Scale Patterns Research Articles

Comparative analysis of image classification with retrieval system

Currently, the term 'content-based image retrieval' seems to be a highly attentive system for handling the broad image datasets since the data storage mechanisms and image acquisition are becoming the most empowered logic in image processing. The previous CBIR system has been proposed under nonlinear similarity matching measure in a logarithmic scale and informative pattern descriptor has quantified the range of similarity content. This article implements a novel CBIR system that emphasises the classification concept using a deep belief network (DBN) classifier. In this concept, apart from the image retrieval, the used classifier classifies the respective classes of retrieved images. Finally, the proposed local vector pattern (PLVP) with DBN classifier (PLVP-DBN) compares its performance over other conventional retrieval concepts: PLVP-with log similarity, PLVP-without log similarity, and also with neural network (NN) classifier.

Comparison of coping methods in marital disputes and the communication pattern of couples in married women with and without borderline personality

Objective: Numerous studies indicate the existence of fears, tensions, legal conflicts and traumatic interpersonal relationships and their subsequent low quality of life in patients with borderline personality. The purpose of this research was to compare the ways of dealing with marital disputes and the communication pattern of couples in married women with and without borderline personality. Method: The current research was a causal-comparative study and the participants were selecting by random available sampling method in Qom city in 2018, including 100 subjects and 50 individuals for each group, and among them, Leichsenring’s borderline personality questionnaire (1999), Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2, 2004) and Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ, 1984) were distributed. The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS software and univariate analysis of variance. Results: There was a significant difference between the marital discord scales and couples' communication patterns in women with and without borderline personality, with 99% confidence. Based on the obtained data, the components of the scale of marital disputes (injury, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, physical violence, mental violence) and the scale of couples' communication patterns in women with and without borderline personality, showed more than 47% of the effect, in women with and without borderline personality. Conclusion: The results showed that self-learning variables marital intimacy and job satisfaction positively and significantly affect marital adjustment.

Nature Inspired Thermomechanical Treatment to Investigate the Mechanical Properties of AISI 1040

Strengthening of metals as a function of metal working and thermal treatment is being utilized effectively in steel structures. Effect on strength beyond thermomechanical treatment has been the focus of this research by imprinting a nature inspired pattern on one side of the sheet metal. Pangolin scale pattern overlapped on AISI 1040 sheet metal while preserving its base treatment. Microstructure, impact toughness, hardness, and tensile strength with notch opposite to worked side was investigated after forging and post forging heat-treatment. After heating at 800°C, overlapping patterned forging was done on one side of two plates and then subsequently cooled in two ways, air cooled, and water quenched. To analyze the effect of forging and heat treatment, Charpy impact, UTS, hardness tests, and metallography were carried out on the heat treated (forged + quenched), untreated (forged + air cooled) and base (as received) specimens. The Room temperature Charpy test showed that the untreated specimen has the highest impact toughness of 120 J as that of the base and heat-treated specimen, 44 J and 60 J respectively. The heat-treated specimen showed an increase in macro and micro hardness than for the base and untreated specimens. Whereas the UTS has dropped in untreated and heat-treated specimens as compared to the base specimen, because in tensile test load is applied uniformly throughout the specimen so the stress concentrations in the unforged side of the metal higher than the side which is forged with overlapping patterns.

Guard hair micro-morphology of four non-human primates in Shasha Forest Reserve, Osun State, Nigeria

Mammalian guard hairs have been used for their identification and have been proved useful in wildlife population surveys and trafficking. The qualitative and quantitative features of the dorsal guard hairs of four non-human primates (NHPs) from Shasha Forest Reserve were studied using standard procedures to determine their differences. The NHPs were mona (MM), putty-nosed (PNM), and white-throated (WTM) monkeys, and red-capped mangabey (RCM). The qualitative features determined were medulla pattern, and structure, scale margin distance and type, and scale pattern. The quantitative values studied were scale length and width, shaft diameter (μm), medulla diameter, and medulla index and fraction. Continuous medulla pattern was the only qualitative feature common to all the species. The MM hair had the highest recorded values for all morphological characteristics except shaft diameter and scale width in which PNM had the highest value of 323.00 ± 58.37 and 630.55 ± 213.95μm respectively. The medullary diameter, index and fraction, and shaft diameter were highly significant (P<0.001) among all the species. Post-hoc comparison showed that the medullary diameter, index, and fraction of hairs of the MM was significantly different (P≤0.001) from the other three NPHs. The shaft diameter of the MM was also significantly different from that of the PNM (P≤0.001), and WTM (P≤0.004). The scale width of RCM differed from PNM (P≤0.01), and WTM (P≤0.05). These empirically established morphological differences in guard hairs of the four NHPs in SFR would be useful in verifying their habitat occupancy and forensic evidence in case of illegal trafficking.

