regional TSU pattern, the corresponding optimization conduction path is designed to form a new development and protection pattern. The empirical results of research area show that: (1) The study area is suitable for urban construction and agricultural production as a whole. The ecological protection is mainly at the general important level, and there is a moderate potential conflict between the development and protection of territorial space. The space scale of urban construction, agricultural production and ecological protection are accounted for 8.77%, 78.71% and 12.52%, respectively. (2) The advantageous function of TSU in county-level administrative units is dominated by single advantageous function, and the number of composite advantageous functions is generally small. The advantageous functional types determined by this research have a high matching with the current plan. (3) Based on the analysis of the scale structure and functional use of territorial space, this paper defines the ecological space that should be strictly protected and the agricultural and urban space that should be moderately developed for production and construction, and sets up elastic development areas. Finally, a strategic pattern of “one corridor, two screens, three circles and four zones” is conducive to the realization of the beautiful vision of the unification of protection and development.

Comparative ecosystem modelling of dynamics and stability of subtropical estuaries under external perturbations in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Human intervention and climate change jointly influence the functions and dynamics of marine ecosystems. Studying the impacts of human and climate on ecosystem dynamics is challenging. Unlike experimental studies, research on natural systems is not amendable at the scale of time, space, and biology. With confounding factors well balanced for two adjacent subtropical estuaries except urbanized disturbances, we conducted ecosystem modelling using indirect reasoning by exclusion to quantify the relative impacts of human disruption on estuarine ecosystems under climate variability. One major finding of this study is that the human intervention tends to magnify species fluctuations, complicate the species interaction network, and enhance species interaction strength combined with disclosed downscaling climate effects (indexed as North Atlantic Oscillation and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation) on estuarine hydrology and biological communities. In addition, functional groups appeared to respond more diversely to external forcing in company with human interventions. While human perturbation was shown to destabilize the estuarine ecosystems, making them vulnerable to environmental variability under climate change, buffering effects of species diversity and trophic interaction tend to underpin the ecosystem functions. The findings of this study contribute to the holistic assessment and strategic management of estuarine ecosystems subjected to human and natural disturbances in the face of climate change.

On the Fractional Diffusion Equation Associated With Exponential Source and Operator With Exponential Kernel

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the well-posedness of mild solutions of the time-fractional diffusion equation with an exponential source function and the Caputo-Fabrizio derivative of a fractional order α∈(0,1). Some linear estimates of the solution kernels on Hilbert scale spaces are constructed using a spectrum of the Dirichlet Laplacian. Based on the Banach fixed point theorem, the global existence and uniqueness of the small-data mild solution are approved. This work is considered the first study on the time-fractional diffusion equation with a nonlinear function for all common dimensions of 1, 2, and 3.

Design of remote sensing image feature extraction method based on high score 2 wavelet transform

The feature extraction of Gaofen-2 Remote Sensing Image (RSI) has problems such as poor extraction accuracy and large noise reduction error. Therefore, this paper designs an RSI feature extraction method based on high score 2 wavelet transform (WT). The RSI is collected with the help of Gaofen-2 satellite and high-resolution remote sensing technology, the key points of the image are determined through the Gaussian difference scale space, and the key points of the edge are judged by the peak curvature value of the difference function at the edge junction, so as to complete the RSI acquisition. Specific filtering and spatial domain transformations are used to remove image noise and improve the quality of RSI. The mean shift (MS) algorithm is used to iteratively find the area with the most dense sample points in the RSI space, complete the image analysis, and realize the preprocessing of the high score 2 RSI. The linear features of the RSI are determined by the WT algorithm, and the image threshold is set for feature extraction of the high score 2 RSI. The experimental results show that in the RSI noise reduction error analysis of different methods, the noise reduction error curve of the sample RSI of the method proposed in this paper has the lowest trend, which is always lower than 2%. Compared with the two methods proposed before, the error is higher. At the same time, in the accuracy analysis of key point feature extraction, the proposed scheme has better accuracy. Therefore, it can be seen that this method has better comprehensive performance, and the proposed method can effectively improve the feature extraction accuracy of RSI and reduce the noise in RSI.

