Scalar Leptoquarks Research Articles

Combined explanations of B-physics anomalies, (g-2)_{e, mu } and neutrino masses by scalar leptoquarks

We extend the contents of the standard model (SM) by introducing TeV-scale scalar leptoquarks to generate neutrino masses and explain some current observed deviations from the SM predictions, including the anomalous magnetic moments of charged leptons (electron and muon) and B-physics anomalies (R_{K^{(*)}} and R_{D^{(*)}}). The model consists of text {SU}(2)_L singlet leptoquark S_1sim ({bar{3}}, 1, 1/3), doublet leptoquark {tilde{R}}_2sim (3, 2, 1/6) and triplet leptoquark S_3sim ({bar{3}}, 3, 1/3). We combine the constraints arising from the low-energy lepton flavor violation, meson decay and mixing observables. We perform a detailed phenomenological analysis and identify the minimized texture of leptoquark Yukawa matrices to accommodate a unified explanation of the anomalies and neutrino oscillation data.

Flavor inspired model for dark matter

The discrepancies between data on rare $b$-hadron decays, controlled by the underlying neutral-current transitions $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}}(\ensuremath{\ell}=e,\ensuremath{\mu})$, and the corresponding Standard Model predictions constitute one of the most intriguing hints for new physics. Leptoquarks are prime candidates to solve these anomalies and, in particular, the scalar leptoquark, ${S}_{3}$, triplet under $SU(2{)}_{L}$ with hypercharge $Y=\ensuremath{-}1/3$, provides a very good fit to data. Here, we entertain the possibility that the same scalar leptoquark ${S}_{3}$, responsible for the lepton flavor universality anomalies, is the portal to a fermionic dark sector consisting of two additional vectorlike fermions, one of which is a candidate for the cosmological dark matter. We study two scenarios, where the dark matter candidate belongs to an $SU(2{)}_{L}$ singlet and triplet respectively, and discuss the theory parameter space in the context of the dark matter candidate's relic density and prospects for direct and indirect dark matter searches. Direct detection rates are highly suppressed and generically below the neutrino floor. Current observations with, and future prospects for, high-energy gamma-ray telescopes such as HESS and the Cherenkov Telescope Array are much more promising, as they already provide powerful constraints on the models under consideration, and will potentially probe the full parameter space in the future.

Model with two scalar leptoquarks: R2 and S3

We discuss a model that can accommodate the $B$-physics anomalies, based on combining two scalar leptoquarks, ${R}_{2}$ and ${S}_{3}$, of mass $\mathcal{O}(1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV})$, and that we proposed in our previous paper. We update the analysis of its parameter space and show that a model remains viable and consistent with a number of low energy and high energy flavor physics constraints. Since the model predicts a nonzero new physics phase, we discuss the possibility to test its contribution to the neutron electric dipole moment and to the angular distributions of the exclusive $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c\ensuremath{\tau}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ decays. We find that the model can provide a significant enhancement to $\mathcal{B}(B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\nu})$ and provides both the upper and lower bounds to $\mathcal{B}(B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau})$.

New physics in b → sμμ: FCC-hh or a muon collider?

Rare flavour-changing neutral-current transitions b → sμ+μ− probe higher energy scales than what is directly accessible at the LHC. Therefore, the presence of new physics in such transitions, as suggested by the present-day LHCb anomalies, would have a major impact on the motivation and planning of future high-energy colliders. The two most prominent options currently debated are a proton-proton collider at 100 TeV (FCC-hh) and a multi-TeV muon collider (MuC). In this work, we compare the discovery prospects at these colliders on benchmark new physics models indirectly detectable in b → sμ+μ− decays but beyond the reach of the high-pT searches at the HL-LHC. We consider a comprehensive set of scenarios: semileptonic contact interactions, Z′ from a gauged textrm{U}{(1)}_{B_3-{L}_{mu }} and textrm{U}{(1)}_{L_{mu }-{L}_{tau }} , the scalar leptoquark S3, and the vector leptoquark U1. We find that a 3 TeV MuC has a sensitivity reach comparable to the one of the FCC-hh. However, for a heavy enough mediator, the new physics effects at a 3 TeV MuC are only observed indirectly via deviations in the highest energy bin, while the FCC-hh has a greater potential for the discovery of a resonance. Finally, to completely cover the parameter space suggested by the bsμμ anomalies, among the proposed future colliders, only a MuC of 10 TeV (or higher) can meet the challenge.

