Scale Effects Research Articles

Is There a Trade-off Between Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, International Trade and Environmental Degradation? A Comparison Between Asian Developed and Developing Countries

Against the backdrop of impressive economic growth, the attractive foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade of Asian countries, this study attempts to examine whether trade-offs between three aspects of economic growth, FDI, international trade and environmental degradation. Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (P-ARDL) model with pooled mean group estimates has been applied on panel data from 1996 to 2019. Panel Vector Error Correction model (VECM) Granger causality test is also used to identify multidimensional causal relationships between variables. The research results confirm the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between environmental degradation (CO2 emission) and the combination of economic growth, FDI and trade openness. In the short run, income positively affects CO2 emission while negative impacts and lower income elasticity have been found in the long run, implying that CO2 emission decreases and reverses its direction when income rises. Contrasting results collected from two groups of developed versus developing countries, the author reveals a linear relationship with a positive direction between economic growth and environmental degradation in developing countries while opposite results have been shown in developed nations, which supports the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. This study also provides sound proof for the ‘pollution haven hypothesis’ and the scale effects on FDI attraction and international trade. By applying relatively new estimators in the field of econometrics to compare the differences between Asian developed and developing countries, the research highlights the appropriate policies contributing to sustainable economic growth, attractive FDI and growing green trade with minimum adverse effects on the environment. JEL Codes: C33, F18, F21, F43, O44, Q40, Q51, Q53

Investigations into size dependence on the behavior of rocks with a “V” notch and hole under uniaxial compression

This study employed a combination of experimental analysis and numerical simulations using the Particle Flow Code (PFC2D) to investigate the impact of interaction between porosity and V-shaped notch on the breakage behavior of gypsum-based rock-like samples. Also, the influence of scale effect on the notch-hole interaction has been investigated while the “<” notches were positioned at three different orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) relative to the X-axis. Parallel to the experimental phase, nine samples with analogous “<” shape notches, as well as nine additional models featuring different “>” shape notches, were generated and assessed through numerical simulations. The findings indicate that crack propagation was primarily governed by the notch shape, asymmetric line angle, and model dimensions. Notably, the rock bridge located between the “<” shape notch and the hole exhibited significantly greater breakage compared to other notch configurations (i.e., “>” shape notch). Moreover, the volume of damage increased with the inclination of the asymmetric line and the model's dimensions. Both the angle of the asymmetric line and the model's size contributed to enhanced sample strength. Elevating the asymmetric line angle, simulation size, and V-shaped notch led to the creation of more fractures, consequently resulting in a heightened occurrence of failure events in rock-like materials. Delay failure occurred in models containing “>” shaped notch while abrupt failure occurred in models containing “<” shaped notch. The experimental results affirm that PFC2D faithfully replicated the sample's failure pattern and strength. This study is useful for rock engineering design when delay failure and or abrupt failure threaten the stability of rock engineering structures.

Power Prediction and Manoeuvring Study for an Inland Class Vessel

The paper explores the propulsive power requirements and manoeuvring capabilities of a popular class of inland bulk carriers in Bangladesh. After the initial verification study, model-scale CFD simulations are performed in calm, open waters at different speeds to assess hull resistance. The resistance results are then extrapolated to full scale for calculating propulsion power requirements. Subsequently, manoeuvring simulations are performed using PMM motions to evaluate static drift, pure sway, and pure yaw scenarios to calculate manoeuvring coefficients. Following this, model-scale resistance simulations in restricted waters are performed to estimate the minimum power needed for propulsion in heavy monsoon currents based on common inland waterway dimensions in Bangladesh. Finally, full-scale simulations are performed in open water to investigate the scale effect on resistance (thus power) prediction. The study confirms that the installed power in the vessel is adequate for safe navigation within Bangladesh’s inland waters. Although model-scale CFD studies are generally unsuitable for resistance prediction, the study suggests that extrapolated results often offer conservative estimates for power prediction. In cases of resource limitation, these simulations can prove beneficial since conservative estimations somewhat ensure the vessel’s propulsion and manoeuvrability in extreme conditions.

