Concept Scale Research Articles

Is Temperament Associated with Academic School Readiness in Children Born Very Preterm?

ABSTRACT Research Findings: Temperament, which can be assessed as early as 3 months, is associated with school readiness and later academic achievement in children born full term. Although children born preterm demonstrate a dysregulated temperament and are at significant risk for lower school readiness, we found no studies investigating whether early temperament is associated with school readiness in this at-risk population. Investigating whether temperament is a precursor of academic risk in preterm children can facilitate early identification and possible intervention efforts. We explored the association of negative affect, surgency, and regulation/effortful control temperament ratings collected at 3-months and 3-years corrected ages with school readiness at 3-years corrected age in children born very preterm. Participants included 297 children born very preterm (53.9% male). After controlling for key covariates, Positive Affectivity/Surgency ratings at 3-months were significantly associated with the Bracken Basic Concept Scale – School Readiness composite score, and Effortful Control ratings at 3-years were associated with Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Third Edition (ABAS-3) Functional Pre-Academics ratings. Practice or Policy: These findings may enhance the ability to identify premature children at risk for difficulties at school entry early.

Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep knowledge and self-efficacy among parents of young children in Canada.

Engaging in healthy movement behaviours in early childhood is beneficial for children's development, and parents play a critical role in shaping movement habits during these formative years. This study aimed to explore parents' knowledge of the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years (The Guidelines) and their perceived knowledge and self-efficacy of movement behaviour concepts in early childhood. The influence of sociodemographic characteristics on these variables was also examined. Via a cross-sectional online survey with parents/guardians (n = 576) of young children in Canada, participants' knowledge of The Guidelines (11 items), and perceived knowledge (11 items; 5-point scale) and self-efficacy (11 items; 11-point scale) of movement behaviour concepts in early childhood were examined. Descriptive statistics were calculated for independent variables and multivariate regression models were estimated to examine sociodemographic factors that were associated with participants' knowledge and self-efficacy. Few participants (11.9%) reported to be familiar with The Guidelines. Parents were most knowledgeable about the screen time guideline for children under 2 years (75.0% correctly identified the guideline) and least familiar with the recommendation for toddler/preschooler total physical activity (14.7% correctly identified the guideline). Parents/guardians perceived they were the most knowledgeable about safe sleep practices (65.9% very/extremely knowledgeable) and least knowledgeable about muscle- and bone-strengthening activities (71.8% not at all/somewhat knowledgeable). Overall, parents/guardians were moderately confident in promoting healthy movement behaviours (M = 6.01; SD = 1.73). Participants with higher levels of education reported significantly higher perceived knowledge compared to those who were less educated (p = .004), and parents/guardians identifying as White reported significantly higher levels of self-efficacy compared to parents/guardians from minority ethnic groups (p = .028). Finally, parents/guardians who were more physically active reported both higher perceived knowledge (p < .001) and self-efficacy (p < .001) than those who were less active. These findings shed light on the need to raise awareness of The Guidelines among parents of young children and highlight specific movement behaviour concepts in need of focus in future training for this population. Targeted education for parents/guardians from lower socioeconomic groups is also needed to address equity concerns. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44167-024-00051-x.

Building a scale of the child's concepts of Thepharoses heritage in early childhood

Building a scale of the child's concepts of Thepharoses heritage in early childhood

Hopfield-like network with complementary encodings of memories.

We present a Hopfield-like autoassociative network for memories representing examples of concepts. Each memory is encoded by two activity patterns with complementary properties. The first is dense and correlated across examples within concepts, and the second is sparse and exhibits no correlation among examples. The network stores each memory as a linear combination of its encodings. During retrieval, the network recovers sparse or dense patterns with a high or low activity threshold, respectively. As more memories are stored, the dense representation at low threshold shifts from examples to concepts, which are learned from accumulating common example features. Meanwhile, the sparse representation at high threshold maintains distinctions between examples due to the high capacity of sparse, decorrelated patterns. Thus, a single network can retrieve memories at both example and concept scales and perform heteroassociation between them. We obtain our results by deriving macroscopic mean-field equationsthat yield capacity formulas for sparse examples, dense examples, and dense concepts. We also perform simulations that verify our theoretical results and explicitly demonstrate the capabilities of the network.