Distinguishing signatures of scalar leptoquarks at hadron and muon colliders

While the hunt for new states beyond the standard model (SM) goes on for various well motivated theories, the leptoquarks are among the most appealing scenarios at recent times due to a series of tensions observed in B-meson decays. We consider SU(2) singlet and triplet scalar leptoquarks separately, which contribute to charged and neutral current B-meson decays. Focusing on the single production of these two scalar leptoquarks, we perform a PYTHIA-based simulation considering all the dominant SM backgrounds at the current and future setups of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The mono-b-jet + not !!{p_T} finalstate gives the strongest signal for the singlet leptoquark at the 30 TeV LHC or Future Circular Collider (FCC), with a possibility of 5sigma signal significance with gtrsim 1000 fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity, for the chosen benchmark scenarios. The finalstate consisting of a c-jet and two tau -jets provides highest reach for the singlet leptoquark, probing an {mathcal {O}}(10^{-1}) value of the Yukawa-type couplings for up to 3.0 TeV leptoquark mass. For the triplet leptoquark, topology is the most optimistic signature at the LHC, probing leptoquark couplings to fermions at {mathcal {O}}(10^{-1}) value for the leptoquark mass range up to 4.0 TeV. The invariant mass edge distribution is found to be instrumental in determination of the leptoquark mass scale at the LHC. We also perform the analysis at the proposed multi-TeV muon collider, where an {mathcal {O}}(10^{-1}) leptoquark Yukawa coupling can be probed for a 5.0 TeV leptoquark mass.

Leptoquark-vectorlike quark model for the CDF mW , (g−2)μ , RK(*) anomalies, and neutrino masses

Very recently, a substantial $7\sigma$ deviation of the $W$-boson mass from the Standard Model (SM) prediction has been reported by the CDF collaboration. Furthermore, the Muon g-2 Experiment recently confirmed the longstanding tension in $(g-2)_\mu$. Besides, the updated result from the LHCb collaboration found evidence for the breaking of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays, which shows a $3.1\sigma$ discrepancy and is consistent with their previous measurements. Motivated by several of these drawbacks of the SM, in this work, we propose a model consisting of two scalar leptoquarks and a vectorlike quark to simultaneously address the $W$-boson mass shift, the $(g-2)_\mu$, and anomalies in the neutral current transitions of the $B$-meson decays. The proposed model also sheds light on the origin of neutrino mass and can be fully tested at the future colliders.

Marriage between neutrino mass and flavor anomalies

Experimental hints for lepton flavor universality violation in beauty-quark decay both in neutral- and charged-current transitions require an extension of the Standard Model for which scalar leptoquarks (LQs) are the prime candidates. Besides, these same LQs can resolve the long-standing tension in the muon and the recently reported deviation in the electron $g-2$ anomalies. These tantalizing flavor anomalies have discrepancies in the range of $2.5\sigma-4.2\sigma$, indicating that the Standard Model of particle physics may finally be cracking. In this Letter, we propose a resolution to all these anomalies within a unified framework that sheds light on the origin of neutrino mass. In this model, the LQs that address flavor anomalies run through the loops and generate neutrino mass at the two-loop order while satisfying all constraints from collider searches, including those from flavor physics.

A flavor-inspired radiative neutrino mass model

One of the most important discoveries in particle physics is the observation of nonzero neutrino masses, which dictates that the Standard Model (SM) is incomplete. Moreover, several pieces of evidence of lepton flavor universality violation (LFUV), gathered in the last few years, hint toward physics beyond the SM. TeV-scale scalar leptoquarks are the leading candidates for explaining these flavor anomalies in semileptonic charged and neutral current B-decays, the muon, and the electron magnetic dipole moments that can also participate in neutrino mass generation. In this work, we hypothesize that neutrino masses and LFUV have a common new physics origin and propose a new two-loop neutrino mass model that has the potential to resolve some of these flavor anomalies via leptoquarks and offers rich phenomenology. After deriving the neutrino mass formula for this newly-proposed model, we perform a detailed numerical analysis focusing on neutrino and charged lepton flavor violation phenomenology, where the latter provides stringent constraints on the Yukawa couplings and leptoquark masses. Finally, present and future bounds on the model’s parameter space are scrutinized with exemplified benchmark scenarios.