Scalable exponentially complex representations of logical phi-bit states and experimental demonstration of an operable three phi-bit gate using an acoustic metastructure

Logical phi-bits are nonlinear acoustic modes analogous to qubits and supported by an externally driven acoustic metastructure. A correspondence is established between the state of three correlated logical phi-bits represented in a low-dimensional linearly scaling physical space and their state representation as a complex vector in a high-dimensional exponentially scaling Hilbert space. We show the experimental implementation of a nontrivial three phi-bit unitary operation analogous to a quantum circuit. This three phi-bit gate operates in parallel on the components of the three phi-bit complex state vector. While this operation would be challenging to perform in one step on a quantum computer, by comparison, ours requires only a single physical action on the metastructure.

Induction Motor Noise Source Separation and Identification Based on Adaptive Scale-Space Mode Extraction

Separating induction motor noise sources can provide an important reference basis for induction motor condition detection, noise reduction treatment, and fault diagnosis. Induction motors have different types of noise sources that partially overlap, and most radiate outward through the housing, so it is difficult to separate these noise sources. Therefore, a single-channel induction motor noise source separation and identification method, based on adaptive scale-space modal extraction (ASSME) is proposed. Firstly, the adaptive scale-space mode extraction method is proposed by constructing the electromagnetic feature scale space and the adaptive penalty factor. The simulation results show that this method solves over-decomposition problems in the classical scale-space variational mode decomposition and the difficulty in balancing the harmonic and shock modes. Secondly, motor noise experiments are conducted to construct blind source separation multi-channel inputs using the adaptive scale-space modal extraction method, judging the validity of the modal components using correlation and the variance contribution rate. Finally, robust independent component analysis (RobustICA) is used to extract independent noise components and identify these noise sources by power spectral density and envelope analysis. The results show that the multi-channel input signals obtained by the proposed method are more accurate and practical than those obtained by other methods. The independent components extracted through this noise source separation method are: electromagnetic noise of different orders, aerodynamic noise, and switching frequency noise.

Disentangled convolution for optimizing receptive field

Convolutional neural network (CNN) is one of the primary techniques for high-performance image recognition. The convolution operation with small-sized filters is a key ingredient of CNN and the receptive field of the whole CNN is enlarged by stacking lots of convolution layers. The convolution layer, however, is problematic in terms of the receptive field. It provides fixed small receptive field due to the fixed filter size in convolution, which requires us to manually control it in advance. Besides, the larger-sized convolution filters significantly increase computation cost. Thus, in this study, we propose a method to adaptively tune the receptive field of the convolution operation in an end-to-end manner as well as to enlarge the receptive field in a low computation cost. Based on the biological studies and scale-space theory, we can disentangle convolution operation into Gaussian envelope filtering for smoothing and derivative-related filtering, both of which are heterogeneously parameterized. Those two types of filters are jointly optimized in the end-to-end CNN training and the receptive field of the convolution is adequately optimized via learning the Gaussian envelope with a low extra computation cost. The experimental results on image classification tasks demonstrate that the proposed method effectively enlarges receptive field to improve performance.

