Scale-Child Version Research Articles

Family Functioning and Parenting Styles in Adolescents Diagnosed with Trichotillomania.

This study aimed to compare the family functioning and parenting styles in adolescents with trichotillomania (TTM) and healthy controls and to assess the relationships between the family functioning, parenting styles, and clinical features of TTM, including the severity of TTM, duration of illness, and concomitant psychiatric symptoms. The study sample consisted of 100 adolescents aged 12-18 years, 50 patients with TTM, and 50 healthy controls. All participants completed a sociodemographic and clinical data form, the Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale (MGH-HPS), the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV), the Family Assessment Device (FAD), and the Perceived Parental Attitude Scale (PPAS). Results show that adolescents with TTM reported higher levels of comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms than healthy controls, and 64% of adolescents with TTM had at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. Parents of adolescents with TTM also reported more significant impairment in the affective responsiveness, problem-solving, and general family functioning subscales of the FAD. Adolescents with TTM endorsed significantly more authoritarian perceptions of both parents on the PPAS. While the severity of hairpulling symptoms showed only a positive and significant relationship with the RCADS-CV total internalizing score, the duration of illness was positively and moderately correlated with the impairment in affective responsiveness, problem-solving, and general family functioning subscales of FAD. Finally, the RCADS-CV total internalizing score and the general functioning subscale of FAD were the most important predictors of TTM. The implications of family functioning and parenting styles, future targets for family-focused approaches in TTM, and study limitations are discussed.

Examining the Relationship Among Parental-Reported Problems, Self-Reported Problems, and Psychiatric Diagnosis in Children and Adolescents

The study aims to investigate the relationship among psychiatric diagnosis, parental reported problems, and the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV) results of children. The sample of the study consisted of 78 children and adolescents (36 girls and 42 boys), and statistical analyses were made using the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Relationships identified between the following pairs: worry problems with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), distraction problems with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), hyperactivity problems with Tic and Tourette's Syndrome, obsession problems with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), unhappiness with Major Depressive Disorder or dysthymia, and avoidance of communication with autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, when examining the relationship between psychiatric diagnoses and diagnoses according to the RCADS-CV, we found other connections, such as the psychiatric diagnosis of separation anxiety and RCADS-CV separation anxiety, as well as the psychiatric diagnosis of separation anxiety and RCADS-CV social phobia. Lastly, when investigating the relationship between parentally reported problems and RCADS-CV diagnoses, several associations emerged, including the connection between obsession problems and RCADS-CV OCD diagnosis, relationship problems and RCADS-CV’s OCD diagnosis, unhappiness problems, and RCADS-CV’s depression diagnosis. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a substantial overlap among parentally reported problems, psychiatric diagnoses, and diagnoses based on RCADS-CV.

Evaluating the impact of rock climbing on mental health and emotional well-being in adolescents.

Rock climbing (RC) has gained attention as a therapeutic tool in psychiatric settings that merges physical exertion with mental engagement. It has potential to enhance mental health, through improved self-efficacy and social interaction, making it a novel intervention for addressing anxiety, depression, and behavioral issues in adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of RC as a physical activity on anxiety, depression, and emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents. The current study included 57 athletes aged 14.5 ± 1.7 years and 91 adolescents aged 13.6 ± 1.2 years, matched for age and gender, who were not professionally involved in sport. In addition to the socio-demographic form, a detailed psychiatric assessment was carried out by the child psychiatrist; using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) to detect psychiatric conditions. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were also administered to the adolescents in the study. In the comparative analysis of the RCADS-CV outcomes between the athlete and control groups, the athletes demonstrated notably lower scores for both Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), yielding p-values of < 0.001 and 0.031, respectively. Although the mean scores for social phobia, OCD, panic disorder, and MDD were lower in the athlete group, the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In the correlation analysis, a moderately significant correlation was found between the duration of doing sport and the scale scores for SAD (p:0.010), OCD (p:0.014), and panic disorder (p:0.016). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of SDQ scores. These results suggest that RC, through its unique combination of physical exertion and mental focus, may offer protective benefits against certain anxiety disorders among adolescents. Further studies should be conducted to explore the potential use of RC as a preventive program for both healthy adolescents, as well as those with psychiatric disorder.