Laser heating of ferroelectric cubes for tunable electromagnetic properties in metamaterials

In this experimental study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a thermally tunable, resonant dielectric microwave metasurface based on sub-wavelength Mie resonances of ferroelectric dielectric cubes (Calcium titanate, CaTiO3) in which the temperature of the meta-atoms can be locally and dynamically controlled by heating with an optical laser beam over a large range of temperatures and, consequently, values of the dielectric constant of the cube and corresponding resonance frequency of the meta-atoms. This avoids any interference of otherwise necessary heating elements or power supply wires with the propagation of the microwave signal and can be made spatially addressable. The concept scales at least to the THz domain. This contactless approach opens up an alternative avenue to tunability and active control of metamaterials.

The Influence of Self-Concept with Emotional Abuse on Early Dating Adults

Introduction: in dating relationships, many people experience conflicts due to differences of opinion. In order to maintain relationships, women sometimes experience or commit emotional violence while dating, both consciously and unconsciously. Meanwhile, men can also be emotionally harassed while dating women. Objective: the purpose of this study was to confirm the influence of self-concept with emotional abuse on early adults who were dating or had been in a relationship. Method: this research was conducted with a quantitative approach. The data collection method in this study used two instruments used in this study, namely the Self concept scale and the Emotional abuse scale which was disseminated using google forms. The data analysis technique used is simple linear regression with non-parametric analysis. Results and Discussion: this study there was a negative influence between self-concept and emotional violence in early adults dating in Bekasi, the R square2 value was 0.123 (p = 0.01) and there was an influence value of 12.3% indicating that the two variables had a negative influence and had opposite directions. Conclusion: These results indicate that the higher a person's self-concept, the lower the level of emotional abuse experienced

안녕감 개념과 일상적 감정 경험

In this study, we conducted research to confirm that the emotional experience in daily life depends on the concept of well-being that individuals emphasize. Well-being can be composed of four concepts: the experience of pleasure(EP), the avoidance of negative experience(ANE), self-development, and the contribution to others(CO). A total of 609 participants responded to the belief about the well-being concept scale and the PANAS Expanded Form questions. As a result of correlation analysis, it was found that people who emphasized the ANE experienced more varied and stronger negative emotions, paradoxically. On the other hand, those who emphasized self-development experienced fewer negative emotions and experienced broader and stronger positive emotions. The results of this study suggest that it may be more appropriate to pursue eudaimonic well-being than hedonic well-being for a healthy life.

The Leadership/Management Concept Scale: differentiating between actions constituting leadership and management

PurposeThe concepts associated with leadership and management have often been conflated, considered one and the same phenomenon by some and then considered by others to be quite distinctive. The same ambiguity is even truer at the level of application and practicality. Only a handful of studies have attempted empirically to differentiate between the two concepts. The study sought to develop an instrument to discriminate between the two concepts.Design/methodology/approachA prospective study was conducted with two groups of scholars in the areas of leadership and management. They completed the exploratory Leadership/Management Concept Scale (LMCS), the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) and provided demographic information. The results from the Initial group were compared with a validation group. Standard statistical techniques were used to analyze the two groups and investigate associations among the study measures.FindingsThe LMCS effectively differentiated actions associated with leadership from actions associated with management actions. There were four distinct choices consistently selected as most consistent with leadership: influencing, coaching, modeling and ensuring resilience. No significant correlations were found between scores on the LMCS and the LPI, providing evidence that the former was capturing actions other than those associated with leadership alone.Research limitations/implicationsIt is empirically possible to differentiate between the actions typically associated with the concepts of leadership and management. This distinction can be invaluable in various educational programs designed to develop either or both leadership and management abilities, as well as assist in the identification of those with proclivities to one or other of the two concepts. The LMCS shows promise in reliably differentiating between the two concepts and can be useful for scholars aiming to investigate leadership or management without confounding the two.Practical implicationsThere are numerous positions and organizational roles where leadership and management are differentiated, with one being much more needed than the other. The LMCS can differentiate empirically how potential candidates for leadership and/or management positions think about the two, which would allow a would-be employer to screen candidates for given opportunities and, depending on their conceptualization of leadership and management, assign them most appropriately.Originality/valueThis study fills a fundamental gap in both the leadership and management field: first in being able to provide evidence that the two concepts, while similar in some regards, are not the same and can be differentiated from each other and second, in developing an instrument (LMCS) that both practitioners and scholars can use to help their audiences better understand the differences between leadership and management and to develop actions appropriate to situational demands.

