Anxiety Scale Research Articles

Postoperative complications and symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with gastric and esophageal cancer: a retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Context. Gastric and oesophageal cancers are common. They are also expected to increase in incidence in the next few years and are characterized by poor prognosis. Surprisingly, whereas the incidence of severe anxiety and depression is high in patients with gastric and oesophageal cancers, the influence of symptoms of depression and anxiety on postoperative complications has barely been explored. Methods. In a retrospective study based on a prospectively collected database, 629 cancer patients were enrolled. Symptoms of depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores) and sociodemographic and medical information were collected immediately after diagnosis and before any treatment. The surgical approach (i.e. gastrectomy or oesophagectomy) and postoperative complications according to the Clavien–Dindo classification were collected after surgery. Results. After controlling for known medical predictors (i.e. surgical strategy, alcohol and tobacco consumption, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification physical status score) of postoperative complications, no effect of symptoms of depression or anxiety was detected. Discussion. The observed results are surprising given the literature. However, several potential arguments can be put forwards regarding methods and measures, controlling variables, and conceptual distinctions. Despite the absence of significant results, this topic should be more deeply investigated by applying methodological and conceptual adjustments.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian version of the Heidelberg Form for Emotion Regulation Strategies (HFERST)

Background and Objectives: This study aims to measure the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Heidelberg form for emotion regulation strategies (HFERST). Methods: In this study conducted from November to December 2022, participants were 333 people aged 18-60 years in Iran who were selected by a convenience sampling method. To evaluate the convergent and divergent validity of the Persian HFERST, the acceptance and action questionnaire-second edition, the difficulty in emotion regulation scale, and the depression, anxiety and stress scale were used. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest method. The data analysis was done in SPSSsoftware, version 25 and LISREL version 8.8. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 8-factor solution of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the subscales of rumination, reappraisal, acceptance, problem solving, suppression of emotional expression, suppression of emotional experiences, avoidance and social support were 0.88, 0.87, 0.90, 0.91, 0.84, 0.89, 0.92, and 0.90, respectively. In addition, the four-week test-retest reliability for the mentioned subscales were 0.83, 0.80, 0.85, 0.89, 0.80, 0.82, 0.86, and 0.91, respectively. Conclusion: The Persian HFERST is a reliable and valid scale for measuring emotion regulation strategies in Iranian samples.

High Blood Pressure Associated with Depression, Not Anxiety: Results from the Tabriz Older People Survey (TOPS)

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between depression/anxiety and hypertension (HTN) in a large population-based sample in Iran. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Tabriz, the capital of East Azerbaijan province in northwest Iran. Participants: A total of 1362 individuals were chosen from a representative sample of community-dwelling older adults aged 60 and above, residing in Tabriz. Participants were selected using the probability proportional to size sampling method. Outcome measures: A structured survey was used to measure socio-demographic variables, along with the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: The results of a multiple logistic regression revealed that age (70-79 years old; P=0.01), employment status (housewives; P=0.02), level of education (illiterate; P<0.01), smoking status (having quit smoking; P<0.01), and depression (P=0.02) were related to HTN among these older adults. Conclusions: These findings highlight the critical importance of integrating mental health assessments and interventions in HTN management and prevention strategies, particularly for older populations.

Death Anxiety and Its Related Factors in Emergency Medical Technicians in Qom, Iran, in the Post-COVID-19 Era

Background and Objectives: Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) are the first healthcare providers in the time of crisis. They are exposed to many physical and psychological risks, including death anxiety. The present study aims to investigate the death anxiety level and its related factors in EMTs in Qom, Iran, in the post-COVID-19 era. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 185 EMTs from the hospitals affiliated to Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Sampling was done by simple random method. The data collection tool was Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale. Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 23 using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analyses. Results: The mean total score of death anxiety was 6.4±3.05. Based on the results of the multivariate regression analysis, the variables of age, marital status, and work experience could explain 43% of the variance in death anxiety of EMTs (β=0.433, P=0.001). Conclusion: Death anxiety of EMTs in Qom in the post-COVID-19 era is at a moderate level. The factors of age, marital status, and work experience are the predictors of death anxiety in EMTs. It is recommended that older, married, and more experienced EMTs should receive more psychological evaluations and consultations.