Application of Virtual Organizations in the Integrated Model of the Feed Industry

This paper addresses the extended development of the integrated model of the industry chain, utilizing the form of virtual organizations for further expansion. Given the necessity of concentrated resource allocation in the feed industry chain, virtual organizations, with their advantages of dynamism and flexibility, can enhance internal communication and collaboration efficiency, strengthen collaborative effects, scale effects, market effects, and reduce market competition and risks. The article enriches the integrated application model of the feed industry by drawing on three novel supply chain strategies. Empirical research indicates that the application of virtual organizations in the integration of the feed industry can fully leverage their effectiveness and applicability. Performance analysis indicators are also enumerated. In the future, it is expected to conduct more extensive research on virtual organizations, proposing innovative conceptual applications for the integrated integration of agricultural industry chains.

The Ductile/Brittle Transition for Materials Failure—Atomic Scale to Macroscopic Scale

Abstract This work is the continuation and completion to that initiated in the studies by Christensen (2022, “Perspective on the Bond Bending and Bond Stretching Effects of the Atomic Scale and Their Relationship to Ductile Versus Brittle Materials Failure,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 167, p. 104984; 2023, “Review of the Basic Elastic Mechanical Properties and Their Realignment to Establish Ductile Versus Brittle Failure Behaviors,” ASME Appl. Mech. Rev., 75(3), p. 031001) on the ductile/brittle transition for homogeneous and isotropic materials in uniaxial tensile failure. Starting here at the atomic level with the bonding involving both bond bending and bond stretching effects, there then is given the development of the ductile/brittle transition for a type of cubic symmetry in the individual crystals of the composing polycrystalline material. Thereafter, a complementary derivation is given for the ductile/brittle transition at the macroscopic level involving a specific form of the strain energy. The two results are found to be compatible and mutually verifying, thereby finishing the investigation.

Effects of land cover patterns on pond water nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in a small agricultural watershed in Central China

Seasonal variations in agricultural land cover patterns and their spatial scale effects on surface water nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in watersheds have been major concerns. Understanding the relationships between land cover metrics and pond nutrients are of great significance to enhance water contamination prediction efficiencies and guide land use planning in agricultural watersheds. In this context, the present study aims to investigate the seasonal variations in the N and P concentrations in 28 ponds in a developed agricultural watershed in central China in 2019. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to assess the relationships of the pond water N and P concentrations with multi-scale land cover patterns. Besides the pond water ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentrations, the total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), total phosphorus (TP), and dissolved phosphorus (DP) concentrations in the investigated ponds were higher in summer than those observed in other seasons. The hierarchical partitioning model results demonstrated a spatial consistency in scale effects of land cover metrics on the pond hydrochemical parameters in the different seasons. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the land cover patterns better predicted the variations in the pond water N and P concentrations at the 100 m buffer zone scale in spring and summer, as well as at the 50 m buffer zone scale in fall and winter. Among the land cover metrics considered in this study, the orchard area proportion (POR), landscape shape index (LSI), and largest patch index (LPI) showed the highest significant correlations with the pond water N and P concentrations. The results of this study provide valuable information for effective land use management to control pond water pollution and promote sustainable development in agricultural watersheds.

Regional productivity in the transformation of China’s energy structure –estimation of the restricted cost function

ABSTRACT In this study, energy structure is introduced into the restricted cost function to study the influence of energy structure transformation (EST) on regional productivity. The analysis indicates that: (i) the average annual productivity of various regions in China has a positive growth, with an average annual growth rate of 6.97% and a downward growth trend from 12.15% to 4.13%. Technological progress has the greatest positive contribution to productivity growth, while energy structure and scale effect have slight negative effects. (ii) Further regional empirical analysis reveals a gradient distributions of eastern > central > western area for productivity growth. Although the effect of technological progress in western area is greater than that of eastern and central areas, low energy efficiency has dragged down its productivity growth. (iii) Factor input bias analysis demonstrates that technological progress tends to factor saving, while energy structure adjustment tends to a slight factor using with different preferences in regions. Inspired by the empirical results, strategies for optimizing policies and regional collaboration are proposed from a systematic perspective.

