Security Scale Research Articles

Water Insecurity Is Differentially Associated With Food Insecurity Across Seasons: Evidence From the Galápagos

ObjectivesUnreliable access to adequate water for household use (i.e., water insecurity) undermines well-being by limiting safe food preparation, yet few nutrition studies concurrently measure experiences of suboptimal water use and objective water quality. We therefore aimed to categorize individuals based on their water environments and assess whether food insecurity and its subdomains differed across groups. MethodsData are from the Healthy Families Study, a cohort study on San Cristóbal Island, Ecuador. All members within 115 participating households were interviewed during the cool season (July-October 2018) and at a follow-up visit during the warm season (March-May 2019). We first used latent class analysis to identify households with common water characteristics (e.g., water source, water treatment methods, experiences with water inadequacy). Classifications were then included in multivariable models of food insecurity in the prior 3 months (measured using the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale), stratified by season. ResultsA two-class solution best fit the data (60.5% in class 1 for the cool season, 91.4% for the warm season). Across seasons, a lower proportion of individuals in class 1 than class 2 reported water issues. In the cool season, fewer households in class 2 had detectable E. coli in their primary water source compared to those in class 1, but this was reversed in the warm season. Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, being in class 2 relative to class 1 was associated with 1) higher odds of being food secure in the cool season (OR: 3.64, 95% CI: 1.48, 8.93) but lower odds in the warm season (OR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.55); 2) greater experiences with poor diet quality during the warm (B = 2.15, 95% CI: 0.35, 3.95) but not the cool season; and 3) fewer experiences of suboptimal food access during the cool season (B = –1.44, 95% CI: –2.78, –0.10) but more during the warm season (B = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.03, 2.69). ConclusionsAccess to safe water can create an enabling environment for good nutrition, although the relative importance of water availability and quality may vary across seasons. Funding SourcesThis research is funded by NIH/FIC and received support from the Population Research Infrastructure Program awarded to the Carolina Population Center at UNC Chapel Hill by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD.

Collective Empowerment and Influential Group Membership Matter for Household Food Security

ObjectivesReducing the gender gap in empowerment within households is associated with indicators of improved diet. This study developed a household-level empowerment measure and then examined its association with food security. MethodsThis analysis used baseline data from a nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention in rural Ghana (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03869853). Only 198 of the 330 households with complete paired empowerment data for one female and one male were included. The household empowerment measure was constructed in two stages. First, the individual empowerment score was assessed using the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) with its 12 indicators (e.g., influential group membership, access to financial services). Participants were classified as empowered (≥75%, 9 out of 12 indicators) or disempowered (<75%). Then, the household was categorized as empowered (both members empowered; 50.5%), semi-empowered (only one member empowered; 34.9%) or disempowered (both members not empowered; 14.6%). Two of the pro-WEAI indicators were assessed also at the household level using the same technique. Food security was assessed with the 15-item Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale; a binary variable was created: food secure (0), food insecure (FIS; >0). Cluster-adjusted logistic regression models examined the relationship between FIS and household empowerment. ResultsOver half (58%) of households were FIS. Empowered compared to disempowered households had a lower odds of being FIS (aOR = 0.50, 95% CI [0.29, 0.86]). The model for influential group membership showed that empowered were less likely than disempowered households to be FIS (aOR = 0.27, 95% CI [0.13, 0.58]) while the model for access to financial services showed the opposite (aOR = 3.15, 95% CI [1.80, 5.51]). ConclusionsThese results highlight the complexity of empowerment measures and support empowerment approaches that target different members of the household. Funding SourcesThe Canadian Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Scholarships (QES) is managed through a unique partnership of Universities Canada, RHF, CFC, and Canadian universities. The QES-AS is made possible with financial support from IDRC and SSHRC.

Importance of Purchasing Power and Education in the Food Security of Families in Rural Areas—Case Study: Chambo, Ecuador

Food security is a condition that allows people permanent access to food for a better quality of life; therefore, it is a priority for the economic development of countries. In this context, this research aims to determine the importance of purchasing power and education in the food security of families in rural environments using Chambo canton, Ecuador as a case study. Considering the deductive method, the research is descriptive correlational, with a qualitative and quantitative approach. For data collection, a questionnaire based on the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale was applied to 230 households out of a total of 3585 households. The results showed that the variables of number of income earners and total family income have a high relationship with food security, unlike level of schooling. It was concluded that education does not represent a decisive factor for food security in rural environments, although its incorporation as a variable is important for improving quality of life.