Is Psychological Inflexibility a Predictor of Depression and Anxiety of Pre-Adolescents?

Research on mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression, which have become prevalentamong pre-adolescents and lead to impaired functioning in family, academic, and social domains,is critically important. One prominent theoretical approach to explaining anxiety and depressionsymptoms is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and its Psychological InflexibilityModel. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between psychological inflexibility levels inpre-adolescents and their anxiety and depression levels. The Revised Children’s Anxiety andDepression Scale—Child Version (RCADS) and the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth(AFQ-Y8) Child Form were used as data collection tools. Data were collected from 327 sixth-gradestudents (178 male and 149 female) attending three different public schools in Gaziantep, and asimple linear regression model was established with the obtained data. The findings indicated thatpsychological inflexibility significantly predicts internalizing disorder levels (R = .716, R Square =.513; p &lt;.01), total anxiety levels (R = .668, R Square = .446; p &lt;.01) and depression levels (R = .692, RSquare = .479; p &lt;.01) of pre-adolescents. These results contribute to the literature on explaininganxiety and depression in pre-adolescents, and future studies should investigate the relationshipbetween psychological inflexibility and externalizing problems such as aggression and anger.

Examination of quality of life and psychiatric symptoms in childhood Graves' disease.

The aim of our study is to examine the emotional, behavioral problems, and psychiatric symptoms of children diagnosed with Graves' disease (GD), to assess their quality of life, and to compare with control group. The research was planned as a cross-sectional study and included 16 patients with GD (13 female and three male) and 29 healthy children for control group (19 female and 10 male). Sociodemographic form, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S), and Affective Reactivity Index scale were applied to the children and their families. Eighty one percent of GD group (GG) (n=13, mean age 15.1±2.2) and 66 % of control group (CG) (n=19, 14.6±2.2) were girls. No significant difference was found between GG and CG in terms of quality of life, anxiety, and depression scores. GG had higher scores in affective reactivity index, SDQ-P total score, and T-DSM-IV-S total scores (p values 0.039; 0.009; 0.023, respectively). While no significant difference was detected in the T-DSM-IV-S-inattention and hyperactivity scores, significantly higher scores were detected in oppositional defiance and conduct disorder scores (pvalues 0.172; 0.294; 0.019; 0.027, respectively). In children with GD, irritability, oppositional defiant, and conduct disorder symptoms have been detected. Children with these mental health symptoms experience behavioral and emotional difficulties in their daily lives. It is important to follow up children with GD for possible comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Oxidative Imbalance in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: A Preliminary Comparative Study.

Background It is important to determine the possible related factors of anxiety disorder, one of the common psychiatric disorders of childhood. Our aims in this study were to compare oxidative stress markers between anxiety disorders in pediatric patients and healthy controls and to examine the relationship between anxiety symptom severity and oxidative stress indicators. Methods The study included 25 patients and 25 healthy controls. We measured the total oxidant capacity (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAS) from the collected serum samples and calculated the oxidative stress index (OSI). We evaluated the clinical severity of the anxiety symptoms by the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV). Results The groups did not exhibit a noteworthy distinction in terms of TOS (p=0.128) and TAS (p=0.329). However, OSI was markedly elevated in the group with anxiety disorder (p=0.044). In the correlation analysis between anxiety symptom severity and oxidative stress indicators in the group with anxiety disorder, we found a positive correlation between TOS and RCADS total anxiety score (p=0.08). Conclusion These results may point to an oxidative dysfunction in anxiety disorders and the potential role of oxidative stress in their aetiology. Prospective, large-scale, randomized studies are needed to investigate if oxidative stress indicators can be used in the diagnosis of anxiety disorders and as new treatment targets.

