Construct Validity Of Scale Research Articles

Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Adaptation of the "Medical Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture".

The safety culture within health care organizations is essential for ensuring patient well-being and optimizing health care delivery. This study addresses the pressing need to establish a culture of patient safety within primary health care settings. The aim is to conduct a comprehensive validity and reliability study for the Turkish adaptation of the "Medical Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture" (MOSPSC) scale, designed to assess patient safety culture in primary care medical offices. The research model follows rigorous methodology, including a systematic translation and adaptation process aligned with World Health Organization guidelines. A diverse sample of 402 family physicians from primary health care centers across Turkey participated in the study. Descriptive results highlight participants' characteristics, work environments, and experiences in primary care. The scale's construct validity is evaluated using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett tests, while its reliability is assessed through internal consistency analyses, including Cronbach α, split-half reliability, and item-total correlation. Results indicate strong internal consistency, with Cronbach α values ranging from 0.42 to 0.91 for scale dimensions and an overall value of 0.89. Construct validity assessment attests to the scale's appropriateness for assessing patient safety culture. Challenges in conducting factor analysis due to participant responses are discussed. The study contributes to the field by providing a validated and reliable tool specifically tailored for assessing patient safety culture in primary care medical offices. The Turkish adaptation of the MOSPSC scale offers health care professionals and organizations a valuable instrument for enhancing patient safety culture, identifying areas for improvement, and ultimately optimizing patient care within primary health care settings.

The 9-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-9) has adequate measurement properties in patients with chronic low back pain.

To assess the test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of the 9-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia in patients with chronic low back pain. Questionnaire validation study. Study was conducted in an online environment. We included people aged 18 to 50 years with self-reported low back pain lasting > three months and assessed the Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale and the 9-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. We used intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, minimum detectable change, and Cronbach's alpha to assess the reliability and internal consistency of the 9-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. We tested correlations between the domains of the 9-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and the other variables to assess construct validity. A total of 174 participants with chronic low back pain were included in the analysis. No ceiling or floor effect was found. In terms of construct validity, there was a positive correlation between the domains of the 9-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and the other variables. In the reliability analysis, there was adequate test-retest reliability of the two domains of the 9-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99, standard error of measurement = 3.4%, and minimum detectable change = 9.6% for the activity avoidance domain; and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99, standard error of measurement = 3.5%, and minimum detectable change = 9.9% for the somatic focus domain. There was acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.68) for both domains. The 9-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia has adequate measurement properties in patients with chronic low back pain.

Cross-cultural validation and psychometric properties study of the Chinese college students' life skills scale for sport-transfer scale.

This study aimed to conduct a cross-cultural validation of the Life Skills Scale for Sport-Transfer Scale (LSSS-TS) among Chinese college students and examine its psychometric properties. The study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, four translation experts and five academic researchers collaborated to develop the Chinese version of the scale (C-LSSS-TS). Expert evaluations and feedback from 25 participants engaged in sports activities provided preliminary evidence for the scale's construct validity. In the second phase, 409 participants were recruited, and factor analysis was performed to validate the structural dimensions of the scale. In the third phase, 168 participants completed both the C-LSSS-TS and a standard Life Skills Scale to examine the external construct validity. The results demonstrated significant positive correlations between the subscales of sports transferable life skills and participants' overall life skills development. These findings provided robust evidence for the structural validity of the C LSSS-TS. The C-LSSS-TS is a valid and practical tool for assessing life skills development among Chinese college sports participants. It offers researchers and practitioners an effective instrument to promote and evaluate life skills development in college students.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Foot Health Assessment Instrument in Pregnant Women.

Background and Purpose: During pregnancy, the foot is more in contact with the ground; the need for an increase in foot size, increased metacarpophalangeal laxity, and physical changes are among the most common foot problems. The study validated the Turkish Foot Health Assessment Instrument (FHAI) version. Methods: This observational study comprised 261 pregnant women receiving follow-ups at the outpatient clinic. Cronbach's coefficient α (alpha) and item analysis were used to assess the reliability. Confirmatory and explanatory factor analysis were applied to test the scale's construct validity. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the factor structure (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = .766, χ2 = 1563.838; p < .001; α = .812). Conclusions: The FHAI is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the foot health of pregnant women living in Turkey.