Scale effects and spatial heterogeneity of driving factors in ecosystem services value interactions within the Tibet autonomous region

Widespread land development, deforestation, and wetland degradation have disrupted the physical integrity and functional capacity of ecosystems, leading to a reduction in ecosystem service values (ESV). However, comprehensive research addressing ESV interactions that represent various ecosystem services from multifaceted angles is limited. Moreover, the relative significance and spatiotemporal diversity of natural and socio-economic variables influencing ESV demand further investigation. This study conducts both quantitative and qualitative assessments of the spatiotemporal dynamics and interrelationships of ESV in the Tibet autonomous region from 2000 to 2020. Geographical detector and geographically weighted regression models are applied to ascertain the relative importance and spatial heterogeneity of diverse ESV determinants. The findings reveal the following key insights: (1) Barren lands experienced the most substantial expansion from 2000 to 2020, indicating an exacerbation of desertification in the Tibet autonomous region. (2) Over the two decades, ESV exhibited an overall upward trajectory, with regulation of water flows, water bodies, and forests making the most significant contributions to ESV and its growth. (3) The quantitative and qualitative assessment of ESV interrelations has identified the number of trade-offs and synergies, along with spatial occurrences, offering a detailed foundation for the scientific management of ecosystems. Specifically, quantitative results portray ESV correlations as positive or negative, qualitative spatial mapping elucidates intricate local interactions among ESV. (4) The primary driver of ESV in the Tibet autonomous region is NDVI (0.072), with elevation following closely behind, underscoring the predominant influence of natural factors relative to socio-economic variables. This research serves as a scientific underpinning for the development of ecological conservation policies and the execution of ecological restoration initiatives.

Evaluation of impact of land use and landscape metrics on surface water quality in the northeastern part along Lake Tanganyika, Africa.

As the second deepest lake in Africa, Lake Tanganyika plays an important role in supplying fish protein for the catchment's residents and is irreplaceable in global biodiversity. However, the lake's water environment is threatened by socioeconomic development and rapid population growth along the lake. This study analyzed the spatial scale effects and seasonal dependence of land use types and landscape metrics on water quality in 16 sub-basins along northeastern Lake Tanganyika at different levels of urbanization. The results revealed that land use types had a higher influence on water quality in urban areas than that in rural areas; the explanatory variance in the urban area was 0.78-0.96, while it was 0.21-0.70 in the rural area. The explanatory ability of land use types on water quality was better at the buffer scale than at the sub-watershed scale, and the 500m buffer scale had the highest explanatory ability in the urban area and rural area both in the rainy season and dry season, and artificial surface and arable land were the main contributing factors. And this phenomenon was more obvious in dry season than in rainy season. We identified that CONTAG was the key landscape metric in urban area and was positively correlated with nutrient variables, indicating that water quality degraded in less fragmented landscapes. The sub-watershed scale had the highest explained ability, while in rural area, the 1500m buffer scale had the highest explained ability and IJI had the highest explanatory variance, which had a negative effect on water quality. Research on the relationship between land use and water quality would help assess the water quality in the unmonitored watershed as monitoring is expensive and time-consuming in low-income area. This knowledge would provide guideline to watershed managers and policymakers to prioritize the future land use development within Lake Tanganyika basin.

Determination of the Probabilistic Properties of the Critical Fracture Energy of Concrete Integrating Scale Effect Aspects

This paper presents an extension of the validation domain of a previously validated three-dimensional probabilistic semi-explicit cracking numerical model, which was initially validated for a specific concrete mix design. This model is implemented in a finite element code. The primary objective of this study is to propose a function that enables the estimation of the critical fracture energy parameter utilized in the model and validate its effectiveness for various concrete mix designs. The model focuses on macrocrack propagation and introduces significant aspects such as employing volume elements for simulating macrocrack propagation and incorporating two key factors in governing its behavior. Firstly, macrocrack initiation is linked to the uniaxial tensile strength (ft). Secondly, macrocrack propagation is influenced by a post-cracking dissipation energy in tension. This energy is taken equal to the mode I critical fracture energy (GIC) based on the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. Importantly, both ft and GIC are probabilistic properties influenced by the volume of concrete under consideration. Consequently, in the numerical model, they are dependent on the volume of the finite elements employed. To achieve this objective, numerical simulations of fracture mechanical tests are conducted on a large double cantilever beam specimen. Through these simulations, we validate the proposed function, which is a crucial step towards expanding the model’s applicability to all concrete mix designs.