Niveles de inseguridad alimentaria y características asociadas en mujeres gestantes de Colombia en el 2015

IntroductionFood insecurity is the inability of households to acquire safe, nutritionally adequate food that meets physiological needs for leading a healthy and active life. ObjectiveTo describe the levels of food insecurity and associated factors in pregnant women in Colombia. MethodologyCross-sectional-analytical study; is a secondary analysis of the 2015 Nutritional Situation Survey of Colombia. 1393 pregnant women between 12 and 48 years old were examined. Food insecurity was assessed using the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and micronutrient characteristics were evaluated. The description of food insecurity distribution was made for each of the selected variables, through absolute and percentage frequencies. To estimate the association between the different variables and food insecurity, we used multivariate Poisson regression models. Results60.4% (CI95% 55.6%–64,7%) of pregnant women resided in homes with some degree of food insecurity; severe: 9.4% (CI95% 7.4%–11.9%), moderate: 17.6% (CI95% 13.5%–22.8%) and light: 33.2% (CI95% 28.9%–37.8%); we found that Black/Mulatto/Afro-descendant pregnant women (PR 1.22 CI95% 1.01–1.47), belong to quartile 1 of wealth (PR 2.23 CI95% 1.41–3.68), and residing in the región Atlántica (PR 1.34 CI95% 1.08–1.67), was associated with some food insecurity level. ConclusionA high proportion of pregnant women living in households with some food insecurity level. The pregnant women of low socioeconomic levels and those belonging to the black/mulatto/Afro-descendant ethnic group showed to be the main characteristics associated with residing in households with some degree of food insecurity.

A hypothetic model for examining the relationship between happiness, forgiveness, emotional reactivity and emotional security

The ultimate goal of life is happiness, according to Plato. Perhaps the most critical questions in the life of human beings have been on happiness and processes that affect happiness. The present study was planned during the COVID-19 pandemic; perhaps human beings are most needed for happiness. The original hypothetical model and the findings constitute the powerful and different aspects of the present study. This study determined a hypothetical model to examine the relationships among happiness, forgiveness, emotional reactivity, and emotional security. The participant group of the study consists of a total of 916 individuals from Turkey, 617 women, and 299 men. The age scale of the participants is between 18-25. Participants completed the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Emotional Security Scale, the Emotional Reactivity Scale, and the Oxford Happiness Scale. Mediation analysis was conducted using Hayes’ (2017) process macro. According to the proposed model in the study, emotional reactivity mediates the relationship between forgiveness and happiness. As the individual’s forgiveness increases, their emotional reactivity decreases, and as the emotional reactivity decreases, the individual’s level of happiness increases.

On distinguishing food insecurity levels with the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale

On distinguishing food insecurity levels with the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale

Households' Food Insecurity and Its Association with Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors in Gaza Strip, Palestine: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This sudy aimed to identify the prevalence of household's food insecurity and its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2021 among a representative sample of households in the Gaza strip governorates. A total of 1167 households randomly selected from all five governorates and were included in the study. The Radimer/Cornell food security scale was used to determine the prevalence and levels of household food insecurity. The household's demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were obtained using an interview-based questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. The overall prevalence of household's food insecurity was 71.5%. The prevalence by governorates was highest in Gaza (30.8%), followed by Khanyounis (23.0%), North-Gaza (18.6%), Middle-Area (15.2%) and Rafah (12.4%). Regarding the food insecurity levels, 333 (28.5%) of the households were food secure, 422 (36.2%) had mild food insecurity, 161 (13.8%) had moderate food insecurity, and 251 (21.5%) had severe food insecurity. Significant associations were found between governorates, monthly income, homeownership, work status with the household's food insecurity, (Crude OR [COR] = 2.02, 95% CI = [1.02-3.98], P value < 0.05), (COR = 2.00, 95% CI = [1.04-2.75], P value < 0.05), (COR = 2.36, 95% CI = [1.39-3.99], P value < 0.05), and (COR = 1.14, 95% CI = [0.66-1.97], P value < 0.05), respectively. Our study demonstrates that food insecurity is highly prevalent in the Gaza strip and is associated with poor living conditions. Therefore, this high prevalence should be seriously discussed and urgently considered.