Niche concept scale in space and time: evolutionary perspectives from tropical insectivorous birds

Ecological niches are pivotal in addressing questions of species richness gradients like the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient (LDG). The Hutchinsonian niche hypervolume model and derivatives are some of the most proven tools. Accordingly, species occupy mathematically convenient spaces in relation to functional, especially trophic, relationships, as well as the physical environment. In one application, the number of species in a community is a function of average niche sizes, overlaps, and total niche volume. Alternatively, the number of coexisting species derives from invasibility criteria in relation to species-interaction modules. The daunting complexity of tropical communities begs the question of how well these ecologically inspired paradigms accommodate present knowledge of species interactions and functional relationships. Recent studies of hyperdiverse tropical insectivorous bird species suggests reevaluating the applicability of such concepts. Here I review Neotropical, arthropod-feeding bird species interactions needed to explain these species’ trophic relationships, including their diets, feeding substrates, and behavioral and morphological traits relevant to resource acquisition. Important emergent generalizations include extraordinary specializations on both prey resource locations (substrates) and behaviors, rather than on particular resources per se, and a preponderance of adaptations to exploit the anti-predator traits of prey, traits evolved in response to other predators. These specializations and implicit arms races necessitate evolutionary approaches to niches necessary to understand the relevant natural history and ecology, how these species compete interspecifically, and even how these predator species interact with prey via evolutionary enhancements. These findings, compared and contrasted with prevailing concepts and findings, suggest expanding niche concepts to accommodate both the large temporal and regional geographic scales to understand the accumulated species richness of the mainland Neotropics. These trophic specializations also highlight why many of these birds are so sensitive to human disturbances, especially habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation.

Self-concept among Indonesian adolescents in coastal areas: A cross-sectional study

Background: Adolescence is a transitional phase from childhood to adulthood, characterized by various biological, psychological, and social changes. Adolescents living in coastal regions are exposed to social-environmental risk factors that can affect their emotional wellbeing, primarily due to the demanding and unpredictable nature of coastal communities. These challenging and volatile circumstances can have a negative impact on adolescents’ emotions, making them more vulnerable to mental and emotional disorders. Objective: This study aimed to examine the self-concept and its differences according to sociodemographic factors among adolescents residing in coastal areas of Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed for this study, which involved 644 adolescents living in coastal regions of Indonesia, specifically in the West Sumatra and Bali provinces. The Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) 2nd Edition Short Form was used to assess self-concept from August to September 2022. Descriptive statistics, Independent-t-test, and One-way ANOVA were utilized for data analysis. Results: The findings revealed that adolescents in coastal areas had a high level of self-concept. A statistically significant difference was discovered in the overall self-concept according to gender (p = 0.002). Similarly, a significant difference was observed in the physical domain based on class level (p = 0.019). Regarding the personal domain, significant differences were identified according to age (p = 0.030), class level (p = 0.030), parent's marital status (p = 0.030), father's education (p = 0.05), and family income (p = 0.01). Furthermore, in the family domain, significant differences were found based on parents’ marital status (p &lt;0.001) and adolescents’ residence status (p = 0.002). Additionally, a significant difference in the academic domain was observed with respect to gender (p = 0.001). However, no significant differences were noted in the moral ethics and social domains across all sociodemographic variables (p &gt;0.05). Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for attention from various stakeholders, including mental health nurses, to prioritize interventions to promote positive self-concept among adolescents, consider sociodemographic factors that influence self-concept, and address areas of dissatisfaction such as moral behavior and academic/work efficiency. Incorporating family support and nurturing positive parent-child relationships are also important for fostering a healthy self-concept in adolescents.

Thalassemia patients in transfussion dependent period and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: how are the psychiatric status and life quality of these patients?

Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been widely used to treat patients with beta-thalassemia major, evidence showing whether this treatment improves mental health, self esteem and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is limited. We aimed to describe psychiatric problems, HRQoL and self-esteem scores of patients who have thalassemia and compared with patients who underwent HSCT in the current study. A total of 24 patients with thalassemia major and 13 patients who underwent HSCT at least 2 years ago aged between 7-37 years were included. We used The Children’s Depression Inventory, The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Pediatric Quality of LifeTM (PedsQL™) for assesment of children and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) for assessment of adults. We also used Piers Harris Self Concept Scale for children and adults. Psychopathologies are common in both groups (50% in Thalassemia group and 69.2% in HSCT group). Popularity scores in Piers Haris scale of patients in HSCT group were significantly higher compared to thalassemia group (p = 0.03). Additionally, HSCT group had higher scores in physical health subscales of HRQoL in both children and parents’(p = 0.02, p = 0.03 respectively). Our findings suggest improved HRQoL and self-esteem in thalassemia patients after HSCT. However, due to the high prevalence of mental disorders in both groups, we would like to emphasize that clinicians should examine not only the physical but also the psychological state of the patients with thalessemia during the their treatment and follow-up period after HSCT.

Eating behaviors and body self-esteem in couple's satisfaction during COVID-19 quarantine

Background: Many experts agree that the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown restriction have had an impact on relationships and eating habits in couples, but this hypothesis lacks evidence and empirical studies. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between satisfaction with the couple's relationship, body self-esteem, and eating behaviors during the Covid-19 lockdown. Method: Three hundred and eighty-one subjects, aged between 18 and 60 years (M = 26.88; SD = 9.22), of whom 89.8% women, participated in the survey. The online assessment included: the Relationship Assessment Scale; the Multidimensional Self Concept Scale and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Results: The results showed that the relationship and the levels of couple's satisfaction are independent of respect to body experience and eating behavior. On the contrary, bodily experience is negatively correlated with diet, weight, body shape, and restriction attempts. However, the eating style of couple showed a change during the quarantine period, both in healthy and at-risk of ED subjects. Conclusion: The psychological impact of Covid-19 and its lockdown has had profound repercussions on the subjective relationship with body and food but have apparently preserved stable and satisfying bonds. The importance of the study confirmed the primary relation between self and body's satisfaction in subjective dimensions of life.

Solutions on Service Quality to Improve the Satisfaction of Individual Customers at Ba Ria Vung Tau Electricity Company

The study was carried out to test the theoretical model between service quality components and individual customer satisfaction at Ba Ria Vung Tau Electricity Company. From the obtained results, the study provides managerial implications for leaders to improve service quality in order to increase individual customer satisfaction. The study used qualitative research method combined with quantitative research. Qualitative research method (group discussion) is to adjust and supplement the scale of research concepts. Quantitative research method is to check reliability, allowable value (unidirectionality, uniqueness and convergent value), and test research hypothesis by AMOS-SEM analysis method. Research results show that service quality has a positive relationship with customer satisfaction, including:(β = 0.69; p = 0.000 &lt; 0.01).The research results give meaning to the leaders of Ba Ria Vung Tau Electricity Company in improving service quality in order to increase the satisfaction of individual customers. Finally, some limitations and directions for further research are mentioned.

Exploring the Self-Concept of Post Graduate Level Students: A Critical Study

Self-Concept is the overall perception of individuals about their own personality and behaviours. It is a very common indicator of students’ academic achievement. Self-Concept can be considered as the sum total of persons’ thoughts and beliefs about how they are. The present study puts emphasis on the Self-Concept of Post Graduate level students in Purulia district of West Bengal. The objectives of the study are to express the differences between the Self-Concept of Female and Male students; Urban and Rural students &amp; Arts and Science students of Post Graduate level respectively. Descriptive survey method is followed to conduct the study. The researchers have selected 200 Post Graduate level students from Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University of Purulia district as the sample of the study by using stratified random sampling technique. ‘Self Concept Scale’ developed by Dr. (Mrs.) Pratibha Deo was used to collect the data. No significant difference was found in the Self-Concept of Post Graduate level students in respect to their Gender (Female and Male) and Stream (Arts and Science group); but there was a significant difference in their Self-Concept on the basis of Residence (Urban and Rural). Keywords: Self-Concept, Post Graduate level students, Gender, Residence, Stream.