Comparison of stiffness degradation in fatigue-loaded concrete cylinders and large-scale beams

Wind and wave loads subject the tower structures of wind turbines to bending stress. The resulting initial linear strain gradients in the tower cross-section cause fatigue-induced degradation of the concrete at the outer edge of the structures. As the number of load cycles increases, stresses are gradually redistributed to the inner cross-section of the structure consequently. Most of the test results documented in the literature were obtained from small-scale concrete specimens or small-scale components. In those cases, the stiffness and stress redistributions occurring in the real component can only be insufficiently derived, and possible scale effects cannot be taken into account. Besides, available test results for individual component tests are mostly only for load cycles up to 2⋅106. However, significantly lower load levels and thus higher number of load cycles are expected to occur in wind turbines compared to usual fatigue tests. To deal with this issue, extensive fatigue tests on small cylindrical specimens as well as large-scale beams in the very-high-cycle fatigue range are carried out in this work. The test results of both cylindrical and beam specimens show the typical three-phase stiffness curves known from the literature. These curves exhibit a disproportionate decrease at the beginning of the loading, followed by a constant decrease in stiffness, and finally, a greater decrease in stiffness shortly before failure. Moreover, the stiffness curves from the tests on both specimen types show good agreement. It can be concluded that the results from small cylindrical specimen tests can be transferred to large-scale structural components.

Hotter days, dirtier air: The impact of extreme heat on energy and pollution intensity in China

This research endeavors to investigate the causal relationship between climate change and pollution intensity, employing a county-level dataset encompassing meteorological data and air pollution measurements from 2008 to 2017 in China. We discern the immediate causal impact of “local temperature shocks” on pollution intensity, uncovering a positive association between climate change and pollution intensity. Notably, this effect manifests with greater significance in economically underdeveloped regions, the northern provinces, and cities not reliant on resource-based industries. Moreover, we disentangle the influence of extreme heat on air pollution into three distinct facets: scale, technological, and structural effects. Our findings reveal that extreme heat augments energy demand, diminishes energy efficiency, and amplifies coal consumption, consequently elevating pollution intensity. Drawing upon the SSP126 and SSP585 climate change scenarios for future Chinese cities in the short-term (2041–2060), mid-term (2061–2080), and long-term (2081–2100), our simulation outcomes demonstrate that the escalating frequency of hot days will perpetuate an adverse impact on pollution intensity across China's counties. This study presents a fresh perspective on the environmental repercussions of climate change and provides theoretical underpinning for local authorities in their endeavors to attain concurrent reductions in both pollution and carbon emissions.

Molecular dynamics study of boiling heat transfer in nanochannels under capillary flow

The increasing heat flux of electronic devices poses significant challenges in thermal management. Passive heat dissipation technology based on capillary drive has been widely concerned because it does not require external driving force and stability. However, due to the small size of the internal capillary structure, typically in the micro and nano scales, and the significant scale effect, further research is needed to understand the mechanism of internal boiling heat transfer. This study systematically investigates the boiling process of liquid in nanochannels under capillary flow with varying wettability using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that increasing the energy coefficient (c) causes a greater accumulation of atoms near the wall, thereby enhancing the efficiency of solid–liquid heat transfer. The bubble has a larger stable volume as c increases and will burst in the case of high c. As c increases, the region of high potential and kinetic energy expands more rapidly, reducing the time it takes for bubble nucleation and rupture. The behavior of bubbles is significantly influenced by capillary flow, which is also influenced by wettability. When c = 0.9, the flow velocity reaches its maximum before bubble nucleation occurs. It leads to a more homogeneous heat transfer, resulting in a higher location of bubble nucleation. Furthermore, the presence of capillary forces increases the average potential energy of surrounding liquid atoms, thereby enhancing the growth rate of the bubble. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimal design of capillary-driven two-phase heat dissipation devices.