Questioning the Administrative Accountability of the ITU on the QUESS Oversight

In accordance with the SI unit of the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the cesium 133 atom, Eutelsat has secured the safety procedures of telecommunication decays in the development of quantum communication technology. As observers of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is bound for intergovernmental observers with specialized agencies of the United Nations and IAEA based on reciprocity. The apparent overpowered photon beam of the Quantum Experiment at Space Scale (QUESS) military intelligence purposed telecommunication encryption designs launched around 2016, along with a German photon experiment directed at earth, were neither intervened by the ITU nor the IAEA. According to Article 10 63. 1. of the International Telecommunication Convention, the ITU is responsible with International Frequency Registration Board for the administrative accountability, however, Article 8 54. (3) gives rent to the administrative powers of the organization for agenda settings by the Secretary-General. The article analyzes and questions the administrative accountability of the ITU in the oversight of the high energy photon applications in the telecommunications and if the IAEA was informed by the International Frequency Registration Board on this matter. Correlated behaviors in the cyber-based criminology, with significant impact on public health and biological integrity from such operations, is supplemented for the alteration of financial &amp; economic incentives in the democratic systems, which constituted the liberal International institutionalism. The research contends that criminal liabilities ought to be sought for in the criminological chain.

Numerical study of the precession-driven flow inside a sphere using helical wave decomposition

Numerical solutions of the precession-driven flows inside a sphere are presented by means of a previously proposed spectral method based on helical wave decomposition, and flow properties are investigated in helical wave spectral space. Four different flow states can be generated under precession, including the steady, periodic, quasi-periodic, and turbulent ones. Flow fields are decomposed into two components of opposite polarity by the sign of the helicity of each helical wave. It is found that the flows in the steady and periodic states are polarity-symmetric, while the quasi-periodic and turbulent states are polarity-asymmetric, regarding the kinetic energy distribution for each polarity. The two components of opposite polarity for the quasi-periodic case have exactly the same frequency spectra with respect to the kinetic energy, differing from the turbulent case. At high Reynolds numbers, the helical wave energy spectra show a scaling of λ − 7 / 3, which is different from the scaling of k − 2 for the homogeneous turbulence under precession. The helical wave spectral dynamic equation is derived for the investigation of the mechanism of the turbulent flows. The energy to sustain the precession-driven flows comes from the boundary motion, which is equivalent to a body force being enforced on all scales in spectral space. The energy is concentrated on the largest scales and transferred to smaller scales through the nonlinear interaction. In contrast, the Coriolis force gives rise to an inverse cascade that transfers energy from small to large scales.

PD30-06 A NOVEL SYSTEM FOR TEACHING INTRAOPERATIVE LAPAROSCOPIC SKILLS USING STANDARDIZED COMMUNICATION AND AN ENDOSCOPIC MONITOR FRAME OF REFERENCE TOOL