Development and evaluation of a Hospice Foundation of Taiwan Bereavement Assessment Scale: A psychometric properties test.

Supporting family caregivers (FCs) is a critical core function of palliative care. Brief, reliable tools suitable for busy clinical work in Taiwan are needed to assess bereavement risk factors accurately. The aim is to develop and evaluate a brief bereavement scale completed by FCs and applicable to medical staff. This study adopted convenience sampling. Participants were approached through an intentional sampling of patients' FCs at 1 palliative care center in Taiwan. This cross-sectional study referred to 4 theories to generate the initial version of the Hospice Foundation of Taiwan Bereavement Assessment Scale (HFT-BAS). A 9-item questionnaire was initially developed by 12 palliative care experts through Delphi and verified by content validity. A combination of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), reliability measures including items analysis, Cronbach's alpha and inter-subscale correlations, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to test its psychometric properties. Two hundred seventy-eight participants conducted the questionnaire. Three dimensions were subsequently extracted by EFA: "Intimate relationship," "Existential meaning," and "Disorganization." The Cronbach's alpha of the HFT-BAS scale was 0.70, while the 3 dimensions were all significantly correlated with total scores. CFA was the measurement model: chi-squared/degrees of freedom ratio = 1.9, Goodness of Fit Index = 0.93, Comparative Fit Index = 0.92, root mean square error of approximation = 0.08. CFA confirmed the scale's construct validity with a good model fit. This study developed an HFT-BAS and assessed its psychometric properties. The scale can evaluate the bereavement risk factors of FCs in clinical palliative care.

Leader Identification and Disidentification: Constructs, Measurements, and Nomological Network

Leaders play a pivotal role in shaping employee interactions, making it crucial to understand employee identity within this relationship. While leader identification has been extensively researched, leader disidentification remains relatively underexplored. This research seeks to address this gap from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. First, it defines and elaborates on the concepts of leader identification and disidentification through a comprehensive literature review. Second, across four empirical studies, the research develops and validates scales for measuring these constructs and explores their conceptual distinctiveness. Study 1 is a qualitative investigation that examines leader disidentification in organizations through interviews with 10 full-time employees, leading to the development of a new scale. Study 2 validates the content of the leader identification and disidentification scales using data from 50 participants. Study 3, involving 172 participants, confirms the reliability and construct validity of both scales. Finally, Study 4, with data from 293 participants, explores the nomological network surrounding leader identification and disidentification.

Evaluating the quality of technology integration across seven European countries with the ICAP Technology Scale

AbstractInteractive, constructive, active and passive technology scale (ICAP-TS) is a relatively new developed instrument representing an essential literature need. Through this cross-cultural study, we strived to accomplish a three-fold aim. Firstly, we aspired to verify the scale's construct validity and reliability on a large sample of teachers across seven European countries. Secondly, we aimed to evaluate the quality of technology integration (TI) on this heterogeneous sample with the ICAP-TS to explore for which learning activities teachers use technologies, within which ICAP learning/engaging modes and how often. Thirdly, we strived to examine relationships between the different technology types (TT) and TI in ICAP learning modes. The research involved 2277 primary and lower secondary school teachers. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the internal structure of ICAP-TS corresponds well to the overall sample, but for some countries, the model fit should be further refined. Exploratory factor analysis extracted two basic components of TT—passive and active. On a general level teachers most often integrate technology into passive learning mode with the usage of passive TT, but if these results are observed within each country separately, this is not the case everywhere. Passive TT predicts TI into passive, active, and constructive modes more, while active TT predicts TI into interactive, constructive and active modes. This study has several implications. For example future research topics can include reviewing, revising, or adding new items to the ICAP-TS related to ICAP theory to improve its validity. Other recommendations are stated in the discussion.

Succession, Identity, and Consumption Scale of Prescriptive Ageism: Italian Validation and Invariance by Gender and Age.