Scaling of Energy, Water, and Waste Flows in China's Prefecture-Level and Provincial Cities.

Cities have been envisioned as biological organisms as the integral part of nature's energy and material flows. Recent advances in urban scaling research have uncovered systematic changes in socioeconomic rates and infrastructural networks as urban population increases, providing predictive contents for the comparison between cities and organisms. However, it is still unclear how and why larger and smaller cities may differ in their per capita environmental impacts. Here, we study scaling patterns of urban energy, water, and waste flows as well as other relevant measures in Chinese cities. We divide cities into different groups using an algorithm that automatically assigns cities to clusters with distinct scaling patterns. Despite superlinear scaling of urban GDP, as predicted by urban scaling theories, resource consumption, such as the supply of electricity and water, and waste generation, such as wastewater and domestic waste, do not show significant deviations from linear scaling. The lengths of resource pipelines scale linearly in most cases, as opposed to sub-linearity predicted by theory. Furthermore, we show two competing forces underlying the overall observed effects of scale: a higher population density tends to decrease per capita resource consumption and infrastructure provisions, while intensified socioeconomic activities have the opposite effect.

Aile İletişim Kalıpları ve Akran İlişkilerinin Siber Mağduriyet ve Zorbalık Üzerindeki Etkisi: İnternet Bağımlılığının Aracı Etkisi

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı aile iletişim kalıpları, akran ilişkileri ve internet bağımlılığının siber mağduriyet ve zorbalık üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi ve internet bağımlılığının aracı etkisinin bir model aracılığı ile değerlendirilmesidir.
 Yöntem: Araştırmaya İzmir İlinde 4 farklı türdeki 8 lisede öğrenim gören 14-19 yaş aralığında toplam 320 kişi katılmıştır. Sosyodemografik bilgiler formu, Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık Envanteri, Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Akran İlişkileri Ölçeği ve Aile İletişim Kalıpları Ölçeği uygulanmıştır 
 Bulgular: Katılımcıların %49,9’u erkek olup yaş ortalaması 16,25±1,13’tür. %95,4’ü cep telefonuna, %71,2’sinin bilgisayara, %42,5’i tablete sahiptir. Öğrencilerin çoğunluğu (%67,5) interneti ebeveynlerinin denetimi olmaksızın istediği kadar kullanabilmekte ve günde beş saatten fazla internette zaman geçirmektedir (%30,5). Çok değişkenli analizde siber mağduriyet ile internet bağımlılığı, akran, serbestiyetçi ve koruyucu aile türü ile anlamlı düzeyde ilişkili iken, siber zorbalıkta internet bağımlılığı serbestiyetçi ve koruyucu aile türü ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Yol analizinde siber mağduriyet üzerinde akran ilişkilerinin ve aile iletişimin toplam etkisi sırasıyla β=0,212 ve β=0,144 düzeyindedir. Siber zorbalık üzerindeki toplam etki sırasıyla β=0,158 ve β=0,138 büyüklüğündedir.
 Sonuç: Siber mağduriyet ve zorbalık, akran ilişkileri, aile iletişimi ve internet bağımlılığından etkilenmektedir. Gençlerde internet bağımlılığına ve dolayısıyla siber mağduriyet ve zorbalığa neden olan faktörler etki yolakları ile birlikte iyi tespit edilip denetlenmelidir.

Comparative study of morphology and keratin levels in hair from deer and goat

Hair is a defining character of mammals. In the present study, the hair samples of Chital Axis axis, Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor, and goat Capra hircus were collected from the back, neck, abdomen and tail regions of carcasses brought to the forensic laboratory for necropsy examinations. Cross-sections of hair, cuticle scale, and medullary patterns were analyzed to establish indices for species identification. Keratin levels were also analyzed by protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). We determined that both microscopic and SDS-PAGE analysis of guard hair is useful for identifying species, particularly in forensic applications.