Relationship of Resilience With Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Nursing and Midwifery Students in Qom, Iran, During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic affected physical and mental health of people, including college students. Several studies in Iran have reported high symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in college students during the pandemic; however, few studies have investigated their resilience during the pandemic. This study aims to determine the relationship of resilience with anxiety, depression, and stress of nursing and midwifery students in Qom, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. Participants were 192 nursing and midwifery students of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2021, who were selected using a simple random sampling method. The instruments included the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale, the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, and the 21-item depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS-21). The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical tests of Pearson’s correlation test and regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results: The mean score of anxiety, depression, stress, and total DASS-21 score was 14.6±4.4, 14.48±4.29, 15±4.32, and 32.46±9.88, respectively. The mean total resilience score was 53.5±16.5. There was a significant negative correlation between depression, anxiety, stress, and total DASS-21 score with resilience in students during the pandemic (P<0.001). Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing and midwifery students’ resilience had a significant relationship with their depression, anxiety, and stress. The lower resilience can increase the stress, depression, and anxiety of nursing and midwifery students.

Different predictors of high school students' mathematics achievement

AbstractThis study examined the relationships between factors contributing to high school students’ mathematics achievement. Three hundred fourteen high school students participated in the study. We collected the data through the “Self‐Efficacy Scale for Mathematics Literacy,” “Bidimensional Mathematics Anxiety Scale,” “Mathematics Self‐Efficacy Scale,” “Attitudes Towards Mathematics Scale Short Form,” and mathematics exams. For this purpose, we proposed a theoretical model and tested the assumptions based on the model with path analysis. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between mathematical literacy self‐efficacy with mathematics self‐efficacy perception and attitudes towards mathematics. In addition, mathematics self‐efficacy perception had a positive and significant relationship with attitudes towards mathematics and a negative and significant relationship with mathematics anxiety. Also, attitudes towards mathematics had a positive and significant relationship with mathematics achievement, and mathematics anxiety had a negative and significant relationship with mathematics achievement. For every individual to use mathematics to meet basic life skills, all stakeholders of education, especially teachers, need to understand its importance, resources and how they can empower individuals in this aim. The relationships revealed in this study will serve the development of this understanding.

The Mediating Role of Cancer Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Death Anxiety in Patients with Cancer

Background: Investigating the relationship between mindfulness, cancer self-efficacy, and death anxiety in patients with cancer is crucial for understanding how these factors influence emotional well-being. Insights from such research can guide the development of psychological interventions aimed at enhancing quality of life for cancer patients. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between mindfulness and death anxiety in cancer patients, focusing on the mediating role of cancer self-efficacy. Methods: This study employed a descriptive correlational design and utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships. A convenience sample of 302 cancer patients from Tehran (2023) completed three questionnaires: The Death Anxiety Scale, the Mindfulness Questionnaire, and the Cancer Behavior Inventory. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the proposed model, while the bootstrap method assessed the indirect effects. Results: The study found a significant negative relationship between mindfulness and cancer self-efficacy, and between cancer self-efficacy and death anxiety (P < 0.001). There was no direct relationship between mindfulness and death anxiety; however, cancer self-efficacy was found to mediate this relationship (P < 0.001). The model demonstrated a good fit with indices: RMSEA = 0.065, CFI = 0.96, and TLI = 0.95. Conclusions: These findings suggest that mindfulness indirectly reduces death anxiety in cancer patients by enhancing cancer self-efficacy. This highlights the potential effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in improving the emotional and psychological health of individuals diagnosed with cancer

The prevalence and risk of anxiety and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis.