The aim of the work was to achieve the Italian validation of the Succession, Identity, and Consumption Scale of Prescriptive Ageism (SIC) developed by North and Fiske. SIC is a measure of prescriptive ageism, which incorporates intergenerational tensions over practical and symbolic resources. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the scale, two studies were conducted. Study 1 included 931 Italian participants (mean age: 30.94; range: 18-67 years; 50.5% female) and was conducted to test the scale's structure and construct validity. Study 2 comprised 1015 Italian participants (mean age: 30.73 years; age range: 18-67; 53.5% female) and investigated the scale's structure, construct validity, and invariance by gender and age. Confirmatory factorial analyses confirmed the three-factor solution to be invariant across sex and age groups. The scale also demonstrated high internal reliability. SIC scores correlated positively with traditional measures for detecting prejudice and stereotypes towards older people. The results of the present work show that the SIC scale of Prescriptive Ageism is a valid tool for measuring prescriptive beliefs about older adults that are the basis of intergenerational tensions.

Development and validation of the self-regulation of blood donation scale for blood donors

BackgroundBecause knowledge of blood donor motivation is crucial in guiding recruitment and retention efforts, the present study aimed at developing and validating a new scale as a multidimensional measure of blood donation motivation from the perspective of the self- determination theory. MethodsThis study was conducted in three phases from September 2022 to May 2023. The first phase involved developing a draft scale based on a literature review. In the second phase, face and content validity were performed. The third phase used a cross-sectional design to assess the construct validity and internal consistency of the initial scale following administration to blood donors with a history of at least one previous whole blood donation who visited the largest blood transfusion center in Iran. Of the 420 subjects who were recruited using a mixed sampling method, 343 who fully completed the initial version of the scale were subjected to an construct validity assessment using exploratory factor analysis with Equamax rotation and internal consistency using McDonald's omega coefficient. Main resultsThe initial version of the scale consisted of 30 survey items with both a content validity ratio and a content validity index of 0.99. Exploratory factor analysis identified 24 items; grouped in six regulation factors (non-regulation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic regulation). The factors demonstrated adequate internal consistency with ω values ranging from 0.60 to 0.79. ConclusionThe present study provides psychometric support for the newly developed questionnaire to evaluate donation motivation among blood donors in Iran or in other countries with similar language, and religious and cultural values.

71 Development and validation of the COCINL scale assessing family resilience in the NICU among parents of preterm infants

Abstract Background Given the negative impact of parental distress on preterm infants and their families, examining the role of family resilience in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a promising avenue for promoting parental mental health while remaining consistent with family-centered care. A tool to assess NICU family resilience is essential to guide care and research, yet none specifically adapted for the neonatal context exists to date according to a recent systematic review. Objectives Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a new scale, the COCINL scale, designed to measure family resilience in the context of neonatal care among French-speaking parents of preterm infants. Design/Methods This methodological design study was carried out in four successive phases: (I) compilation of an item pool (II) mixed-method evaluation of content validity (clarity, relevance, representativeness) involving 12 experts, (III) pre-testing and electronic administration of the COCINL scale, along with a measure of psychological distress (Kessler-6) and an open-ended self-report question on family resilience to parents of preterm infants (n=88) and (IV) psychometric testing of the COCINL scale (internal consistency, construct validity, exploratory sensitivity and specificity). Parents of preterm infants and experts were recruited by convenience sampling from two urban, level III NICUs. Results From a pool of 112 items, 55 items were favorably evaluated after content validation (S-CVI&amp;gt;0.95). Based on preliminary interitem correlations and internal consistency results, the COCINL scale was shortened to 42 items and divided in four subscales. High internal consistency is also shown in subscales (0.796 to 0.908) and total scale (0.937) Cronbach’s alphas. The COCINL scale displays adequate construct validity, as determined by the Pearson correlation obtained between scores of family resilience and psychological distress (r=-0.236, p=0.027). Strong in between correlations of the four subscales and with the COCINL total score (0.732 to 0.851), further indicated good construct validity. Exploratory sensitivity and specificity analysis revealed the COCINL scale compares to participants' self-reported perception of family resilience (AUC 0.754). Conclusion The COCINL scale has shown strong evidence of validity and internal consistency. Thus, the scale can be recommended for research use as a measure of family resilience in the neonatal context. Still, additional evidence of its validity and reliability should be compiled before clinical use is considered. The COCINL scale could potentially support the development, evaluation and implementation of nursing interventions consistent with the family-centered care approach being promoted in NICUs across Canada and worldwide.