Leptoquark-assisted singlet-mediated di-Higgs production at the LHC

At the LHC, the gluon-initiated processes are considered to be the primary source of di-Higgs production. However, in the presence of a new resonance, the light-quark initiated processes can also contribute significantly. In this letter, we look at the di-Higgs production mediated by a new singlet scalar. The singlet is produced in both quark-antiquark and gluon fusion processes through loops involving a scalar leptoquark and right-handed neutrinos. With benchmark parameters inspired from the recent resonant di-Higgs searches by the ATLAS collaboration, we examine the prospects of such a resonance in the TeV-range at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) in the bb¯τ+τ− mode with a multivariate analysis. We obtain the 5σ and 2σ contours and find that a significant part of the parameter space is within the reach of the HL-LHC.

Inclusive nonresonant multilepton probes of new phenomena at s=13 TeV

An inclusive search for nonresonant signatures of beyond the standard model (SM) phenomena in events with three or more charged leptons, including hadronically decaying $\tau$ leptons, is presented. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016-2018. Events are categorized based on the lepton and b-tagged jet multiplicities and various kinematic variables. Three scenarios of physics beyond the SM are probed, and signal-specific boosted decision trees are used for enhancing sensitivity. No significant deviations from the background expectations are observed. Lower limits are set at 95% confidence level on the mass of type-III seesaw heavy fermions in the range 845-1065 GeV for various decay branching fraction combinations to SM leptons. Doublet and singlet vector-like $\tau$ lepton extensions of the SM are excluded for masses below 1045 GeV and in the mass range 125-150 GeV, respectively. Scalar leptoquarks decaying exclusively to a top quark and a lepton are excluded below 1.12-1.42 TeV, depending on the lepton flavor. For the type-III seesaw as well as the vector-like doublet model, these constraints are the most stringent to date. For the vector-like singlet model, these are the first constraints from the LHC experiments. Detailed results are also presented to facilitate alternative theoretical interpretations.

Constraining scalar doublet and triplet leptoquarks with vacuum stability and perturbativity

We investigate the constraints on the leptoquark Yukawa couplings and the Higgs-leptoquark quartic couplings for scalar doublet leptoquark widetilde{R}_2, scalar triplet leptoquark varvec{S}_3 and their combination with both three generations and one generation with respect to perturbative unitarity and vacuum stability. The perturbative unitarity of all the dimensionless couplings is studied via one- and two-loop beta functions. New SU(2)_L multiplets in terms of these leptoquarks are introduced to fabricate Landau poles at the two-loop level in the gauge coupling g_2 at 10^{19.7} GeV and 10^{14.4} GeV, respectively, for the varvec{S}_3 and widetilde{R}_2+varvec{S}_3 models with three generations. However, such Landau poles cease to exist for widetilde{R}_2 and any of these extensions with both one and two generations up to Planck scale. The Higgs-leptoquark quartic couplings acquire severe constraints to protect Planck scale perturbativity, whereas leptoquark Yukawa couplings acquire some upper bound in order to respect Planck scale stability of Higgs vacuum. The Higgs quartic coupling at the two-loop level constrains the leptoquark Yukawa couplings for widetilde{R}_2,varvec{S}_3, ,widetilde{R}_2+varvec{S}_3 with values with three generations. In the effective potential approach, the presence of any of these leptoquarks with any number of generations pushes the metastable vacuum of the Standard Model to the stable region.