The association of pain with gait spatiotemporal parameters in children with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorder

BackgroundChildren with hypermobility spectrum disorder/hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (HSD/hEDS) have a high prevalence of chronic pain, which may influence gait dynamics. However, little is known about pain outcomes and their association with gait spatiotemporal parameters in children with HSD/hEDS. Research questionDoes pain correlate with gait spatiotemporal parameters in children with HSD/hEDS? MethodsEighteen children with HSD/hEDS and eighteen typically developing (TD) children participated in the study. The current level of pain (0–10 on the numeric rating scale), modified Brief Pain Inventory, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale-Child version were implemented to assess pain in children with HSD/hEDS. All children completed a gait analysis at a self-selected speed. Mean and variability (measured using the coefficient of variation) of gait spatiotemporal parameters were analyzed. Gait parameters included stride length, stride time, gait speed, percent stance time, and step width. A Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the gait parameters between children with HSD/hEDS and TD children. Spearman correlations were used to examine the relationships between pain and gait spatiotemporal parameters in children with HSD/hEDS. ResultsChildren with HSD/hEDS had a longer percent stance time compared to TD children (p = 0.03). Lower pain interference in relationships with other people was significantly associated with faster gait speeds (ρ = −0.55, p = 0.03). Children with HSD/hEDS also had greater pain interference during mobility (ρ = 0.5, p = 0.05) and going to school (ρ = 0.65, p = 0.01), which were significantly correlated with greater stride length variability. Greater pain interference during enjoyment of life was significantly associated with greater percent stance time variability (ρ = 0.5, p = 0.05). Greater pain catastrophizing was correlated with decreased step width variability in children with HSD/hEDS (ρ = −0.49, p = 0.05). SignificancePain interference and catastrophe were significantly associated with gait spatiotemporal variability. Our findings suggest that assessing pain-associated gait alterations may help understand the clinical features and gait kinematics of children with HSD/hEDS.

Impulsivity in adolescent girls diagnosed with trichotillomania: an evaluation of clinical and neuropsychological characteristics

The aim of this study is to compare the clinical and neuropsychological features of impulsivity in adolescent girls with trichotillomania (TTM) and healthy controls, and to assess the relationships between the severity of TTM and the impulsivity/concomitant symptoms of anxiety and depression. The study sample consisted of 43 adolescent girls who were 12 to 18 years old. The Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version DSM-5 (K-SADS-PL) was administered to the adolescents and their parents. All of the participants completed a sociodemographic data form, the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-Brief (BIS-Brief), and the Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale (MGH-HPS). The Eriksen Flanker task, the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) task, the Go/No-Go task, and the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) were used to assess behavioral impulsivity. The adolescents with TTM reported higher levels of impulsivity and anxiety/depression symptoms than the healthy controls, and they also performed worse on the behavioral tasks. While there were no relationships between clinical and behavioral impulsivity and TTM severity, social anxiety symptoms were the most important predictor of the severity of TTM. It seems important to better understand the role of impulsivity in the onset and persistence of TTM symptoms in adolescents.

Examination of language, cognitive, and mathematical skills in childhood endocrine diseases.