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023PD30-06 A NOVEL SYSTEM FOR TEACHING INTRAOPERATIVE LAPAROSCOPIC SKILLS USING STANDARDIZED COMMUNICATION AND AN ENDOSCOPIC MONITOR FRAME OF REFERENCE TOOL Kikachukwu Otiono, Jennifer Hoogenes, Kevin Kim, Bobby Shayegan, Anil Kapoor, Kevin Piercey, and Edward D. Matsumoto Kikachukwu OtionoKikachukwu Otiono More articles by this author , Jennifer HoogenesJennifer Hoogenes More articles by this author , Kevin KimKevin Kim More articles by this author , Bobby ShayeganBobby Shayegan More articles by this author , Anil KapoorAnil Kapoor More articles by this author , Kevin PierceyKevin Piercey More articles by this author , and Edward D. MatsumotoEdward D. Matsumoto More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003316.06AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Directional terminology in the operating room (OR) during laparoscopic surgery is a common source of confusion for trainees, as the spatial orientation of the on-screen operative field differs depending on the viewer’s perspective and frame of reference. We developed and evaluated the utility and feasibility of 2 endoscopic monitor screen overlays designed to standardize directional instruction. METHODS: For a baseline perspective on laparoscopic instruction, we video-recorded and qualitatively analyzed 20 teaching cases. We then designed and printed 2 transparent endoscopic monitor overlays: an alphanumeric grid (AG) and a clock. In a laparoscopic simulation lab, 63 medical students were randomized into 3 groups of 21: control, AG, and clock. AG and clock groups were given overlay-specific instructions. All groups completed 3 trials of 6 transfer tasks. Completion and error rates were recorded. We then trialed the overlays in 44 teaching cases in urology and general surgery (30 AG and 14 clock). All cases were video recorded, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed. Participants completed follow-up experiential surveys with 6-point Likert scales of agreement and space for comments. RESULTS: In the baseline cases, instructors often used directional terms (e.g., screen left/right; up/down) and pointed to the screen during instruction. In the simulation study, the AG group demonstrated the lowest error rates which became significant by trial 3 (p=0.01). 6 instructors and 21 residents from urology (n=14) and general surgery (n=7) participated in the intraoperative evaluation of the overlays. Instructors rated the AG higher than the clock in improving efficiency and hand-eye coordination (p’s<0.001) and agreed that it should be used in the residency program. Trainees rated the AG higher in improving operative technique and confidence in the OR (p’s<0.001). Instructors were more likely to recommend use of the AG over the clock (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: We showed that an AG overlay used with standardized commands significantly improved instruction and learning during simulated and live laparoscopic cases. Further work will involve the evaluation of the economy of motion and errors while using the overlay. This could lead to the use of a heads-up display for laparoscopic and robotic training. Further exploration of instructor-trainee discourse is necessary when considering the development and implementation of new methods to improve intraoperative teaching in the era of competency-based medical education. Source of Funding: McMaster Surgical Associates, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e833 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Kikachukwu Otiono More articles by this author Jennifer Hoogenes More articles by this author Kevin Kim More articles by this author Bobby Shayegan More articles by this author Anil Kapoor More articles by this author Kevin Piercey More articles by this author Edward D. Matsumoto More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

A sub-2 Kelvin cryogenic magneto-terahertz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (cm-THz-sSNOM)

We have developed a versatile near-field microscopy platform that can operate at high magnetic fields and below liquid-helium temperatures. We use this platform to demonstrate an extreme terahertz (THz) nanoscope operation and to obtain the first cryogenic magneto-THz time-domain nano-spectroscopy/imaging at temperatures as low as 1.8 K, magnetic fields of up to 5 T, and with operation of 0–2 THz. Our Cryogenic Magneto-Terahertz Scattering-type Scanning Near-field Optical Microscope (or cm-THz-sSNOM) instrument is comprised of three main equipment: (i) a 5 T split pair magnetic cryostat with a custom made insert, (ii) a custom sSNOM instrument capable of accepting ultrafast THz excitation, and (iii) a MHz repetition rate, femtosecond laser amplifier for broadband THz pulse generation and sensitive detection. We apply the cm-THz-sSNOM to obtain proof of principle measurements of superconductors and topological semimetals. The new capabilities demonstrated break grounds for studying quantum materials that require an extreme environment of cryogenic operation and/or applied magnetic fields in nanometer space, femtosecond time, and THz energy scales.

Autonomous Output Feedback Stabilization With Prescribed Settling-Time Bound

Novel output feedback stabilization is developed for a chain of integrators to impose on the closed-loop system an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a priori</i> given settling-time bound regardless of the initial state. The intended design is deduced from fixed-time stabilization using a proportional time–space scaling. The resulting nonsmooth feedback relies on time-independent gains thereby admitting its straightforward implementation as opposed to the original design (Song et al., 2017) with time-varying gains, escaping to infinity as time goes to the prescribed-time instant. The proposed observer-based output feedback design with constant gains and with prescribed convergence rate constitutes the main contribution of this article.

On Caputo fractional elliptic equation with nonlocal condition

This paper is first study for considering nonlocal elliptic equation with Caputo derivative. We obtain the upper bound of the mild solution. The second contribution is to provide the lower bound of the solution at terminal time. We prove the non-correction of the problem in the sense of Hadamard. The main tool is the use of upper and lower bounds of the Mittag-Lefler function, combined with analysis in Hilbert scales space.