Examining the construct validity of the trait fear scale in Chinese undergraduates

Examining the construct validity of the trait fear scale in Chinese undergraduates

Development and validation of the ethnic trust scale in China.

Considerable research has shown that ethnic trust reflects the existence of friendly relations among all ethnic groups and ethnic individuals, and can help in resolving ethnic conflicts and contradictions, promoting exchanges among various ethnic groups, which is highly relevant to social stability. This research, including three studies, aimed to explore the conceptual structure of ethnic trust in China, and develop and validate a measurement of the ethnic trust scale. In the first study, we used free association and in-depth interview methodology, applied cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis, and grounded theory to construct the theoretical framework of Chinese people's ethnic trust concept. In the second study, we constructed an initial inventory based on the concept dimensions of ethnic trust established in the first study. We screened items by item analysis and extracted common factors using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), thus determining a total of 48 items in the two subscales (interpersonal-oriented ethnic trust subscale and the intergroup-oriented subscale), which consisted of two dimensions including particular trust and universal trust. In the third study, we used first-and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the scale's construct validity. The results indicated a good fit between the two-factor model and the data. And the ethnic trust scale showed very good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha >0.89) and test-retest reliability >0.70. Based on our results, have formed a ethnic trust scale by keeping 48 items, which can beused to measure the levels of interpersonal-oriented and group-oriented ethnic trust within the Chinese cultural context.

Development of the Repair Attempts Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study

This study aimed to develop and test a Repair Attempts Scale to measure repair attempts as a conflict management skill in romantic relationships and test the psychometric properties. The sample consisted of 508 participants, 359 of whom were female (70.7%) and 149 of whom were male (29.3%). First, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight people in romantic relationships, and a large item pool was formed. Those items were evaluated by six field experts and finalized afterward. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, data were collected from 249 people and exploratory factor analysis was performed to reveal the scale's construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis results showed that the Repair Attempts Scale had a two-dimensional structure consisting of eight items. The factors were Cognitive Repair Attempts and Affective Repair Attempts. In the second stage, data were collected from 259 participants, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed based on the structure that emerged from EFA. Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient and test-retest reliability were examined for the scale’s reliability. Item analyses were evaluated by item-total score correlation coefficients, item average scores of the lower 27% and upper 27% groups were compared. Criterion-related validity was tested by examining the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of the relationship between the developed scale with the Responses to Dissatisfaction in Close Relationships – Accommodation Instrument and the Conflict Resolution Styles Scale in Romantic Relationships. The results showed that the Repair Attempts Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Development of Cartoon-based Dental Anxiety Scale for Children: Validation and Reliability.

Dental fear and anxiety (DFA) is a common, deterring problem affecting children, which has a significant negative impact on children's oral health, leading to avoidance of dental care, poor dental hygiene, and an increased risk of dental caries and other oral health problems. The Oddbods DFA assessment is an innovative, child-friendly instrument that has been developed to assess DFA in children. To evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale, and to examine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion and construct validity of the scale. This study has assessed the reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity of the novel Oddbods anxiety assessment scale among 4-6-year-old children. Different samples were recruited to assess different criteria. A normative study was done to assess the distribution of age of the children according to anxiety levels. For assessing the test's retest reliability statistically, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0, Cronbach's α, interclass correlation coefficient, and t-test were used. For evaluating the criterion validity, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was used in an exploratory factor analysis to determine whether the sample size was sufficient for the factor analysis. The scale had a high positive correlation with the modified child dental anxiety scale (MCDAS), which is considered a gold standard, and a higher Cronbach's α value, which proved its internal consistency. It also showed a significant difference between anxious and nonanxious children, but there were no differences in the scores with respect to age. The present scale proved to be a very effective tool for assessing DFA among young children. It is important to identify children at risk of dental anxiety. This scale helps to follow-up on children for their innate DFA, evaluate the efficacy of dental anxiety interventions, enhance communication, and improve access to dental care by encouraging children to seek dental care without fear or hesitation, promoting preventive care and better oral health outcomes. Fathima A, Ravikumar R, Chellappa LR. Development of Cartoon-based Dental Anxiety Scale for Children: Validation and Reliability. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(7):796-801.