A mismatch between morphological and molecular data in lineages of Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Lowa basin (East Democratic Republic of the Congo: DRC) with the description of a new species

Six populations of morphologically similar Enteromius specimens with a weakly thickened and serrated dorsal spine from the Lowa basin were investigated using an integrative approach including qualitative characters, multivariate morphometrics, and DNA analyses (mtCOI and ncMyh6). These populations are nested within the COI lineage of the E. miolepis species-complex, but differ from all known Enteromius species from the Congo basin, by their dorsal spine morphology, colour pattern, and scale pattern at the dorsal-fin base. In addition, they represent two distinct COI lineages (genetic distance: 5.6–6.1%), with four populations forming a single well-supported lineage described as a new species, Enteromius radari sp. nov. The two remaining populations are sister to the E. miolepis lineage from the Itimbiri. The incongruent position of these two populations in the COI tree may point to past introgressive hybridization events, incomplete lineage sorting, or recent speciation. Analysis of a ncDNA marker (Myh6) did not provide more information due to its slow mutation rate. These results are indicative for introgression or mtDNA capture and provide the first report for such an evolutionary event in Enteromius from the Congo basin. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D2263E5B-D403-404C-B66C-852215ED100C

Full-resolution, full-field-of-view, and high-quality fast Fourier single-pixel imaging.

Fourier single-pixel imaging (FSI) uses Fourier basis patterns for spatial light modulation to acquire the Fourier spectrum of the object image. The object image can be reconstructed via an inverse Fourier transform. However, the Fourier basis patterns are inherently gray scale, which results in the difficulty that the patterns can hardly be generated at a high speed by using a commonly used spatial light modulator-digital micromirrors device. To tackle this problem, fast FSI, which uses upsampled and dithered Fourier basis patterns to approximate the gray scale patterns, has been reported, but the achievable spatial resolution has to be sacrificed in the pattern upsampling process. Here we propose a method that can achieve not only full-resolution but also full-field-of-view and high-quality FSI. The key to the proposed method is to use a new, to the best of our knowledge, error diffusion dithering algorithm combined with two different scanning strategies to generate two sets of binarized Fourier basis patterns for spatial light modulation. As a result, two images with a sub-pixel shift from each other are reconstructed. It results in the final high-quality reconstruction by synthesizing the two images. We experimentally demonstrate the method can produce a high-quality 1024 × 768-pixel and full resolution image with a digital micromirror device with 1024 × 768 micromirrors.

A large-scale view of marine heatwaves revealed by archetype analysis

Marine heatwaves can have disastrous impacts on ecosystems and marine industries. Given their potential consequences, it is important to understand how broad-scale climate variability influences the probability of localised extreme events. Here, we employ an advanced data-mining methodology, archetype analysis, to identify large scale patterns and teleconnections that lead to marine extremes in certain regions. This methodology is applied to the Australasian region, where it identifies instances of anomalous sea-surface temperatures, frequently associated with marine heatwaves, as well as the broadscale oceanic and atmospheric conditions associated with those extreme events. Additionally, we use archetype analysis to assess the ability of a low-resolution climate model to accurately represent the teleconnection patterns associated with extreme climate variability, and discuss the implications for the predictability of these impactful events.

Evaluation of Putative Hybrid Hatchlings between Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) in Tortuguero, Costa Rica

Although hybridization processes in the Cheloniidae family have been documented since the 19th century, detailed reports of these occurrences are scarce. Therefore, the record of a hybridization between Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill Sea Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) signifies an important event. In this study, we report the third known record of hybridization between C. mydas and E. imbricata in the Caribbean Sea. In Tortuguero, Costa Rica, we marked and monitored several nests from both species during the 2020 nesting season. Offspring from two E. imbricata clutches showed morphological characteristics corresponding to both species. We compared 20 individuals from each of these nests to large groups of pure C. mydas and E. imbricata individuals. We measured carapace length and mass of each hatchling and documented other morphological properties such as scale patterns on the head to better identify the species. Because these hatchlings presented different combinations of representative characteristics of each species, we concluded that they are hybrid individuals. Our findings provide a new record of a C. mydas · E. imbricata hybridization event.

Universal Non-Extensive Statistical Physics Temporal Pattern of Major Subduction Zone Aftershock Sequences.