Optical and SAR Image Registration Based on Multi-Scale Orientated Map of Phase Congruency

Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are highly complementary, and their registrations are a fundamental task for other remote sensing applications. Traditional feature-matching algorithms fail to solve the significant nonlinear radiation difference (NRD) caused by different sensors. To address this problem, a robust registration algorithm with the multi-scale orientated map of phase congruency (MSPCO) is proposed. First, a nonlinear diffusion scale space is established to obtain the scale invariance of feature points. Compared with the linear Gaussian scale space, the nonlinear diffusion scale space can better preserve the edge and texture information. Second, to ensure the quantity and repeatability of features, corner points and edge points are detected on the moment map of phase congruency, respectively, which is the foundation to the next feature matching. Third, the MSPCO descriptor is constructed via the orientation of phase congruency (PCO). PCO is highly robust to NRD, and the different scales of PCOs enhance the robustness of the descriptor. Finally, a feature-matching strategy based on an effective scale ratio is proposed, which reduces the number of comparisons among features and improves computational efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed method is better than the existing feature-based methods in terms of the number of correct matches and registration accuracy. The registration accuracy is only inferior to that of the most advanced template matching method, and the accuracy difference is within 0.3 pixels, which fully demonstrates the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method in optical and SAR image registration.

Structure function tensor equations with triple decomposition

Exact budget equations are derived for the coherent and stochastic contributions to the second-order structure function tensor. They extend the anisotropic generalised Kolmogorov equations (AGKE) by considering the coherent and stochastic parts of the Reynolds stress tensor, and are useful for the statistical description of turbulent flows with periodic or quasi-periodic features, like, for example, the alternate shedding after a bluff body. While the original AGKE describe production, transport, inter-component redistribution and dissipation of the Reynolds stresses in the combined space of scales and positions, the new equations, called $\varphi$ AGKE, contain the phase $\varphi$ as an additional independent variable, and describe the interplay among the mean, coherent and stochastic fields at the various phases. The newly derived $\varphi$ AGKE are then applied to a case where an exactly periodic external forcing drives the flow: a turbulent plane channel flow modified by harmonic spanwise oscillations of the wall to reduce drag. The phase-by-phase action of the oscillating transversal Stokes layer generated by the forcing on the near-wall turbulent structures is observed, and a detailed description of the scale-space interaction among mean, coherent and stochastic fields is provided thanks to the $\varphi$ AGKE.

Annual and decadal net morphological displacement of a small gravel‐bed channel

AbstractThe sediment supplied to a stream channel impacts the morphological trends experienced by that channel, and the long‐term trends are important to understand for many riverine applications. We introduce the term ‘net morphological displacement’ (NMD) to denote the net channel change revealed by the morphological method over multiple sediment transport events to make the concept more explicit for river management and use it to determine equilibrium or disequilibrium states. This study explores the morphological response of East Creek, a small threshold gravel‐bed channel in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada, to variations in flow and sediment supply at multiple spatial and temporal scales over 15 years. High‐resolution topographic data (HRTD) of the bed were combined with cross‐sectional surveys of the banks to determine the sediment supply that the channel responded to annually. The level of detection used to remove noise associated with HRTD was calibrated using an independent tracer stone dataset. The net effects from multiple floods caused distributions of bed elevation change to generally follow the log‐normal distribution, and mean depths of erosion and deposition were predominantly similar between morphological units. At the reach scale, the various reaches of East Creek responded differently to the same hydrological events due to the impacts from the varying supply conditions on the NMD. Shorter measurement periods would have resulted in inconclusive information that does not show the long‐term morphological trends of the channel. Determination of these trends can take years or decades, depending on the time and space scales of change, but there is generally a lack of long‐term channel monitoring programmes, notably after river restoration. More long‐term channel monitoring programmes are required to assess restoration projects and ensure their long‐term sustainability.

