Species Of Scale Insects Research Articles

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) on sugarcane in Colombia, with description of a new species of Tillancoccus Ben-Dov (Coccidae).

Herein we describe a new species, Tillancoccus koreguajae Caballero & Ramos, sp. n. (Hemiptera: Coccidae) from Colombia collected on sugarcane. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) is also recorded on sugarcane for the first time worldwide. An updated list of seven species of Coccomorpha on sugarcane in Colombia is provided, including information on its distribution, biology, and mutualistic ants for each species. Seven species of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) have been recorded previously on sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) in Colombia: Pseudococcidae: Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana), D. brevipes (Cockerell), Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell); Coccidae: Pulvinaria elongata Newstead; Diaspididae: Duplachionaspis divergens (Green) and Serenaspis minima (Maskell). However, the record of S. minima in Colombia is considered doubtful as there are no voucher specimens from Colombia and because the distribution of this species is currently limited to the Australasian region. Pseudococcus calceolariae is present in Colombia but its record on sugarcane is also doubtful. A taxonomic key for the identification of scale insects on sugarcane in Colombia is provided.

New Afrotropical scale insect pests (Homoptera: Coccinea) under glass in St Petersburg, Russia

Two Afrotropical scale insect species, Trochiscococcus speciosus (De Lotto, 1961) and Ripersiella aloes (Williams et Pellizzari, 1997), are recorded for the first time in Russia, St Petersburg, under glass on the roots of Gasteria sp. (Asphodelaceae). The first species is morphologically described and illustrated by a standard total coccidological figure and by the photograph; a study of the reproductive biology of this species revealed an obligate ovoviviparity, parthenogenesis (thelytoky) and the chromosomal number 2n=10. The quarantine status for both species is advised on the territory of Russia and neighbouring countries.

SCALE INSECTS (HEMIPTERA COCCOIDEA) ON MULBERRY TREES IN TURKEY

In Turkey commonly cultivated mulberry species are Morus alba L., M. nigra L., and M. rubra L (Moraceae). Mulberry fruits are widely consumed freshly or as traditional products such as mulberry molasses and mulberry dried fruit pulp. Mulberry leaves are used for sericulture. In this study, scale pests of mulberry trees were investigated mainly in Ankara and some other regions in Turkey. Eight scale insect species namely Ceroplastes japonicus Green , C. rusci (L.) , Neopulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon) , Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche) (Coccidae), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti (Diaspididae), Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret) , Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Pseudococcidae) were found on the Moru s spp. P. pentagona was the most common and important pest species of the mulberry trees in research area. Populations of C.japonicus, N. innumerabilis, and P.comstocki are found at very high levels in some local gardens.

Discovery pattern and species number of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

Few investigations have been made of the species description trend of scale insects. The present study reports the discovery pattern and taxonomic efforts for this group based on global species and a literature dataset. In addition, three asymptotic models (Logistic, Gompertz, and Extreme Value) based on a discovery curve were used to predict the species number of scale insects. Our results showed that the species description rate has been changing over time, with certain peaks and valleys in the past 250 years. The mean number of species described per year was 30, with the highest number of 195 described species in 1985. The increasing number of authors and the almost constant proportion of species described by 10% most prolific authors since the 1900s suggested that taxonomic effort has been increasing over time. The Gompertz model with lowest AIC value suggested that there are about 10,450 species of scale insects on Earth, nearly 30% of which remain to be described. Our study offers insights into the discovery pattern of scale insect diversity.

Managing Scale Insects on Ornamental Plants

Scale insects are a diverse group of piercing-sucking pests (Hemiptera) commonly found on ornamental plants in landscapes and nurseries. There are over 180 species of scale insects in Florida, but only a small percentage are important pests of ornamental plants. They damage plants and secrete a waxy covering that makes them difficult to control using most chemical control measures. This revised 6-page fact sheet differentiates between armored and soft-scale insect pests and lists common types of each, provides information about the biology of scale insects and how to identify them and the damage they cause, describes how to scout and monitor for scale insects, and lists several methods for prevention and control of scale insect invasions. Written by Eileen A. Buss and Adam Dale, and published by the Department of Entomology and Nematology, July 2016. ENY-323/MG005: Managing Scale Insects on Ornamental Plants (ufl.edu)

Immature biology and morphology of an obligate myrmecophilous butterfly Catapaecilma major moltrechti (Wileman) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Taiwa.