Development and validation of the job stressor scale for specialty nurses.

Specialty nurses play a crucial role in specialized nursing practice, teaching, management, and research. These nurses often face significant work pressure; therefore, scientifically and effectively assessing their job stress and its sources is vital for enhancing the quality of their work. However, there is currently a dearth of verified assessment tools for measuring job stressors among specialty nurses. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and test an instrument to assess the job stressors applicable to specialty nurses. We conducted a multiphase mixed-methods study. The initial scale items were developed from a literature review and structured interviews. The scale was then refined through two rounds of expert consultation (N = 14) and a primary test (N = 20). A main survey (N = 552) was then conducted to evaluate the scale's construct validity and reliability using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The final scale comprises four dimensions with 27 items. The factors included "specialized nursing and work," "workload and time allocation," "patient care," and "work resources and environment." The EFA explained 69.10% of the variance, while the CFA confirmed a good model fit. The content validity index was 0.980 at the scale level and 0.790-1.000 at the item level. The scale's reliability was supported by its high Cronbach's α (0.958), test-retest reliability (0.946), and split-half reliability (0.868). Our findings indicate that the job stressor scale developed in this study is valid and reliable, and is recommended for use among specialty nurses to assess their stressors.

Reproductive Autonomy Scale: Turkish Validity and Reliability Study

Objective: This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Reproductive Autonomy Scale. Methods: A methodological study was conducted with 320 women who sought treatment in a Family Health Center between November 5, 2022, and February 1, 2023. Data were collected through the Personal Information Form and the Turkish version of the Reproductive Autonomy Scale. The content validity index (CVI-Lawshe technique) was used to analyze the agreement in expert opinions. While Pearson correlation analysis was used for the test-retest analysis of the scale and its sub-scales, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was utilized to analyze the internal consistency of the scale and its sub-scales. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were utilized to test the scale's construct validity. These factor analyses were conducted separately in two samples divided randomly. Results: The adequacy of the sample size was calculated using the Kaiser-Maier Oklin (KMO) value, which was found to be 0.704. The significance value of Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (χ91 196.033. p &amp;lt; .001) was below 0.05, indicating that a factor analysis may be useful with the data. A three-factor structure explaining %77.84 of the variance and having an eigenvalue above one was obtained due to the varimax axis rotation. All the items were included in the factors in the original scale, and a structure with factor loadings ranging between 0.589 and 0.917 emerged. The model was found to fit the data for the overall scale. Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficients of the scale were calculated as 0.903, 0.891, 0.928, and 0.918 for the total score, decision-making, freedom from coercion, and communication sub-scales, respectively. Conclusion: The Reproductive Autonomy Scale was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for the Turkish population.

The Mpox Vaccine Hesitancy Scale for Mpox: Links with Vaccination Intention among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Six Cities of China.

Vaccine hesitancy is a significant barrier to achieving high vaccination rates, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM), a group at increased risk for Mpox. This study aimed to develop and validate a Mpox vaccine hesitancy scale specifically tailored for Chinese MSM, grounded in the protection motivation theory (PMT). An online survey through snowball sampling was conducted from October 2023 to March 2024, collecting 2403 valid responses across six representative regions in China. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to evaluate the scale's construct validity, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach's α coefficient. The predictive validity of the scale was analyzed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. EFA ultimately retained 22 items in the Mpox vaccination scale and identified four distinct dimensions: Maladaptive Rewards (seven items), Self-efficacy (seven items), Response Efficacy (four items), and Response Costs (four items). These dimensions were confirmed by CFA, which demonstrated satisfactory model fit indices (χ²/df = 4.382, RMSEA = 0.053, SRMR = 0.048, GFI = 0.935, CFI = 0.967, NFI = 0.958, TLI = 0.963, and IFI =0.967). All indices were within acceptable ranges. The scale exhibited good internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.906, and strong content validity, with an S-CVI/Ave of 0.952. The scale's predictive accuracy was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. When used to evaluate the scale's predictive accuracy, it yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.854 after adjustments, indicating good predictive ability between high and low hesitancy. This scale provides a reliable and valid tool for assessing Mpox vaccine hesitancy among MSM and can be used to gauge Mpox vaccination intention within this group.

Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Greek Version of the Attitudes toward Transgendered Individuals Scale.

Numerous investigations have consistently underscored the impact of societal stigma on the well-being of transgender individuals. The primary objective of the current research is to translate and adapt the Attitudes Toward Transgendered Individuals Scale into the Greek language. This scale specifically assesses stigma, excluding components such as discreteness and violence, and is tailored to evaluate individuals within the general populace. Employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and assessing gender metric equivalence, the analyses yielded highly favorable outcomes, demonstrating excellent scale fit, reliability, and construct validity, reflecting the robustness of the adapted tool for the Greek population.

Development of a Measure of Anti-Rape Attitudes as a Potential Protective Factor Against Rape Perpetration.

The role of attitudes toward women and sexual violence in predicting men's perpetration of rape has been well documented in the literature. While research on rape perpetration has primarily focused on identifying risk factors, the limited understanding of protective factors has hindered the development of psychometric measures to assess attitudinal protective factors. However, comprehending these protective factors is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the risk of rape perpetration and the advancement of strength-based approaches. This research describes the development of a new scale designed to measure anti-rape attitudes (ARA) in young heterosexual men. To generate the initial item pool, relevant information was gathered from sexual violence support service websites and academic literature. This item pool underwent an external expert review for further item generation and cognitive interviews for content validation. This qualitative phase was followed by four quantitative studies for item reduction and scale validation. The resulting 19-item scale demonstrates good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .84). The ARA scale exhibits strong negative correlations with rape myth acceptance (RMA) and hostile sexism, and strong positive correlations with positive consent attitudes (PCA), supporting the scale's construct validity. We further conducted hierarchical regression analyses to test the unique relationship of ARA with those constructs while controlling for RMA. These showed that ARA have significant, unique associations with PCA and ambivalent sexism. The development of this new scale enables a more comprehensive assessment of the risk of rape perpetration and opens up new avenues for research on protective factors against rape. Ultimately, this study constitutes an important step toward fostering strength-based approaches to combat sexual violence.

Development of the Chinese coaches' autonomy-supportive-laissez-faire coaching style scale.

The autonomy-supportive coaching style is recognized for its positive impact on athletes' well-being and performance. However, the transition of excessive autonomy into a laissez-faire coaching style has not been thoroughly examined within the context of coach evaluation scales. Existing scales focus predominantly on the positive dimensions of autonomy support, and do not possess the capabilities to measure outcomes which may be viewed as negative or other outcomes. This study aims to integrate the autonomy-supportive and laissez-faire coaching styles within the same measurement framework. Our study developed a comprehensive scale to assess both the autonomy-supportive and laissez-faire coaching styles, drawing on items from the Sport Climate Questionnaire for autonomy support and adapting items from leadership research for laissez-faire coaching. We conducted two studies: the first with 148 athletes to refine the laissez-faire items and the second with 460 athletes to validate the full scale, utilizing exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis. We also measured internal consistency and split-half reliability. The finalized scale includes a 6-item autonomy-supportive subscale and a 5-item laissez-faire subscale. Validation processes confirmed the scale's construct and criterion validity, alongside its reliability. The Chinese Coaches' Autonomy-Supportive-Laissez-Faire Coaching Style Scale effectively captures both the beneficial and potentially detrimental aspects of coaching styles, addressing a critical gap in the literature and providing a reliable tool for evaluating coaching approaches.