To summarize the pooled prevalence rates of anxiety and depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis was conducted. The CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, and PubMed databases were searched up to April 22, 2024. The methodological quality of systematic reviews was assessed using AMSTAR 2. The degree of overlap between reviews was analyzed by calculating the corrected covered area. Ten systematic reviews were selected. Regarding anxiety disorders, the pooled prevalence of panic disorder, social phobia, and anxiety disorders without specifying the type of disorder were 4%, 5%, and 16.9%, respectively. This prevalence was higher in depressive disorders, reaching 34.8%. Anxiety symptoms were very prevalent in women with PCOS, although the prevalence varied depending on the self-reported questionnaire used: the Hamilton Anxiety Scale 69.4%, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale 41.5%, and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale 32.4%. Additionally, the highest prevalence of depression symptoms was associated with the Beck Depression Inventory 46.0%, followed by the Self-rating Depression Scale 39.2%, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, which ranged from 31% to 33.8%. Meta-analyses found mainly anxiety and depression symptoms and disorders are prevalent in women with PCOS. Meta-analyses also showed women with PCOS had a higher risk of having anxiety disorders, and depression symptoms than women without PCOS. • Anxiety symptoms were prevalent, although the prevalence varied depending on the self-reported questionnaire. • The highest prevalence of depression symptoms was associated with the Beck Depression Inventory (46.0%). • The pooled prevalence of anxiety disorders without specifying the type of disorder was 16.9%.

Analysis of preoperative and postoperative depression and anxiety in patients with lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy treated with percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy

ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the mental health of patients with lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy (LDHR) and to evaluate the effects of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) on their mental well-being.MethodThis study included 114 LDHR patients who received PTED in the Spinal Orthopedics Department of Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between May 2022 and May 2023. The study population was stratified into two groups according to the presence of preoperative anxiety and depression: Group A comprised patients with such symptoms, and Group B included the remainder. Patients were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS), and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at preoperative and final follow-up visits. Evaluations were performed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Visual Analog Scale, and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at the time of preoperation and during the last follow-up.ResultsAmong the 114 LDHR patients who obtained complete follow-up, fifty-four had anxiety/depression symptoms before surgery, which accounted for a incidence of 47%. Both Group A and Group B patients showed significant improvement in all evaluation indicators after PTED, but the overall prognosis of Group A was worse than that of Group B.ConclusionPTED can effectively improve patients’ pain, functional activities and mental health, which has a positive impact on patients’ quality of life, and there is a significant correlation between patients’ preoperative mental health and prognosis.

Psychological Distress is Prevalent and Interdependent Among Patients with Decompensated Cirrhosis and Their Caregivers.

Little is known about the interdependence of psychological distress among patients with decompensated cirrhosis (DC) and their caregivers. In this cross-sectional study we examined the interdependence of psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) among 127 patient-caregiver dyads using Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling. Among dyads, 26% had both partners reporting clinically significant anxiety and 18% reporting clinically significant depression. Caregiver anxiety significantly predicted patient depression (β=0.20, p=0.02). Psychological distress was prevalent and interdependent among dyads. These results underscore the need to develop interventions to reduce psychological distress in both patients with DC and their caregivers.

Implementing acceptance and commitment therapy for adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a randomized study

The objective of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of ACT in optimizing adherence to ART. A quantitative study was conducted with a Solomon experimental design and follow-up. The sample comprised 84 seropositive patients randomly selected and distributed into four groups, two experimental and two controls. Symptoms of anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), level of treatment adherence (Questionnaire for Adherence to Treatment for HIV / AIDS) and experiential avoidance (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire) were measured. An ACT-based group intervention protocol was applied to the experimental groups, consisting of eight sessions. The results showed negative correlation between adherence and experiential avoidance, anxiety and depression. They also showed positive effects of ACT-based intervention on adherence to ART, with increase in adherence in the experimental groups and statistical difference in adherence in comparison with the control groups, according to the ANOVA test. It is concluded conclude that ACT is effective in optimising adherence to ART, allowing for behavioural changes that promote adaptation to diagnosis and treatment and reducing the presence of avoidance behaviours and emotional involvement.