The immature biology and morphology of Catapaecilma major moltrechti (Wileman) from Taiwan are reported. The larva of this taxon is proven to be largely predacious on a few scale insect species attended by ant Crematogester rogenhoferi in satellite nests constructed by the ants, but it also consumes plant material within or near ants' satellite nests in elder instars. The discovery of the food habit of this taxon is interesting as the larva of C. major is known to be phytophagous in India and Sri Lanka.

Three new species of mealybug (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Pseudococcidae) on persimmon fruit trees (Diospyros kaki) in southern Brazil.

Brazil has the greatest insect diversity in the world; however, little is known about its scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha). Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) have been found in at least 50% of persimmon orchards Diospyros kaki L. in the southern part of the country. In this study three new mealybug species on persimmon trees located in the Serra Gaúcha Region, RS, Brazil, namely, Anisococcus granarae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n., Ferrisia kaki Kaydan & Pacheco da Silva, sp. n. and Pseudococcus rosangelae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n. are described. In addition, an identification key for the genera occurring on fruit orchards and vineyards in Brazil is provided, together with illustrations and molecular data for the new species.

A survey of scale insects in soil samples from Europe (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha).

In the last decades, several expeditions were organized in Europe by the researchers of the Hungarian Natural History Museum to collect snails, aquatic insects and soil animals (mites, springtails, nematodes, and earthworms). In this study, scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) specimens extracted from Hungarian Natural History Museum soil samples (2970 samples in total), all of which were collected using soil and litter sampling devices, and extracted by Berlese funnel, were examined. From these samples, 43 scale insect species (Acanthococcidae 4, Coccidae 2, Micrococcidae 1, Ortheziidae 7, Pseudococcidae 21, Putoidae 1 and Rhizoecidae 7) were found in 16 European countries. In addition, a new species belonging to the family Pseudococcidae, Brevennia larvalis Kaydan, sp. n. and a new species of Ortheziidae, Ortheziola editae Szita & Konczné Benedicty, sp. n. are described and illustrated based on the adult female stage. Revised keys to the adult females of Brevennia and Ortheziola are presented.

Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Scale Insects in China

Scale insects are one of the most fascinating and unusual types of organisms on Earth. Many species have been found in China, but the diversity and distribution patterns of Chinese scale insects are not well understood. To evaluate the diversity and distribution of scale insects in China, we compiled geographic distribution data from museum specimens and published literature and plotted these data using a Geographical Information System. Distribution centers of scale insects were identified by counting the number of species in each grid cell. Values were extracted from each environmental data set from each point and then the relationships between the distribution of scale insects and environment variables were explored using principal component analysis. There are 1,186 species of scale insects recorded in China belonging to 16 recognized families with an overall endemism of scale insect species of ∼48%. However, species-description accumulation curves of scale insects suggest that a full inventory of these taxa is far from complete. None of the species accumulation curves yet drawn have reached an asymptote, indicating that current sampling procedures are still not sufficiently intensive to capture most species present within each cell. Results suggest that the number of identified species of scale insects in China is underestimated by previous inventories, and their distribution is governed by complex ecological factors. Furthermore, it was confirmed that climate is the predominant environmental determinants affecting the distribution and diversity patterns of scale insects in China.

Diversity, endemism and origins of scale insects on a tropical oceanic island: Implications for management of an invasive ant