Rate dependence in adhesive particle–particle contacts affect ceramic suspension bulk flow behavior

Particle–fluid mixtures are known for displaying a wide variety of interesting flow mechanisms, such as thickening and thinning under shear. It is now becoming increasingly evident that even molecular scale effects are relevant for this macroscopic flow behavior of suspensions. Here we show that even 50μm ceramic beads in a non-density matched solvent are affected by the pH of the solvent. We trace the origin of the pH dependence to the contact mechanics using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM). The gel-like structure of the pH 3 samples suggests that adhesion effects play a major role, but which adhesion timescale competes with shear rate to affect the rheology is not obvious. We test here two time scales in the contact mechanics: total contact time tc and contact retraction speed vr. We observe that contact time is the most important variable to correlate with rheology. The ceramic particle suspension so serves as a model system to help understand which adhesive mechanism affects flow behavior in the suspension.

Addressing Heteroscedasticity in Correlated Binary Data: A Bayesian Mixed Effects Location Scale Approach

Introduction: The mixed effects logistic regression model is a common model for analysing correlated binary data as longitudinal data. The between and within subject variances are typically considered to be homogeneous but longitudinal data often show heterogeneity in these variances. This study proposes a Bayesian mixed effects location scale model to accommodate heteroscedasticity in binary data analysis.&#x0D; Methods: This study was carried out in two stages; first, the simulation study was used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model with the Bayesian approach and then the proposed model was applied to a real data. In simulation study, the data were generated from the mixed effects location scale model with different correlations between the random location effect and random scale effect and different sample sizes. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the estimations, the Root Mean Square Error, bias and Coverage Probability were calculated and the deviance information criterion was used to select the appropriate model. At the end we utilized this model to analyse uric acid levels of patients with haematological disorders.&#x0D; Results: The simulation results show the accuracy of model parameter estimates as well as the correlation between random location and scale effects. They also display that if a random scale effect is present in the data, it should be accounted for in model. Otherwise, the model is forced to assign the within subject variation due to these subject random effects to the error term. The results of real data are also in line with this. The odds of having normal UA levels increases by a factor of 26% per week. Due to the positive value of the covariance parameter, patients with higher mean of UA levels show higher variation in UA levels. Furthermore, the significance of the covariates in the between subject and within subject variances model, as well as the significance of the random scale variance determines the heterogeneity across subjects.&#x0D; Conclusion: Bayesian mixed effects location scale model provides a useful tool for analysing correlated binary data with heteroscedasticity because it considers data correlation and modelling mean and variance simultaneously. Furthermore, it improves the accuracy of statistical inference in longitudinal studies compared to classic mixed effects models.

Research Progress on Soil Security Assessment in Farmlands and Grasslands Based on Bibliometrics over the Last Four Decades

Soil security assessments are an important part of the green development of agriculture and animal husbandry. To explore the research progress and development trends in the field of farmlands and grasslands soil security assessments, a bibliometric study was conducted using VOSviewer software to visually analyze 3618 papers from the Web of Science Core database on the topic of “soil security assessment” published from 1979 to 2023. The results revealed the following: (1) Research started in 1979; the number of papers can be divided based on germination, start-up, and rapid development stages. China published the most articles, the Chinese Academy of Sciences had the highest number of publications, and Science of the Total Environment issued the most publications (247). (2) Based on keywords, the research frontier can be divided into a distinct time sequence: the initial exploratory period (1979–2008), wherein relevant research focused on resource development and management; the rapid development period (2009–2015), wherein research focused on sustainable development and efficient farmland use; and the comprehensive development period (2016–2023), wherein research focused on the assessment, measurement, and evolution of cultivated land. (3) Related researches at home and abroad focus on land development and utilization, highlighting the rational development and efficient use of land; the security of industrial and supply chains, underlining risk assessment and promotion strategies; ecological security, emphasizing the ecological security assessments of agricultural production and the water environment; and ecosystem service value, underscoring spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors, evolution mechanisms, value prediction, and compensation strategy. Currently, there is an urgent need to develop soil security assessment models based on regional development, soil biology, spatial metrology, and other parameters, to establish an index system, and to analyze the evolution rules of soil security at different scales and investigate the scale effect of soil quality evaluations.