Self-concept among Indonesian adolescents in coastal areas: A cross-sectional study.

Adolescence is a transitional phase from childhood to adulthood, characterized by various biological, psychological, and social changes. Adolescents living in coastal regions are exposed to social-environmental risk factors that can affect their emotional wellbeing, primarily due to the demanding and unpredictable nature of coastal communities. These challenging and volatile circumstances can have a negative impact on adolescents' emotions, making them more vulnerable to mental and emotional disorders. This study aimed to examine the self-concept and its differences according to sociodemographic factors among adolescents residing in coastal areas of Indonesia. A cross-sectional design was employed for this study, which involved 644 adolescents living in coastal regions of Indonesia, specifically in the West Sumatra and Bali provinces. The Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) 2nd Edition Short Form was used to assess self-concept from August to September 2022. Descriptive statistics, Independent-t-test, and One-way ANOVA were utilized for data analysis. The findings revealed that adolescents in coastal areas had a high level of self-concept. A statistically significant difference was discovered in the overall self-concept according to gender (p = 0.002). Similarly, a significant difference was observed in the physical domain based on class level (p = 0.019). Regarding the personal domain, significant differences were identified according to age (p = 0.030), class level (p = 0.030), parent's marital status (p = 0.030), father's education (p = 0.05), and family income (p = 0.01). Furthermore, in the family domain, significant differences were found based on parents' marital status (p <0.001) and adolescents' residence status (p = 0.002). Additionally, a significant difference in the academic domain was observed with respect to gender (p = 0.001). However, no significant differences were noted in the moral ethics and social domains across all sociodemographic variables (p >0.05). This study emphasizes the need for attention from various stakeholders, including mental health nurses, to prioritize interventions to promote positive self-concept among adolescents, consider sociodemographic factors that influence self-concept, and address areas of dissatisfaction such as moral behavior and academic/work efficiency. Incorporating family support and nurturing positive parent-child relationships are also important for fostering a healthy self-concept in adolescents.

Hope and mental well-being predictors of teacher candidates in the pandemic: Career adaptation and optimism and academic self

The pandemic process has led to differences in the education process, in many different areas. Along with the obligations and measures brought about by the pandemic process, online education has been included in the process. This situation affected the adaptation, attendance, and career process of the students closely. This study aimed to determine whether teacher candidates’ academic-self, career adaptability, and optimism predicted their dispositional hope and mental well-being during the pandemic when they received distance education. The sample consisted of 281 teacher candidates studying at education faculties of state universities in four different Turkey provinces. A convenience sampling method was used. Among the 281 participant students, 199 were female (70.6%), and 83 were male (29.4%). A predictive correlational design was used in the analysis. The data were collected with the Dispositional Hope Scale, Mental Well-being Scale, Matovu Academic-Self Concept Scale, Career Adaptability and Optimism Scale, and a personal information form. The study results indicated a significant relationship between the academic-self, career adaptability and optimism, dispositional hope, and mental well-being of final-year students. Besides, the teacher candidates’ academic-self, career adaptability, and optimism significantly predicted their dispositional hope and mental well-being. In this study, the academic and psychological effects of the process were examined simultaneously in the distance education process. It is thought that individual and group studies to increase the level of well-being and hope of senior students in their career planning will be effective.

ASSESS THE SATISFACTION OF VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WITH THE SERVICE QUALITY OF OHAO SMART

The study presents an overview of the characteristics of the research sample, a general description of the sample's response results, and the results of testing the measurement scales, the research sample has reflected the characteristics of the research. The results of the scale test using Cronbach's Alpha and the EFA factor analysis help us extract the components of the leadership style affecting student satisfaction: (1) Design of OHAOSMART, (2) OHAO SMART responsiveness, (3) OHAO SMART support service quality, (4) Food quality/reliability, (5) OHAO SMART price. The scale of the research concepts has reached convergent and discriminant validity through satisfying the conditions of EFA factor analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. The test results of the linear regression show that all 5 components have a leadership style that positively impacts student satisfaction at a significant value of &lt; 0.05 (95% significance level). The model test results show that the model is suitable, there is no violation of the test assumptions, and the results of testing the hypotheses are accepted.