Detailed assessment of scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) faunas on islands may help predict impacts of invasive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and inform options for their management, including biological control. Mutualism between scale insects and the invasive ant Anoplolepis gracilipes on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, threatens the conservation of the island's endemic land crab fauna, alters rainforest structure and composition, and disrupts ecosystem processes. Diversity and endemism of the scale insect fauna were assessed through broad survey across rainforest, targeted search on endemic plant species, and inspection of ornamental and horticultural plants in settled areas. Emphasis was placed on honeydew-producing species that sustain ant supercolonies and detection of endemic scale insects that could be non-target species in a biological control programme for honeydew-producing scale insects. Origins of the fauna were inferred using scale insect databases and interception records at Ports-of-Entry for the United States and Korea. Twenty-eight scale insect species in seven families are identified for the island. Four honeydew-producing species, the lac scale Tachardina aurantiaca (Kerriidae) and three soft scale species (Coccidae), are abundant in rainforest and tended by ants. No endemic species were found. Compositionally, the scale insect fauna resembles that of many other tropical islands: almost all species are biogeographically widespread, host-plant generalists, and routinely intercepted in human-mediated dispersal pathways. The likely source bioregion is Sundaland where 27 of the 28 species on the island have been recorded and which has been the major pathway for movement of plant material to the island for over a century.

Citrus infestation by the black scale,Parlatoria ziziphiLucas (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Tlemcen, Algeria

In a 2-year study on black scale, Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas (Homoptera, Diaspididae) infestation on two citrus varieties viz., Thomson and Portuguese at El Fehoul station in Tlemcen North-West of Algeria, Parlatoria ziziphi was found infesting both varieties. The upper surface of leaves was always more infested than the lower surface by Parlatoria ziziphi for both Thomson and Portuguese varieties. In terms of leaves infestation rates, it's very important at the southern exposure and the center of the plot for Thomson variety, and with 100% in the southern and northern exposure of the Portuguese variety. In case of fruit, the rate of infestation is the most important in the south of plot with 87.9% for Thomson variety and 79% for the Portuguese variety. The infestation rate of the leaves does not change after harvesting the fruit. This species of scale insect is cosmopolitan and attacks many species of Citrus family. It is also very common on citrus in Algeria.

Survey on Natural Enemies of Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) Species in Citrus Orchards in Antalya, Turkey and Record of A New Species for Turkey

Species of the family of Diaspididae and their natural enemies in citrus orchards in Antalya province were surveyed in the years 2011 and 2012. The survey revealed 3 species of predators and 5 species of parasitoids associated with 6 species of scale insect. The parasitoid species Zaomma lambinus (Walker) on Diaspididae speciesin citrus orchards is recorded for the first time in Turkey. Two scale insect species, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) and L. gloverii (Packard), two predators species, Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) and Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell), two parasitoid species, Comperiella bifasciata Howardon Aonidiella aurantii and Encarsia citrina (Craw) on Aonidiella citrina (Craw) in citrus orchards are recorded for the first time in Antalya.

Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti için yeni kayıt coccoid (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) türleri

Surveys of scale insects were carried out on infested fruits and ornamental plants in the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus during July 2013. Nine scale insect species were determined, four of which are new records for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus fauna. The new records include: Anophococcus formicicola (Newstead) (Acanthococcidae), Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Diaspididae), Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Coccidae), and Phenacoccus maderiensis (Green) (Pseudococcidae).

Scale insect species names that have been combined with the genus nameDactylopius Costa (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha).

The genus Dactylopius is the only genus at present in the family Dactylopiidae. Since the name Dactylopius was proposed in 1829, however, numerous other species names belonging to different families of scale insects have been combined with it and these are also listed. The present status and the family placement are also given for each species.

General trends of chromosomal evolution in Aphidococca (Insecta, Homoptera, Aphidinea + Coccinea).

Parallel trends of chromosomal evolution in Aphidococca are discussed, based on the catalogue of chromosomal numbers and genetic systems of scale insects by Gavrilov (2007) and the new catalogue for aphids provided in the present paper. To date chromosome numbers have been reported for 482 species of scale insects and for 1039 species of aphids, thus respectively comprising about 6% and 24% of the total number of species. Such characters as low modal numbers of chromosomes, heterochromatinization of part of chromosomes, production of only two sperm instead of four from each primary spermatocyte, physiological sex determination, "larval" meiosis, wide distribution of parthenogenesis and chromosomal races are considered as a result of homologous parallel changes of the initial genotype of Aphidococca ancestors. From a cytogenetic point of view, these characters separate Aphidococca from all other groups of Paraneoptera insects and in this sense can be considered as additional taxonomic characters. In contrast to available paleontological data the authors doubt that Coccinea with their very diverse (and partly primitive) genetic systems may have originated later then Aphidinea with their very specialised and unified genetic system.

Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Important Species on Citrus Orchards in Antalya Province and Their Natural Enemies Population Fluctuations

In this study population fluctuations of important species of Diaspididae and their natural enemies were investigated in the mandarin, grapefruit, orange and lemon orchards of BATEM (West Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute) in 2011-2012 years. As a result, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Aonidiella citrina (Craw), Parlatoria pergandii Comstock species of scale insects were found. Natural enemies determined in the study were Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) and Oenopiaconglobata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as predators, and Aphytis melinus DeBach and Encarsia spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) as parasitoids. In this study, population fluctuation of A. aurantii, A. citrina and P. pergandii, C. bipustulatus and O. conglobata, A. melinus and Encarsia spp. as their natural enemies,were investigated.

Una nueva especie de Toumeyella Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) en raíces de café, Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) en Colombia y Venezuela

Una nueva especie de escama blanda de Colombia y Venezuela, Toumeyella coffeae Kondo sp. nov., se describe e ilustra con base en la hembra adulta. Se proveen una clave taxonómica para separar los géneros de escamas blandas del grupo-Toumeyella y una lista de 49 especies de escamas blandas (Coccidae) registradas sobre Coffea spp., en el mundo.

Scale Insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) Pests of Papaya (Carica papaya) in Brazil

ABSTRACT Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are widely distributed sap-feeding insects that damage a wide variety of plants, and reduce the productivity and commercial value of many crops, including fruits such as papaya (Carica papaya). These pests cause direct and indirect damage to papaya and other plants, and some species of this group are of quarantine importance and, thus, affect export and import of papaya fruit. To determine which species of scale insects commonly occur on papaya in Brazil, a survey of the scale insects on this crop was conducted over four years in commercial orchards located in the principal production regions of papaya in this country. Six species of scale insects were collected: Aonidiella comperei McKenzie, Coccus hesperidum L., Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi), Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, a Pseudococcus species, and Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan). The armored scale A. comperei often causes severe damage to the crop and was the most common and widely distributed scale i...

The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Maltese Archipelago.

Past works on scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from the Maltese Archipelago are reviewed. Based on the literature and contemporary collections, a total of 93 species of scale insects belonging to 12 scale insect families are here reported (Aclerdidae 1 species; Asterolecaniidae 4; Coccidae 17; Diaspididae 46; Eriococcidae 5; Kermesidae 1; Margarodidae 1; Micrococcidae 1; Monophlebidae 2; Pseudoccocidae 11; Putoidae 2 and Rhizoecidae 2). Of these, 17 species represent new distribution records. Ten species are excluded from the scale insect fauna of the Maltese Islands. Of the 93 species present, only 29 (31.18%) are probably indigenous and the rest (68.82%) represent established introductions from elsewhere. More than 65% of the indigenous species are typical Mediterranean in distribution, with a few species having a mainly European chorotype. A quarter of the established aliens originate from Eurasia, followed by an East Asian/ Oriental component (20.31%); European (14.06%); Neotropical (14.06%); cryptogenic (14.06%); African (7.81%) and Australasian (4.70%). Movement of live fruit trees and ornamental plants into the Maltese Archipelago from nearby countries is probably the main route for entry of alien scale insects into the country. Some possible future introductions are discussed.

Population dynamics of the gall inducer Eriogallococcus isaias (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) on Pseudobombax grandiflorum (Malvaceae)

Eriogallococcus isaias Hodgson and Magalhães is a Neotropical species of gall-inducing scale insect (Coccoidea: Eriococcidae), whose phenological synchrony with its host plant, Pseudobombax grandiflorum, is fundamental to the maintenance of its population. Furthermore, E. isaias is unusual among gall-inducing Eriococcidae because its galls are not sexually dimorphic and are induced by the second-instar nymphs. We studied the life cycles of the host plant and the galling insect, and followed the development of the insects and the structure of the gall. The results showed that gall induction is synchronous with leaf flushing, and that the galls and leaves mature concomitantly. Males have a 36–48-day life cycle within the gall, whereas females have a 75–100-day life cycle.