Assessment of Construct Validity and Reliability of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Greek Couples With Infertility Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization Cycles

Assessment of Construct Validity and Reliability of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Greek Couples With Infertility Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization Cycles

Enhancing Sleep and Reducing Occupational Stress Through Forest Therapy: A Comparative Study Across Job Groups.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic radically shifted occupational patterns, leading to increased telecommuting and related stressors. Healthcare providers, among the most impacted group, faced heightened risks and workplace changes. Our study examined the efficacy of forest therapy in alleviating work-induced stress across various professions, exploring the need for profession-specific stress-relief strategies in the post-pandemic workplace. To examine the impact of COVID-19 on professionals, 62 participants were recruited, consisting of 20 healthcare providers, 21 information technology (IT) specialists, and 21 teachers. Instruments such as Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, along with salivary tests for cortisol and melatonin, were used to assess the participants' sleep and stress levels. A specialized forest healing program was implemented among these participants. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Win Ver. 22.0, utilizing paired t-tests and a repeated measures analysis of variance. Significant improvements were observed in the participants' sleep metrics, depression scales, and stress levels after the forest healing program. Physiological measures indicated an increase in melatonin and a decline in cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels, with only cortisol changes being statistically significant. Teachers, participating during school vacations, exhibited minimal stress-related physiological changes. Overall, the program demonstrated widespread health benefits regardless of occupation or gender. This study showed that forest therapy reduced stress equally across professions, including healthcare providers, IT specialists, and teachers. Individual physiological responses may play a greater role in stress relief than the specific occupation.

Body image is associated with persistence. A study of the role of weight-related stigma

AbstractThe study replicates a preliminary report from 2019 on therelationship between body image and persistence.PurposeThe aim of our study was to analyze the associations between body image, persistence, and body weight stereotypes.Patients and methodsA total of 750 individuals were recruited for the study. The research was carried out in computer labs. The procedure consisted of psychological questionnaires (Persistence Scale, The Body Esteem Scale, Perceived Weight Stigma Questionnaire, Weight Bias Internalization Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Formal Characteristics of Behavior – Temperament Inventory, and NEO-PI-R) and The Maze Test (a computer tool). After completing the Simple Maze Test, saliva samples were collected. Next, the subjects proceeded to the laboratory where anthropometric and body composition measurements were taken. The hormone levels (cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone) in the collected saliva samples were analyzed via ELISA to determine stress.ResultsBody image and persistence are related variables. They are associated with the internalization of stereotypes and perceived stigma related to body weight. These associations are differentially shaped according to sex and the regularity of body weight. In women, a stronger association of these variables with body image was observed, while in men, the relationship with body image was weaker, with a stronger association shown by perceived weight-related stigma. In the group of participants with a BMI<18.5, there was no significant association between the internalization of stereotypes and the analyzed variables. This relationship appeared in the group of subjects with a normal body weight and was strongest in the group of participants who were overweight or obese. Perceived weight-related stigma was most strongly associated with body image in the group with BMI<18.5 kg/m2 and with persistence in the group with BMI>25 kg/m2.ConclusionBody-related stigma affects not only overweight and obese individuals and its mechanisms may be shaped differently.

Reliability and Validity of the Diagnostic Interview Trauma and Stressors- Intellectual Disability in Adults with Mild Intellectual Disabilities or Borderline Intellectual Functioning

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the reliability and construct validity of the Diagnostic Interview Trauma and Stressors- Intellectual Disability – Adult version (DITS-ID-adults) in adults with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning (MID-BIF). Method The DITS-ID-adults, Brief Symptom Inventory–18 (BSI–18), and Impact of Event Scale-Intellectual Disability (IES – ID) were administered to 97 participants with MID-BIF who lived in supported housing. The Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Scale (ADESS) and Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI) were administered to their relatives. Results The interrater reliability of the DITS-ID-adults was good to excellent. The construct validity of the DITS-ID-adults was good, based on positive correlations between the BSI–18, IES-ID, ADESS and DITS-ID-adults, and mainly positive correlations between the BPI and DITS-ID-adults (r = .21 to r = .75). Reporting potentially traumatic events listed under the A criterium for PTSD was associated with fulfilling PTSD symptom criteria. In this sample, 58% were classified with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to the DITS-ID-adults, while PTSD diagnosis on file was low (7%). Conclusion The present findings support the DITS-ID-adults as a reliable and valid basis for classifying PTSD in individuals with MID-BIF.