Children experiencing sadness: Coping strategies and attachment relationships.

This study aimed to explore the events which are sources of sadness for children, and their coping strategies for overcoming their sadness according to their attachment security. We expected that distinct clusters would emerge, with securely attached children more likely showing constructive and successful coping strategies than insecurely attached children. Middle-class children (N = 191) aged 7–11 years old from four private elementary schools were asked to talk about a sad event they experienced using open-ended questions from the Sadness Interview. The answers were coded into different categories of sad events and associated coping strategies. Finally, children were assessed on their security attachment using the Security Scale. Cluster analyses identified a four-cluster solution. Children in the Clusters 1 and 2 were characterized by a perceived successful constructive coping strategy while describing minor events (in the first Cluster), and very painful events (in the second). Furthermore, in the third Cluster children overcame sad events using a perceived successful disengagement coping strategy, whereas children in the fourth Cluster are characterized by perceived unresolved sadness. ANCOVA testing showed that children in the first cluster had significantly higher attachment security compared to Clusters 3 and 4, which did not significantly differ from each other. The study of sadness in children may be particularly informative for clinicians and educators for understanding and supporting children’s strategies of sadness management while considering the influence of their attachment relationships on their ability to cope with sadness.

How gender, education and nutrition knowledge contribute to food insecurity among adults in Australia.

Food and nutrition insecurity occurs when healthy and safe food cannot be obtained by socially acceptable means and arises as a result of complex interactions between socioeconomic and demographic determinants. These factors contribute to discrepancies in health and well-being between men and women and may also explain differential rates of food insecurity. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to investigate the intersection between gender, education, nutrition knowledge and food security status within a high-income country context. Australian adults over 16years of age who identified as having primary responsibility for food in their household were recruited via social media and a panel. Respondents completed a self-administered survey that included sociodemographic data, nutrition-related knowledge and food security status. Food security was measured using the Australian Household Food and Nutrition Security Scale an adapted version of the United States Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Survey. Among the 1010 survey respondents, household food insecurity (HFI) was highly prevalent (43% were food insecure, with 26% of these severely food insecure). Gender may affect associations between education, nutrition knowledge and HFI. Education was significantly associated with HFI among women but not among men. Conversely, nutrition knowledge was significantly inversely associated with food security among men but not among women. Differences in determinants of HFI exist between men and women, and programs aimed at addressing food insecurity may be more effective if tailored accordingly to account for the social and demographic factors associated with HFI.

Глобальна трансформація та сучасні тенденції розвитку безпекового середовища

The paper touches upon the issue of global transformation and modern trends in the development of the security environment. The study contains an overview of the process of globalization and global transformation, which is inherently a contradictory process, in the conditions of which the characteristics of contacts between social groups change and spatial connections are investigated, as well as the rationale for the modern hierarchy of levels of economic security, types of conflicts and the geography of their coverage. The intensification of scientific and technological progress and increased interaction between societies characterize the global transformation. Either the improvement of transport and communication systems or the intensification of trade create a more built-in global order in society. Global transformation is of no small importance for understanding the trends of international relations and the main features of the modern global order. The global division of labour, thanks to the development of production technologies, contributes to the renewal of the processes of economic globalization and the determination of its positive and negative trends. The ability of national economies to respond flexibly to global transformational processes leads to the timely adaptation of state institutions to the needs of market policy. In order to ensure a high level of competitiveness of national producers, national governments are increasingly using various instruments of a protective, stimulating, discriminatory and restrictive nature that affect economic activity. The scale of global peace and security is expanding, they have many risks and threats, and the management architecture of modern global security is a huge and fragmented system that is not able to cope with the latest trends.

Is There a Difference in Parental Attitudes and Attachment for ADHD-Social Phobia Comorbidity?