Large subduction-zone earthquakes generate long-lasting and wide-spread aftershock sequences. The physical and statistical patterns of these aftershock sequences are of considerable importance for better understanding earthquake dynamics and for seismic hazard assessments and earthquake risk mitigation. In this work, we analyzed the statistical properties of 42 aftershock sequences in terms of their temporal evolution. These aftershock sequences followed recent large subduction-zone earthquakes of M ≥ 7.0 with focal depths less than 70 km that have occurred worldwide since 1976. Their temporal properties were analyzed by investigating the probability distribution of the interevent times between successive aftershocks in terms of non-extensive statistical physics (NESP). We demonstrate the presence of a crossover behavior from power-law (q ≠ 1) to exponential (q = 1) scaling for greater interevent times. The estimated entropic q-values characterizing the observed distributions range from 1.67 to 1.83. The q-exponential behavior, along with the crossover behavior observed for greater interevent times, are further discussed in terms of superstatistics and in view of a stochastic mechanism with memory effects, which could generate the observed scaling patterns of the interevent time evolution in earthquake aftershock sequences.

Integumentary impressions on hadrosaurid specimens from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada: implications for integument patterns and hand morphology

ABSTRACT Fossilized dinosaur skin provides information about scale morphology, scale patterns, and soft-tissue structures that are otherwise unknown from skeletal elements. Here, we describe three indeterminate hadrosaurid specimens with extensive skin impressions from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta that shed light on the diversity of integument patterns and manus soft-tissue morphology within Hadrosauridae. Skin impressions on the anterior torso of a juvenile hadrosaurid reveal a scale pattern of alternating vertical bands of small polygonal and pebbly basement scales. If these scale stripes corresponded to color stripes in life then this hadrosaur species may have preferred open habitats, as modern animals with vertical color stripes often live in such habitats. Integument preserved on the manus of two other specimens show that digits II–III–IV were of subequal length and united in a common fleshy structure, as opposed to those previously described from exceptionally preserved Edmontosaurus annectens mummies, in which digit II is apparently shorter and independent from digits III–IV. As such, the diversity of soft-tissue morphology in the manus within Hadrosauridae may be greater than previously realized.

A Replication Study of the Impact of Impulsivity on Risky Cybersecurity Behaviors

Hadlington (2017) conducted a survey using respondents from the United Kingdom (UK) to examine the relationship between the three dimensions of impulsivity and risky cybersecurity behavior. His results showed that risky cybersecurity behavior was positively correlated to attentional impulsivity and motor impulsivity, but was negatively correlated with non-planning impulsivity. He also examined the relationship between internet addiction and attitude towards cybersecurity, and, risky cybersecurity behaviors. Our longer term goal is to conduct research to gain an in-depth understanding of the role of impulsivity in cybersecurity. Towards this end, we conducted a methodological replication of the Hadlington study to determine the generalizability of his results for respondents from a different country, i.e., USA. Our replication confirmed most of the correlations between the variables in Hadlington’s study, though there are some differences that need further examination. We further explored the data in search of meaningful patterns in risky cybersecurity behaviors scale and its relationship with different impulsivity components. Our exploratory analysis suggests a need for a typology of cybersecurity behaviors. Overall, we see a sufficient basis to pursue research on the effects of impulsivity on risky security behaviors.

Clinical techniques in veterinary dermatology: Dermoscopy.

Dermoscopy is a noninvasive, painless, easy-to-perform technique used in human and veterinary medicine for rapid and magnified in vivo observation of dermatological lesions and disease. Dermoscopy can lead to a swifter diagnosis and may eliminate the need to perform more invasive diagnostic testing such as skin biopsies. To perform dermoscopy, the clinician needs a dermoscope and a software program equipped with image capture for pattern identification. Two techniques exist for dermoscopy: standard contact, where the dermoscope is applied directly to the patient's skin with the use of a liquid interface, or noncontact, where there is no direct contact between the skin and the dermoscope. The most important criteria to be considered when using dermoscopy are the morphology/arrangement of vascular structures, scaling patterns, colours, follicular abnormalities and specific disease features. Application of dermoscopic findings should always be correlated with the patient's history, clinical signs and the morphology of the skin lesions. Dermoscopy does require an initial financial and time investment by the clinician, yet this technique can quickly and easily help to identify patterns of disease that correlate with clinical diagnosis of dermatological disease.