Efectos del crecimiento económico en las emisiones de CO2 en América del Norte

This paper examines the heterogeneity in the environmental field, specifically in the emission of the main of the greenhouse gases, CO2, within the 3 countries composing the North American region. On the one hand, the United States is a large emitter of CO2 (19% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020), only surpassed by China as of 2005. On the other hand, Canada and Mexico are relatively small emitters on a global scale (1.8% and 1.4% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020, respectively), but with large economic and technological differences. Under these conditions, the objective of this research is to find differences and similarities between the three countries regarding CO2 emissions trends and their driving structural factors: scale, technological and composition effects, based on annual data from 2001 to 2014. With a structural decomposition analysis, we found that, in general, the scale effect was polluting and dominating in the period, while the technological effect was anti-polluting, in addition to a small and ambivalent composition effect (positive in some years and negative in others). It is concluded that there is a process of convergence in the intensity of emissions per GDP value and with respect to the three mentioned effects. It is also concluded that the characteristics of the three effects in Mexico were like those of the United States, while Canada approached along the analysis period.

Scale Effects Investigation in Physical Modeling of Recirculating Shallow Flow Using Large Eddy Simulation Technique

In this study, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model in OpenFOAM was used to investigate the scale effects in the physical modeling of recirculating shallow flow at low Froude numbers. A laboratory test of turbulent flow through a submerged conical island with a Reynolds number of 6,210 was selected. The lab prototype was scaled with factors of 3 and 10 for both undistorted and distorted models. Our study employed the Froude similarity as the gravitational force is more dominant than the others (viscous, drag, and cohesion forces). Because the fluid (water) used for the prototype and model is the same, it is impossible to match the Reynolds, Weber, and Froude numbers simultaneously, resulting in the scale effects. For a scale of 1:1, the LES model could simulate the experimental data by appropriately capturing the vortices behind the conical island. For the undistorted models with scales of 3 and 10, the numerical model captured weaker magnitudes of vortices than the 1:1 scale, indicated by the discrepancies in velocity. In fact, the magnitudes of vortices became weaker with the distorted models. We also observed a significant increment in energy loss behind the conical island (where recirculating flows exist) as the scale increased. However, no significant discrepancies in velocity were observed between the results of the 1:1 scale and the scaled models in front of the conical island, where vortices were absent. These results indicate that the scale effects due to the Froude similarity are quite significant provided that recirculating turbulent flow occurs.

Сепаратизм в современной Европе: пространственные эффекты политических изменений

According to Ryan Griffiths, we’re in the “Age of Secession”. The characteristics of spatial effects typical of European separatism are consistently examined in this paper. The effects of diffusion, proximity, fragmentation, and scale are given special consideration. The space is not homogeneous; separatism erupts with the most vulnerable territories, takes different forms, and has different pace. Since the diffusion effect undoubtedly contributes to the fragmentation of the political space, it takes on distinct forms depending on the historical period. It would be incorrect to claim that separatist movements arise in response to geographic distance only. Social proximity determines spatial influence. Instead, the degree to which separatist actors interact with one another is determined by their territorial proximity. With scale of political activity changing, the correspondent extent, to which political actors influence them, varies as well. As a result, regionalist parties that are not well-known at the federal level play a significant role in local politics. Due to the fragmentation effect, the number of these parties is increasing at the regional level, yet not nationwide. Given the scale effect, regional actors in the EU can interact with supranational structures themselves and gain more power without having to go through national ones. There are more parties with a territorial profile as a result of spatial effects in politics. Political leaders and parties at the national level are compelled to consider their stances, incorporate the regional agenda into their plans, and frequently pursue partnerships with them.

Study on Financial Risk and Countermeasures in Enterprise Mergers and Acquisitions--Take LVMH’s Acquisition of Tiffany as an Example

M&amp;A is an important approach for enterprises to achieve industrial upgrading and scale effect, reduce operating costs, and promote the diversified development of enterprises. The financial risks that often appear in the process of M&amp;A are the key to the success of M&amp;A and the reorganization of enterprises. Existing equity and economic problems make enterprises easily fall into financial disputes and cause huge losses. Investment and mergers are important ways for enterprises to expand scale, enter new markets, and acquire new technologies or mature brands. Through investment and merger, market share can be increased, competitiveness can be enhanced, and the financial statements of enterprises can be enhanced, but risks in merger and acquisition are also accompanied. Through the case study of LVMH Group’s merger and acquisition of Tiffany, this paper will analyze the financial risks and countermeasures in the merger and acquisition and extract feasible and effective measures from LVMH Group’s treatment methods to help both parties control the risks in the merger process and achieve the purpose of merger and acquisition.