Children diagnosed with endocrine disorders may exhibit atypical development and may encounter challenges in language, academic, and cognitive skills, as well as social-emotional issues. The objective of this study was to identify potential therapeutic requirements in the areas of language, cognition, and mathematical skills among children with endocrine disorders who experience school failure. This will enable an early evaluation of speech and language disorders and the planning of interventions to be possible. In this study, children with endocrine disorders were compared with their normally developing peers in terms of language, cognition, mathematical skills, and psychosocial characteristics. In this study, 15 children diagnosed with endocrine disorders (8 females, 7 males; mean age: 10, SD: 2) and 15 children with normal development (8 females, 7 males; mean age: 10, SD: 2) participated. The participants were subjected to the Test of Language Development-Primary: Fourth Edition Turkish Revision (TOLDP-4:T), the Turkish Nonword Repetition Test (TNRT), the Turkish Multilingual Sentence Repetition Test (LITMUS-TR), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R), the Problem-Solving Test (PST), the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV), the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The findings of the study indicate that children with endocrine disease have lower performance in language, cognition, and mathematical skills compared to their healthy peers. Otherwise, they do not differ in terms of social-emotional status assessed by psychological scales. These findings suggest that while children with endocrine disorders face challenges in academic and cognitive domains, their social-emotional development remains relatively unaffected. Early identification and intervention in language, cognition, and mathematical skills may help address the academic struggles of these children, potentially improving their school performance and overall well-being.

Attachment and comorbid anxiety in ADHD.

Anxiety comorbidity is quite common in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). What is known about the relationship between anxiety, attachment and emotion regulation in such children is still limited. We aimed to investigate the associations between attachment, emotion regulation and comorbid anxiety in children with ADHD. 100 children with ADHD and 100 children without any diagnosis aged 8-13years were included. After the participants were clinically evaluated, Turgay ADHD Scale, Emotion Regulation Checklist, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV) and Kerns' Security Scale were completed. According to the RCADS-CV scores, ADHD/ANX(+), ADHD/ANX(-), and control groups were formed. The emotional lability/negativity levels were higher in the ADHD groups compared to the non-ADHD controls. Paternal and maternal attachment security levels were lower in the ADHD/ANX(+) group compared to the controls. The regression analysis indicated that higher hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom levels and lower maternal attachment quality were associated with higher anxiety in children with ADHD. These results suggest that focusing on attachment quality and emotion regulation problems may be significant in management of core symptoms and comorbid anxiety problems in children with ADHD.

Psychometric properties of Turkish Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory in a clinical adolescent sample

PurposeOrthorexic tendencies are increasingly prevalent among children and adolescents. This study set out to investigate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI) in a clinical adolescent sample.Methods266 adolescents aged 12–18 years, who applied to the Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry were included in the study. Participants completed sociodemographic data form, ONI, Eating Attitude Test, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version and ORTO-15.ResultsThe Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the ONI reached 0.92, indicating very good internal consistency. Total factor scores and Cronbach alpha values for behaviors, impairments, and emotions were found to be 0.84, 0.84, and 0.83, respectively. The CFA performed supported the three-factor structure of the ONI obtained in the first sample. The minimum discrepancy per degree of freedom = 1.89 and the model generally fit well to the structure (RMSEA = 0.058, SRMR = 0.033, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91).DiscussionThis study has shown that the Turkish version of the ONI is a valid and reliable scale for specifying the tendency for Orthorexia Nervosa in a Turkish adolescent population. These findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of orthorexic tendencies and provide a basis for more concrete research data that can be obtained by using the ONI, which is a reliable scale in studies to be conducted among adolescents.Level of evidenceLevel V, descriptive cross-sectional study.

Chronotype and sleep disorders in children with epilepsy.

The circadian rhythm can affect the frequency and resistance of epileptic seizures. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the impact of chronobiology and sleep disturbances on children with epilepsy. One hundred and twenty-five children and adolescents (55 patients and 70 controls) were included in the study. All participants were asked to complete the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV), Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (SDSC), Childhood Chronotype Questionnaire (CCQ). According to the CCQ results, controls had longer sleep duration (median 595 vs. 570), lower morningness-eveningness scores (median: 28 vs. 30), and higher rates of the morningness (12.9% vs. 1.8%) and intermediate (74.3% vs. 60%) chronotypes. The children and adolescents with epilepsy scored significantly higher in the Sleep breathing disorders (p = .001), Disorders of arousal nightmares (p = .044), Sleep-wake transition disorders (p = .037), Disorders of excessive somnolence (p = .001), and total SDCS (p = .046) scores. According to the RCADS-CV results, the children with epilepsy scored significantly higher in all subscales in comparison to controls (p < .05). Children and adolescents with epilepsy had shorter sleep duration were more likely to be evening-oriented and had more significant sleep disturbance symptoms compared to controls.