Social phobia (SP) is one the commonest of comorbid anxiety disorders seen with ADHD. It is also known that Social phobia and ADHD patients have some differences in parental attitudes and attachment styles. We aimed to investigate the effects attachment status and parental attitudes in ADHD-social phobia comorbidity. 66 children and adolescents with ADHD were included for the study. the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation (KSADS-PL-DSM5-T) was used for evaluating diagnosis. Socioeconomic status (SES) was scored with Hollingshead Redlich Scale. Sosyodemografic and clinical data were recorded. Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) and Parental Attitudes Research Instrument (PARI) were completed by the parents. The patients filled Kerns Security Scale (KSS). We compared the ADHD patients with and without SAD comorbidity in terms of scales used and sociodemographic-clinical variables. There were no differences between ADHD + SP group and ADHD without SP group in terms of age, gender, SES, family structure and family history of diagnosed psychiatric disease (p>0.05). Rate of inattentive subtype of ADHD (p=0.05) and comorbid psychiatric disease frequency (p=0.00) was higher in ADHD+SP group compared to ADHD without social phobia group. However, the groups did not differ according to their attachment styles, their parent's attachment styles and parental attitudes (p>0.05). Parental attitudes and attachment styles may not play a role in the development of SP comorbidity in children and adolescents with ADHD. Other biological and environmental factors should be kept in mind when evaluating and treating children with ADHD who have SP. Biological treatments and individualized interventions such as CBT may be chosen as a first line treatment rather than psychotherapies targeting attachment and parenting styles in those children.

Decision-making Styles and Job Security among Nurses Working at Public Hospitals in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Multicentre Study

Introduction: Decision-making and job security have been linked to increased motivation and productivity in nursing. However, research on these variables in the Saudi context is limited. Aim: To examine the association between decision-making styles and job security among nurses working at public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, multicentre study was conducted on a convenience sample of 295 nurses working at four public hospitals in Saudi Arabia from March to June of 2021. Data were collected through an online self-administered survey. The Nurse decision-making instrument was used to measure decision-making style. Job security scale was utilised to measure job security among nurses. An independent sample t-test, Pearson’s coefficient correlation, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Nurses reported intuitive decision-making (Mean=87.85, SD=21.08) and a moderate level in job security (Mean=20.93, SD=7.48). A significant difference was found between average income level and job security (p-value&lt;0.05). Decision-making style was also significantly and positively associated with job security (r=0.450, p&lt;0.05). In a multivariate analysis, income level (β=0.182, p&lt;0.05) and decision-making style (β=0.436, p&lt;0.05) were predictors of job security. Conclusion: Decision making style was found associated with job security. Improved patient care outcomes require excellent nurse decision-making.

A New Environment of Blockchain based Multi Encryption Data Transferring

Blockchain is one of the technologies provided by the global distribution of computing power. Simply put, the blockchain is the digital ledger in which transactions are recorded. It all started with a desire to see a new form of security system for transferring confidential files. It aims to achieve many goals like decreasing the process time for transferring files to the other party, and reducing the overall expenses as the files are only transferred across the blockchain network with no need for the files to be uploaded and downloaded to the drive. More effective applications have the ability to share files via the technology of Blockchain. The great challenge is to build a private blockchain environment to send files and distribute them securely between parties, such as military institutions and others. In this paper, a private blockchain is built to overcome the side of the security through a secured file-sharing network. This private Blockchain can be utilized at various institutions. A high scale of security is obtained through using an important algorithm that takes into consideration a critical part of the field of cryptography to robustly encrypt the files. The latter ensures that no individual except for the receiver has the ability to access the files. As well, a sufficient speed was obtained when transferring the files, as compared to Ethereum with FTP. Finally, smart contracts have been designed to suit the transfer of files between nodes.