Effectiveness of the re-engineered discharge (RED) care model in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

This study aims to investigate whether the re-engineered discharge (RED) model can significantly improve the quality of life, enhance the health status, and reduce the levels of depression and anxiety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis during hospitalization. This study selected 108 rheumatoid arthritis patients treated at our facility between February 2023 and February 2024. Based on the different treatment methods, these patients were divided into a control group and an observation group, with 54 patients in each group. During hospitalization, both groups received standardized routine care provided by the hospital. After discharge, the control group continued with regular follow-up visits, while the observation group received a more comprehensive and multidimensional extended care based on the RED model. The intervention period for both groups was set to 3 months. The core observation indicators of this study focused on the emotional fluctuations, symptom improvement, and changes in self-care ability of the patients before and after the intervention. After the intervention, the scores of the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale in both groups showed significant decreases, with the scores in the observation group being significantly lower than those in the control group, showing a highly significant statistical difference (P < .01). Additionally, the joint pain scores in both groups were alleviated, reflected by shorter morning stiffness times, reduced joint swelling, and increased grip strength. The observation group had lower joint pain scores, shorter morning stiffness times, fewer swollen joints, and stronger grip strength, all of which were statistically significant (P < .01). Furthermore, the distribution of self-care abilities in the observation group showed a significant difference compared to the control group (P < .05), with the observation group having a higher proportion of self-care abilities, which was also statistically significant (P < .05). For patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the implementation of the RED model nursing strategy can significantly alleviate negative emotions, reduce the distress caused by symptoms, and markedly improve their quality of life, providing a more comfortable and reassuring treatment experience.

Comparison of the clinical efficacy on chronic abdominal wall pain between trigger-point electroacupuncture and transversus abdominis plane block

To compare the clinical efficacy between trigger-point (TrP) electroacupuncture and transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in treatment of chronic abdominal wall pain (CAWP). A total of 62 CAWP patients were randomly divided into a TrP electroacupuncture group (31 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a TAP block group (31 cases, 1 case dropped off). Electroacupuncture at trigger points was delivered in the TrP electroacupuncture group, and TAP block was administered under ultrasonic guidance in the TAP block group. Separately, the score of the numerical pain rating scale (NRS) was observed before treatment and in 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after treatment；the scores of the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and the self-rating depressive scale (SDS) observed before treatment and in 1 week and 3 months after treatment；and the score of the short form 36 questionnaire (SF-36) was observed before treatment and in 3 months after treatment. The utilization rate of remedial drugs was recorded during follow-up visit. The clinical efficacy was compared. At each time point after treatment, NRS score decreased in comparison with that before treatment (P<0.05), the scores of SAS and SDS 1 week and 3 months after treatment were reduced (P<0.05) and the each item score of SF-36 increased (P<0.05) 3 months after treatment of each group. Compared with the outcomes in the TAP block group, NRS scores were reduced 1 month and 3 months after treatment respectively (P<0.05), the scores of SAS and SDS decreased (P<0.05) and SF-36 score was elevated (P<0.05) 3 months after treatment in the TrP electroacupuncture group. There was no significant difference in the utilization rate of remedial drugs between the two groups. The clinical efficacy of the TrP electroacupuncture group (96.7%) was superior to that of the TAP block group (83.3%, P<0.05). Both TrP electroacupuncture and TAP block can markedly relieve pain, attenuate the emotional symptoms of anxiety and depression and improve the quality of life in the patients with chronic abdominal wall pain. The clinical efficacy of TrP electroacupuncture is better than that of TAP block 3 months after treatment.