Diabetes-specific eating disorder and possible associated psychopathologies in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

PurposeIt was aimed to investigate the frequency of the risk of diabetes-specific eating disorder (DSED) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to reveal the accompanying psychopathologies.MethodsAdolescents with T1DM aged 12–18 who applied to the pediatric diabetes outpatient clinic between July 2021 and March 2022 were included. Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R) was applied to all patients to determine the risk of DSED. In order to detect accompanying psychopathologies, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child version (RCADS) and Parenting Style Scale were applied. After completing the scales, semi-structured interviews were conducted with all patients by a child and adolescent psychiatrist.ResultsNinety-two adolescents (45 boys, 47 girls) were included. DSED risk was found in 23.9% of the cases. A positive correlation was found between DEPS-R and EDE-Q scores (p = 0.001, rho = 0.370). RCADS mean scores were significantly higher in the group with DSED risk (p < 0.001). When the Parenting Style Scale was evaluated, psychological autonomy scores were significantly lower in the group with DSED risk (p = 0.029). As a result of the psychiatric interviews, 30 (32.6%) patients had at least 1 psychiatric disorder. Of these, 2 patients were diagnosed with eating disorder.ConclusionAlmost one-fourth of adolescents with T1DM were found to be at risk of DSED. Routine screening of adolescents with T1DM with the DEPS-R scale may provide early detection of DSED, and referral of those at risk to child psychiatry enables early diagnosis and intervention for both eating disorders and accompanying psychopathologies.Level of evidenceLevel III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control analytic studies.

The Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale–Child Version (SPTS-C): Development and preliminary validation

ABSTRACT Background Sensitivity to pain traumatization is defined as the propensity to develop cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to pain that resemble a traumatic stress reaction. To date, sensitivity to pain traumatization has been assessed in adults (Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale [SPTS-12]) and parents of youth with chronic pain (Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale–Parent version [SPTS-P]). SPT may be relevant in the context of pediatric chronic pain given the substantial comorbidity between posttraumatic stress symptoms and pain. Aims This prospective study aimed to adapt the SPTS-12 for use in youth and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the new scale. Methods Participants included 175 youth with chronic pain (M age = 14.31 years, 73% girls) referred to outpatient chronic pain programs. At baseline, youth self-reported the levels of their sensitivity to pain traumatization (Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale–Child version [SPTS-C]), as well as their pain symptoms, pain-related anxiety, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and attentional control. Three months later, youth self-reported their pain symptoms and completed the SPTS-C. Results The SPTS-C had a one-factor structure that explained 48% of variance and demonstrated good reliability and construct validity. SPTS-C baseline scores predicted follow-up levels of pain interference but not pain intensity or pain unpleasantness. Conclusions The results provide preliminary evidence for the psychometric properties of the SPTS-C and the potential role of SPT in pediatric chronic pain outcomes.