Shining a light on food insecurity in Aotearoa New Zealand: Modification of a food security scale for use with individuals who have extreme food security needs

INTRODUCTION: Food insecurity in Aotearoa New Zealand is a growing concern but quantitative evidence focused on those in most need of support is scarce in the Aotearoa New Zealand context. This limits policy and practice decisions.METHODS: We modified Parnell and Gray’s (2014) Aotearoa New Zealand based food security scale to better capture the severity of food insecurity for individuals living in poverty and used a questionnaire to collect data from a sample of individuals seeking food assistance from foodbanks in Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland). We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess the psychometric validity of the modified scale. We also tested group differences in food insecurity by gender and ethnicity using analysis of variance and investigated correlations between age, household size and food insecurity.FINDINGS: We found a six-item version of Parnell and Gray’s (2014) scale to be psychometrically robust for use with the study population. The sample participants reported concerning and chronic levels of food insecurity. We did not find any group differences.CONCLUSIONS: At the severe end of the food insecurity continuum, gender and ethnic subgroups appear to suffer at similar levels; however, this does not suggest that different approaches are not required to best meet the needs of different demographic subgroups. Further research is needed to ascertain how similar levels of food insecurity may produce differential effects on wellbeing outcomes for different groups. We recommend more widespread and regular use of the modified scale to assess the experience and impact of food insecurity for individuals living in poverty because it provides a more fine-grained understanding of the severity of food insecurity challenges experienced by individuals seeking food assistance. Fit for purpose measures enable accurate assessments that can better inform policymaking and practice decisions to reduce inequality and promote economic justice.

Relationships between core self-evaluation, leader empowering behavior, and job security among Jordan University Hospital nurses.

Nurses are facing real stressors due to patients’ needs and leaders’ demands. The aim of this study is to explore the perceived level of core self-evaluation (CSE), leader empowering behavior (LEB), and job security among Jordan University Hospital nurses in Amman, the capital of Jordan. Furthermore, it investigates the relationship between the selected variables. Differences of gender, educational level, experience, and site of work are also examined with job security. Moreover, it evaluates the contribution of CSE, LEB, gender, educational level, experience, and site of work in predicting job security among Jordan University Hospital nurses. A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted for this study. A convenience sample of 214 nurses from Jordan University Hospital was completed the CSE scale, LEB scale, and job security scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and stepwise regression were used to analyze the results. The results indicate that job security is found to be at high level, whereas LEB and CSE are found to be at moderate levels among nurses. Significant positive relationships are found between CSE, LEB, and job security. Male nurses and medical/surgical floors reported higher levels of job security than female nurses and intensive care units. Finally, the results show that LEB and gender are significant predictors of job security among nurses. We suggest that managers of nurses should apply leadership behaviors in order to increase their job security and career empowerment.

THE ROLE OF PARENTS IN ACHIEVING PSYCHOLOGIC AL SECURITY AMONG A SAMPLE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE CITY OF AL-KHUMS LIBY

This study was conducted during the academic year 2020-02021 and the study aimed to know the role of parents in mosquitoes on the children of teenage girls and see if there are bulk functional differences on the psychological security scale. This study was applied to a sample of secondary school students, rectified the same 57survey was used to collect the data of this research and was distributed to a sample of secondary school students at the February 17th under the center of the five city then these data were subjected to analysis by spss program, and the study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: There is high psychological security among secondary school students ,according to the sample study. There is a statistically significant correlation between psychological al security and the role of parents in achieving it, while there are no statistically significant differences due to the education level variable of the parents in achieving psychological security. Keywords: Dorawalden, Psychological Security, High School Students.

Interrelationships and Methods for Improving University Students' Sense of Gain, Sense of Security, and Happiness.

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stressed the necessity to “keep up with people's ever-growing needs for a better life. We will continue to promote social fairness and justice, develop effective social governance, and maintain public order. With this we should see that our people will always have a strong sense of gain, happiness, and sense of security.” In this study, 646 university students were surveyed using the Demographic Questionnaire, Sense of Gain Scale, Sense of Security Scale, Orientations to Happiness Scale, and Prosocial Behavior Tendencies Scale to explore the relationships among sense of gain, sense of security and happiness (including meaning, pleasure, and engagement happiness), and to discuss methods for enhancing them on the basis of prosocial behaviors. The results revealed that (1) sense of gain had significant positive correlations with meaning, pleasure, and engagement happiness but a significant negative correlation with sense of security. Sense of security did not have a significant correlation with the three types of happiness. Prosocial behaviors had significant positive correlations with sense of gain and the three types of happiness but shared no significant correlation with sense of security. (2) Sense of gain significantly and positively predicted meaning, pleasure, and engagement happiness, whereas the interaction between sense of security and sense of gain did not yield a significant prediction for the three types of happiness. Prosocial behaviors significantly and positively predicted sense of gain and the three types of happiness. (3) Sense of gain had mediating effects on the relationships between prosocial behaviors and meaning, pleasure, and engagement happiness, whereas sense of security did not have a moderating effect on the relationships between sense of gain and the three types of happiness. Prosocial behaviors directly affect meaning, pleasure, and engagement happiness and can indirectly influence happiness through enhancing a sense of gain. The implementation of prosocial behaviors can not only provide help for others, but also promote the self-satisfaction of the behavior agents and help them get more happiness.