PLATFORM VISIONS AND INVASIONS: SPATIAL (RE)IMAGINATIONS IN BIG TECH DISCOURSE

This panel analyzes the textual and audiovisual discourses in which big tech companies envision social spaces and their platforms’ roles in relation to those spaces. The panel asks: What are the visions of human life and technology that big tech companies narrate in relation to public and social spaces? And how do these tech-generated visions compare to current insights in and critiques of how these companies intervene in and disrupt social spaces? Situated within the field of critical platform studies, the panel’s premise is that the discourses produced by tech companies form an integral part of these companies’ interventions in people’s relations with themselves, others, and their environments. In order to develop a critical understanding of the platform society, it is crucial to examine those discourses through which tech companies present themselves almost as state-like powers that can be trusted with “public” services. Employing methods of textual and visual analysis, this panel offers such perspective. In its analysis of big tech’s spatial visions, the panel moves between different scales of spaces (domestic, educational, urban, extraterrestrial). In relation to these spaces, the panel articulates a discrepancy between the visions of life produced by tech companies and big tech’s invasive, perhaps even extractivist and colonial logic.

Dual-LightGCN: Dual light graph convolutional network for discriminative recommendation

In recent years, graph neural networks have played a very important role in graph data analysis, and the application of graph convolutional networks (GCN) to recommender systems has been extensively investigated by recent studies. GCNs also recently demonstrated their potential to be analyzed from the point of view of Explainable Artificial Intelligence because of their underlying structure. However, most of the existing GCN-based methods are aggregated of information in one scale space and did not consider aggregation of information in multi-scale space. On this basis, this paper proposes an innovative dual light graph convolutional network model called Dual-LightGCN, which explicitly filters out items disliked by users to ensure more discriminative recommendation. Particularly, our model divides the original user–item interaction graph into two bipartite subgraphs, one subgraph is used to model the preferences between users and items, while the other is used to model the dislike relationships between them. For these two subgraphs, the LightGCN model recommendation is performed on them respectively. In the Movielens-1M dataset, the F1-score in Dual-LightGCN has increased by an average of 26%. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed method on two datasets of different sizes and compared it with several state-of-the-art recommendation algorithms, and the results showed that the accuracy and F1-score results were significantly higher than those of other recommendation algorithms. The significantly low computational time required makes the proposed method suitable for successful deployment in various IoT scenarios.

Near-surface characteristics of velocity profile and momentum transport after wave-breaking in deep water

Wave-breaking plays an important role in the process of mixing in the upper ocean, which can cause wave momentum and energy flux loss, enhance near-surface turbulence, and adjust the distribution of the momentum flux at the air-sea interface. In this paper, wave-breaking was generated using a laboratory method of controllable deep water breaking waves, and flow field characteristics after wave-breaking were measured and analyzed using PIV technology and the ensemble average method. The velocity threshold was proposed for the effective influence of wave-breaking on the flow field, then the EID (Effective-Influenced-Depth) of wave-breaking, which is Dv in the paper, was quantified, and the quantitative relationship between Dv and energy loss induced by breaking was established. Velocity characteristics of the near-surface flow field and transport characteristics of horizontal momentum induced by wave-breaking were analyzed, which can contribute to the parameterization of wave-breaking. The results show that the energy injected by wave-breaking is transported downstream along the direction of wave propagation. The vertical-influenced range of wave-breaking is about 1–2 times the wave-breaking height. The time integral of horizontal momentum flux increases significantly in the depth of about 1 time the wave-breaking height near the surface and decays significantly with depth. Mass transport of the fluid near the surface induced by wave-breaking mainly occurs in the depth where momentum flux increases significantly. After about 29 times the SWWP (spectrally weighted wave period) after breaking, fluid near the surface is no longer under the action of horizontal stress induced by wave-breaking, so no mass transport occurs anymore. For parameterization of wave-breaking in circulation models, the research can provide a reference in time and space scale, as well as experimental data support for the establishment of a new influence mode.