Investigation of post-traumatic growth and traumatic and psychological effects in children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare traumatic and mental effects and PTG by comparing a patient group in hematological-oncological cancer remission with a healthy control group. &#x0D; Materials and methods: Children and adolescents aged 8-18 years, who were in remission with a diagnosis of childhood cancer, and presented at the Paediatric Hematology Department of PAUTF between 1 September 2021 and 30 April 2022 were included as the study group and a control group was formed of healthy children and adolescents with no history of cancer diagnosis. The Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Child Revised Impact of Events Scale (CRIES-13) and the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV) were applied to all the children in both groups. A sociodemographic information form prepared by the researchers, and the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale- Parent Version (RCADS-PV) were applied to parents.&#x0D; Results: Evaluation was made of 27 patients aged 8-18 years with a diagnosis of childhood cancer who were in remission, and a control group of 25 healthy children. No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of parental ages, family structure, parental educational levels, and mean monthly family income (p&gt;0.05).In the comparisons of the raw scores of the RCADS-PV between the two groups, RCADS-PV Panic Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Depression subscale scores were found to be statistically significantly higher in the control group than in the remission group (p=0.048; p=0.045; p=0.047). When the CRIES-13 scores of the two groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was found (p=0.659).When the PTGI scales and subscales of the two groups were compared; while no statistically significant difference was found in the total PTGI score (p=0.066), the change in life philosophy subscale and the change in relationships with others subscale was found to be statistically significantly higher in the remission group than in the control group (p=0.038; p=0.05).Considering the relationship between CRIES-13 and PTGI scale scores, no statistically significant relationship was found in the remission group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Cancer survivors grow from this negative experience, become stronger and survive with positive gains; they can adjust their expectations from themselves, the world and their future. Considering the current prevalence of cancer and increasing survival rates with treatments, new multicenter studies with larger samples are needed on this subject.

Anxiety and depression in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and their mothers

ABSTRACT The aim of this prospective study is to investigate the presence of anxiety and depression in children with PMNE and their mothers. This is a cross-sectional study of outpatients who are diagnosed with PMNE at a nephrology clinic. The study included 79 children with PMNE and their mothers (patient group), and 80 randomly selected healthy non-enuretic children and their mothers (control group). Depression and anxiety levels of mothers were measured using the Turkish versions of the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. The Turkish version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version was used to measure depression and anxiety in children. Patients with PMNE had significantly higher Child Anxiety and Depression Scale scores than controls (p < .001). Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and The Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 scores of the mothers of children with PMNE were significantly higher than controls (p < .001 for all). We showed that PMNE was associated with depression and anxiety in mothers and their children. These findings underpin the necessity for clinical screening of anxiety and depression in children with PMNE and their mothers.

Potential Sociodemographic Predictors of Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of anxiety among primary school students in rural areas is relatively high. Also, this stage is a critical developmental stage of academic life. Childhood anxiety disorders lead to significant disruption and interference with other aspects of life, including behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and academic achievement. Aims: This study aimed to find the frequency of 6 subtypes of anxiety disorders and to determine the potential sociodemographic factors of anxiety disorders among primary school students in a rural area of Malaysia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 411 students answered the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale-Child version (SCAS-C). Descriptive analyses elucidated at-risk students, and multivariate analysis of variance and multiple linear regression presented potential predictors of anxiety disorders. Results: The most common abnormal level was for social phobia (SP) (n = 109/18.6%), and the least common were panic/agoraphobia (n = 85/14.1%) and physical injury fears (PIF) (n = 82/13.6%). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that age ( P &lt; .05), gender ( P &lt; .05), father’s employment ( P &lt; .05), and mother’s educational level (EL) P &lt; .05) were predictors of overall anxiety. A Tukey post-hoc test revealed that older children are more likely to suffer from overall anxiety, separation anxiety (SA), SP, and obsessive-compulsive problems. Children of low-income families were less likely to suffer from SA than those of middle-income families. Children of stay-at-home mothers were less likely to suffer from overall anxiety, SA, and SP than mothers who worked more than 8 h per day. Multiple linear regression could predict 6 models of anxiety based on sociodemographic factors. Conclusion: According to our findings in this study, promoting mental health by providing preventive strategies and screening programs is more recommended for students with sociodemographic risk factors for anxiety disorders.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder : Clinical description of 101 children