Effect of a conditional cash transference program on food insecurity in Mexican households: 2012-2016.

To estimate the effects of the social inclusion programme PROSPERA on food insecurity (FI) in Mexican households during 2012 and 2016. Quasi-experimental study using cross-sectional data from 2012 to 2016 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey - Socioeconomic Conditions Module (in Spanish, ENIGH-MCS). Data were used from a 2012 sample of 56888 Mexican households (representative of 31206819 households) and a 2016 sample of 70263 Mexican households (representative of 33445353 households). Severity of FI was estimated with the Mexican Food Security Scale (in Spanish, EMSA). The statistical analysis estimated a differences in differences (DD) model weighted by propensity score to compare program beneficiary and non-beneficiary households in 2012 than in 2016. We estimated the effect on households with and without children (< 18 years of age). We also compared this model to a DD model without propensity score weighting. Mexican households. FI among all beneficiary households decreased 8·0pp as compared to non-beneficiary households over the study period. In beneficiary households with children, this decrease was 6·0pp and for beneficiary households without children, this decrease was 12·9pp (for all, P-value < 0·001). The PROSPERA program had a positive effect on FI reduction at the household level through increasing food access, which usually improves nutritional outcomes in vulnerable Mexican populations.

Chemical safety and security after Beirut Port explosion: Part1 - State of the art of legal framework and authorization policy

In the fourth of August 2020, around 2750 tons of ammonium nitrate stored in a warehouse at Beirut Port were exploded causing about 220 deaths and 6500 injuries, in addition to the displacement of 300,000 Lebanese citizens from their destroyed homes. The disastrous consequences of this blast at social, economic, security and political scales, earned great interest at national, regional and international levels. The explosion caused severe stagger to the Lebanese Government that resign after few days. The catastrophic event urged to shed the light on the legal texts and international treaties and conventions that governs the use of chemical materials specially the hazardous ones. This paper aims to highlight the current legal framework and the implementation of relevant international conventions, specially the Chemical Weapons Convention, in managing the import, use and storage of hazardous materials in Lebanon, through deep review of available national texts that governs the work and roles of concerned ministries and institutes. This study will be considered as a basement for a gap analysis that need to be undertaken for enhancing chemical safety and security in the country by strengthening the used procedures for import, export and trade and to poster interagency coordination scheme since the practices cited above are decisions related to different national stakeholders (Ministries of Environment, Industry, Defense, Interior and Municipalities, Trade and Economy, Public Health, Agriculture and security institutes).

Consequences of Coronavirus as a Predictor of Emotional Security among Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities

Parents of children with intellectual disability (ID) suffer from comparatively emotional insecurity compared to parents of children without ID, especially during periods of crisis, such as the outbreak of coronavirus pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of Coronavirus as a predictor of emotional security among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Mothers of children with intellectual disabilities were considered for data collection. The study group of the research consists of 120 mothers who have children with intellectual disabilities. They aged 23-55 years, (M= 43.23, SE=0.075). Consequences of Coronavirus Questionnaire (CCQ-20) and Emotional Security Scale (ESS-20) were used to collect and analyze data. For this study, quantitative survey research was employed. The independent variable is the consequences of Coronavirus, and emotional security is the dependent variable. The independent variable is the consequences of Coronavirus, and emotional security is the dependent variable. To test the hypotheses of the study, Pearson correlation and Linear regression analysis were conducted. Findings indicate that the independent variable (Coronavirus) contributed to the prediction of emotional security among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Findings of the current study indicate that the greater the Consequences of Corona, the less emotionally secure the mother is likely to feel during the COVID-19 lockdown in Saudi Arabia.