A Scale of Basic Concepts in Turkish for Bilingual Syrian Children

Temel kavramlar, erken yaşlarda birçok çocuk için zorlayıcıdır. Bu bakımdan kavram gelişiminin dilsel-bilişsel gelişim açısından değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Sığınmacı ya da geçici koruma altında olan çocukların dilsel-bilişsel gelişimini izlemek, okula başlatma ve uyumlanma süreçleri açısından bir eşik belirleme işlemidir. Bu gereklilikle çalışmada ikidilli Suriyeli çocukların temel kavram gelişimlerini, RENK, HARF, SAYI/SAYMA, BOYUT KARŞILAŞTIRMA, ŞEKİL, YÖN-KONUM, DOKU-MATERYAL, TOPLUMSAL ROLLER-DUYGULAR, NİCELİK ve ZAMAN-SIRALAMA ulamları çerçevesinde belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Süreçte nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama kullanılmıştır. İlk aşamada 11 alt boyut ve 185 maddeden oluşan taslak ölçek oluşturulmuş, daha sonra taslak ölçeğin kapsam ve yapı geçerliği incelenmiştir. Daha sonra İstanbul’da bir Geçici Eğitim Merkezinde eğitim gören, 8-12 yaş aralığında, birinci dili Arapça olan ve Türkçe eğitim alan 103 öğrenciye uygulanmıştır. Veriler, madde güçlüğü ve madde ayırt ediciliği açısından çözümlenmiş; 185 madde, 111 maddeye düşürülmüştür. Güvenirlik ise KR-20 (0,912) ve Cronbach alfa (0,939) değerlerine göre değerlendirilmiş; her iki değer açısından da tutarlılık olduğu gözlenmiştir. Buna göre ölçeğin yeterli düzeyde güvenirliğe sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Kümeleme analizi sonucunda ise bu ölçekten alınabilecek puanların “yüksek”, “orta” ve “düşük” başarı olarak üç düzeyde değerlendirilebileceği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Exploring Nurses' Attitudes, Skills, and Beliefs of Medication Safety Practices.

Medication errors exist within health care systems despite efforts to reduce their incidence. These errors may result in patient harm including morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. The purpose of this study was to explore direct care nurses' attitudes, skills, and beliefs about medication safety practice. Researchers conducted a descriptive exploratory study using the Nurses' Attitudes and Skills around Updated Safety Concepts (NASUS) scale and the Nurse Beliefs about Errors Questionnaire (NBEQ). Responses from 191 surveys were analyzed. Of the participants, 70% were bachelor's prepared registered nurses and 88% were female. Results of the NASUS scale revealed the median of means of the Perceived Skills subscale was 79.2 out of 100 and the Attitudes subscale was 65.8 out of 100. The mean of the belief questions related to severity of error was 7.66 out of 10; most participants agreed with reporting of severe errors, reporting errors with moderate or major adverse events, and reporting of incorrect intravenous fluids. Understanding direct care nurses' attitudes, skills, and beliefs about medication safety practices provides a foundation for development of improvement strategies.

Assess the satisfaction of Van Hien University students with the service quality of Ohao smart

The study presents an overview of the characteristics of the research sample, a general description of the sample's response results, and the results of testing the measurement scales, the research sample has reflected the characteristics of the research crowd. The results of the scale test using Cronbach's Alpha and the EFA factor analysis help us extract the components of leadership style affecting student satisfaction: (1) Ohao Smart design and landscape, (2) Ohao Smart responsiveness, (3) Ohao Smart support service quality, (4) Food quality /reliability, (5) Ohao Smart price. The scale of research concepts has reached convergent and discriminant validity through satisfying the conditions of EFA factor analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. The test results of linear regression show that all 5 components have a leadership style that positively impacts student satisfaction at a significant value of &lt; 0.05 (95% significance level). The model test results show that the model is suitable, there is no violation of the test assumptions, and the results of testing the hypotheses are accepted.