IntroductionPost traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that’s triggered by a psychotraumatic event .ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to investigate the clinical manifestations of PTSD in the pediatric population.MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out on children over the age of 7 and victims of a traumatic event that had occurred at least one month before. They were recruited from August 2020 to April 2021, in child psychiatry department. The clinical manifestations were evaluated using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale Child and Adolescent version for DSM 5 (CAPS CA5) in Tunisian dialect. The statistical processing of these data was carried out using SPSS 26 software.ResultsWe recruited 101 children who had experienced a traumatic event which was in 35.6% physical assault, 47.5% sexual assault and in 16.8 % exposure to death. The mean age was 10.7 years at the onset of traumatic event and 11.74 years at the interview. We noted in our patients a female predominance at 64.4%. Diagnosis of PTSD according to the diagnostic criteria of the DSM5 was retained in 54.5% of cases. Intrusive symptoms were present in 81.2%, with 66.3% of involuntary, intrusive memories. Persistent avoidance of stimuli was noted in 80.2%. 71.3% of cases suffered from negative cognition and mood. We found in 66.3% marked alterations in trauma-related arousal and reactivity. Resulting in clinicialy significant distress in71.3%.ConclusionsRecognizing PTSD symptoms is essential for diagnosis to initiate specialized care and reduce impairment at this critical age.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Kekemeliği Olan ve Olmayan Çocukların Kaygı Tiplerinin Öz Bildirim Yöntemiyle Karşılaştırılması: Tanımlayıcı Çalışma

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the anxiety types of school-age children with and without stuttering based on self-report. A further aim was to examine the possible relationships between anxiety levels and stuttering characteristics in children with stuttering. Material and Methods: The participants included 25 children who stutter aged between 9-12 years (mean age=115.64±9.8 months; 22 boys, 3 girls) and 25 age- and gender- matched children who did not stutter (mean age=116.52±10.3 months; 22 boys, 3 girls). The children's anxiety types were examined with the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale Child Version. The Stuttering Severity Instrument- 4-TR was used to evaluate the stuttering characteristics of children with stuttering. Results: There was no significant difference between the separation anxiety, fear of physical injury, generalized anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and panic disorder-agoraphobia sub-factor scores of the children with and without stuttering. However, the social phobia (Mann-Whitney U test; p=0.008; effect size: 0.75) and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale total scores (independent samples t-test; p=0.009; effect size: 0.77) of the children with stuttering were significantly higher than for children without stuttering. Conclusion: It is thought that the knowledge of speech and language therapists about different types of anxiety may help them to better understand the individual's stuttering. Thus, anxiety levels should be checked during routine stuttering assessments.

Eating behaviors and alexithymic features of obese and overweight adolescents.

In this study, eating behaviors and alexithymia levels in obese adolescents were investigated. Relationships between alexithymia, eating behavior and insulin resistance were studied. The patient group consisted of 87 obese adolescents or overweight adolescents (O + OW). The comparison group consisted of 101 normal weight adolescents (N). Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version, are used for assessing adolescents. The homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance was calculated to determine insulin resistance. Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children scores were significantly higher in O + OW than N (P = 0.009). Both emotional and restrained eating scores are higher in O + OW (P < 0.001 for both). On the other hand, external eating scores were not significantly different. In O + OW, external eating was positively associated with homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (r: 035, P = 0.006), but is not associated with fasting blood glucose and the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (r: -0.05, P = 0.62; r: -0.05, P = 0.73). Regression analysis showed that restrained and emotional eating were predictors of O + OW (B: 0.1, P < 0.001; B: 0.06, P = 0.001). Emotional eating was positively correlated with the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version in O + OW (r: 0.29, P = 0.008; r: 0.48, P < 0.001). Obese and overweight adolescents were more alexithymic than normal weight adolescents. Alexithymia scores were also positively associated with emotional eating. On the other hand, alexithymia was not a predictor of obesity/overweight. Restrained and emotional eating were predictors of obesity/overweight. Emotional and restrained eating were more common in obese and overweight adolescents than normal-weight adolescents. External eating is not significantly associated with obesity but is related to insulin resistance.