The correlated factors of anxiety and depression among Chinese hospital staff during the COVID-19 local outbreak.

Hospital staff in the COVID-19 local outbreak were facing different situations, their mental status and influencing factors were also different. The aim of this study is to investigate the anxiety and depression of hospital staff and its potential influence factors during the COVID-19 local outbreak. This was a cross-sectional survey based on a hospital with a local outbreak of COVID-19. We collected the demographic characteristics, COVID-19-related issues, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and self-rating depression scale (SDS) of participants through an anonymous questionnaire. Factors associated with anxiety and depression were explored through univariate and multivariate analyses. We also constructed nomograms and calibration curves to predict the probability of anxiety and depression. A total of 800 people completed the questionnaire. 239 (29.9%) of them were doctors, 249 (31.1%) of them were nurses and 312 (39.0%) of them were others. There were 173 (21.6%) cases had anxiety, including 36 (20.8%) doctors, 76 (43.9%) nurses and 61 (35.3%) from other occupations and 281 (35.1%) cases had depression, including 64 (22.8%) doctors, 101 (35.9%) nurses, and 116 (41.3%) from other occupations. Nurses had higher SAS and SDS score than doctors and others (F = 17.856, P < .001 and F = 14.376, P < .001). In addition, multivariate analysis found that occupation, education level, health condition, and reduced sleep were significant influences on anxiety and depression. At the same time, reduced income was also significantly associated with anxiety. During the local outbreak of COVID-19, hospital staff still had varying degrees anxiety and depression. Occupation, education level, health condition and reduced sleep were both significant influencing factors for anxiety and depression. The mental state of hospital staff, including nonmedical-related staff should still be taken seriously.

Second Language Listeners’ Emotion and Eye Gaze: A Web-Based Eye-Tracking Study

ABSTRACT While previous studies have shown that L2 listeners tend to focus more on videos with additional information, like presentation slides, the amount of eye gaze did not necessarily translate to higher listening test scores . Unlike previous research focusing on the benefits of additional visual cues, this study explores how emotions impact L2 listeners’ viewing behavior. Sixty-four adults completed the Foreign Language Listening Anxiety Scale (FLLAS), watched three academic lectures with their eye movements tracked, and answered comprehension questions. According to the results, listening anxiety was not a significant predictor of viewing videos. The relationship between viewing time and comprehension scores was non-significant. Interviews and survey responses highlighted diverse attitudes toward the videos. The findings suggest that individual differences in listening anxiety may not significantly influence how much participants look at the videos. Furthermore, adding context videos to listening tests to increase authenticity does not seem to affect comprehension scores, consistent with previous studies. The implications for developing video-based listening tests are discussed.

Color perception and its relation to dental anxiety in children.

One of the major causes of dental anxiety in children is their first impression of the dental environment. Even minor details, such as the choice of color in a dental setting and the color of dental equipment, can positively influence a child's behavior. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the emotions in children and color combinations in a pediatric setting. The study involved 200 children (99 boys and 101 girls) aged between 6 and 12 years who visited the dental clinics at the College of Dentistry, Jazan University, for the first time between November 2017 and January 2018. The participants were divided into 2 groups based on age. The younger children group included participants aged from 6 to 9 years, while the older children group included participants aged from 10 to 12 years. Anxiety levels were recorded using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. Colored pencils and images of emoticons were provided to all children, who were instructed to color the negative and positive emoticons with their preferred colors. The analysis of anxiety levels among children in both groups revealed statistically significant differences across sexes in the younger age group, with girls being more anxious than boys (p = 0.003). Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed in the choice of colors by children of both sexes in 2 age groups (p = 0.001). Most children were inclined towards bright colors and used them to express their emotions. The incorporation of colors in a dental setting could invoke positive emotions in children. Hence, the use of colors in the workplace has the potential to ease anxiety.