Scaling-out gender transformative approaches in agriculture research for development

This paper looks at the spread and socialization of gender transformative approaches (GTA) within a network of research and development organizations that focus on gender and agriculture. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 respondents from 19 development and research organizations who work in the agriculture sector and have some interest or engagement with GTA, and we analyzed the scaling drivers and patterns within and beyond this immediate network. The findings show a rapidly growing interest in GTA across the ecosystem, especially among organizations with a strong commitment to helping achieve gender equality. GTA are scaling out across the ecosystem in a nonlinear way, through both direct and indirect strategies. Factors such as the mandate and agency of an organization, as well as the persistence and passion of individual stakeholders appear to be important drivers in influencing how GTA are spreading. Despite the enthusiasm and high momentum for doing gender transformative work across the organizations, this study also surfaces serious reservations about how rapidly the terminology and/or tools related with GTA are being adopted, while there remain widely varying levels of understanding, gender expertise, and funding for the type of intensive effort that is required to achieve a true paradigm shift in the sector.

Neuronal and non-neuronal scaling across brain regions within an intercross of domestic and wild chickens.

The allometric scaling of the brain size and neuron number across species has been extensively studied in recent years. With the exception of primates, parrots, and songbirds, larger brains have more neurons but relatively lower neuronal densities than smaller brains. Conversely, when considering within-population variability, it has been shown that mice with larger brains do not necessarily have more neurons but rather more neurons in the brain reflect higher neuronal density. To what extent this intraspecific allometric scaling pattern of the brain applies to individuals from other species remains to be explored. Here, we investigate the allometric relationships among the sizes of the body, brain, telencephalon, cerebellum, and optic tectum, and the numbers of neurons and non-neuronal cells of the telencephalon, cerebellum, and optic tectum across 66 individuals originated from an intercross between wild and domestic chickens. Our intercross of chickens generates a population with high variation in brain size, making it an excellent model to determine the allometric scaling of the brain within population. Our results show that larger chickens have larger brains with moderately more neurons and non-neuronal cells. Yet, absolute number of neurons and non-neuronal cells correlated strongly and positively with the density of neurons and non-neuronal cells, respectively. As previously shown in mice, this scaling pattern is in stark contrast with what has been found across different species. Our findings suggest that neuronal scaling rules across species are not a simple extension of the neuronal scaling rules that apply within a species, with important implications for the evolutionary developmental origins of brain diversity.

Allometric scaling improves the characterization of complex community transcriptomes.

Allometric scaling, that is scaling patterns in physiological processes relative to body size, can be used to overcome the current limitations in metatranscriptomics. Metatranscriptomics refers to the use of RNA transcripts to characterize a complex community. In contrast to metagenomics, metatranscriptomics allows one to simultaneously address community composition and functionality through the characterization of the community transcriptome. Hence, insights into metabolic processes and molecular pathways can also be obtained. Despite its increasing use in community ecology, a major limitation and source of error is the variation in RNA transcript abundance across organisms varying in body size. Hence, this may lead to incorrect estimations of the community structure and functioning as larger RNA quantities from larger individuals may overestimate their community contribution.

Students’ Eco-Literacy Level at Conservation-Minded University in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze students’ eco-literacy level at a conservation-minded university in Indonesia. Universitas Negeri Semarang has been confirmed as a conservation-minded university in Indonesia. The research’s data source is students’ literacy at a conservation-minded university, Universitas Negeri Semarang. The data were collected from questionnaires and interviews with 200 students. The questionnaire consisted of 126 questions regarding conservation eco-literacy with a Likert scale pattern, with categories: zero understanding, score 1; sufficient understanding, score 2; good understanding, score 3, based on the three pillars of conservation. This questionnaire was completed using a digital application system http://bit.do/sisteravasi. Based on the result of digital application system-based data analysis, students’ eco-literacy levels at conservation-minded universities are: (1) regarding the value and character pillar, the highest understanding is with care conservation eco-literacy (85%); (2) in terms of art and culture pillar, the highest understanding is walking culture conservation eco-literacy (80%); and (3) concerning the natural resources and environment pillar, the highest understanding is organic waste conservation eco-literacy (80%). Students’ eco-literacy level at conservation-minded universities based on digital application systems may serve as a model to help linguists examine literacy levels in other studies.
 
 Received: 30 August 2022 / Accepted: 22 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022

Interspecific interactions among three species of sea turtle using a common resting area.

Interspecific interactions among three species of sea turtle using a common resting area.