Explaining the hints for lepton flavour universality violation with three S2 leptoquark generations

Leptoquarks are prime candidates for explaining the intriguing hints for lepton flavour universality violation. In particular, the SU(2)L doublet of scalar leptoquarks S2 is capable of providing an explanation for the tensions between the measurements and the Standard Model predictions in (g − 2)μ, b → sℓ+ℓ− and b → cτν processes, as well as in non-resonant di-electron production. However, in the minimal setup with a single leptoquark generation, a common explanation for all these issues is not possible as this would lead to unacceptably large charged lepton flavour violation. We therefore propose a model with three generations of S2, each coupling exclusively to a single lepton flavour, i.e. a model extending the Standard Model particle content by an electroquark, a muoquark and a tauquark. We show that after taking into account other constraints, such as those originating from electroweak precision observables and ∆F = 2 processes, it is possible to provide a combined explanation for all these hints of lepton flavour universality violation. Moreover, we find that the presence of the tauquark can generate a dimension-six {mathcal{O}}_9^U operator via off-shell photon penguin diagrams, which, together with the muoquark contribution, further improves the global fit to b → sℓ+ℓ− data.

Triple-leptoquark interactions for tree- and loop-level proton decays

We study the impact of triple-leptoquark interactions on matter stability for two specific proton decay topologies that arise at the tree- and one-loop level if and when they coexist. We demonstrate that the one-loop level topology is much more relevant than the tree-level one when it comes to the proton decay signatures despite the usual loop-suppression factor. We subsequently present detailed analysis of the triple-leptoquark interaction effects on the proton stability within one representative scenario to support our claim, where the scenario in question simultaneously features a tree-level topology that yields three-body proton decay p → e+e+e− and a one-loop level topology that induces two-body proton decays p → π0e+ and p → π+ overline{nu} . We also provide a comprehensive list of the leading-order proton decay channels for all non-trivial cubic and quartic contractions involving three scalar leptoquark multiplets that generate triple-leptoquark interactions of our interest, where in the latter case one of the scalar multiplets is the Standard Model Higgs doublet.

Probing neutrino mass models through resonances at neutrino telescopes

We study the detection prospects of relatively light charged scalars in radiative Majorana neutrino mass models, such as the Zee model and its variants using scalar leptoquarks, at current and future neutrino telescopes. In particular, we show that these scalar mediators can give rise to Glashow-like resonance features in the ultrahigh energy (UHE) neutrino event spectrum at the IceCube neutrino observatory and its high-energy upgrade IceCube-Gen2. The same scalars can also give rise to observable nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSIs), and we show that the UHE neutrinos provide a complementary probe of NSI. We also discuss an interesting possibility of producing such resonances by incoming sterile neutrino components in the case where neutrinos are pseudo-Dirac particles.

A search for an unexpected asymmetry in the production of e+μ− and e−μ+ pairs in proton–proton collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector at [formula omitted] TeV

This search, a type not previously performed at ATLAS, uses a comparison of the production cross sections for e+μ− and e−μ+ pairs to constrain physics processes beyond the Standard Model. It uses 139fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded at s=13TeV at the LHC. Targeting sources of new physics which prefer final states containing e+μ− to e−μ+, the search contains two broad signal regions which are used to provide model-independent constraints on the ratio of cross sections at the 2% level. The search also has two special selections targeting supersymmetric models and leptoquark signatures. Observations using one of these selections are able to exclude, at 95% confidence level, singly produced smuons with masses up to 640GeV in a model in which the only other light sparticle is a neutralino when the R-parity-violating coupling λ231′ is close to unity. Observations using the other selection exclude scalar leptoquarks with masses below 1880GeV when g1Reu=g1Rμc=1, at 95% confidence level. The limit on the coupling reduces to g1Reu=g1Rμc=0.46 for a mass of 1420GeV.

From B-meson anomalies to Kaon physics with scalar leptoquarks

In this work we study possible connections between B-meson anomalies and Kaon physics observables in the context of combined solutions with the singlet and triplet scalar leptoquarks S_1 and S_3. By assuming a flavor structure for the leptoquark couplings dictated by a minimally broken U(2)^5 flavor symmetry we can make a sharp connection between these two classes of observables. We find that the bound on {mathcal {B}}(K^+ rightarrow pi ^+ nu nu ) from NA62 puts already some tension in the model, while the present limits on {mathcal {B}}(K_L rightarrow mu ^+ mu ^-) and mu rightarrow e conversion in nuclei can be saturated. Relaxing instead the flavor assumption we study what values for {mathcal {B}}(K^+ rightarrow pi ^+ nu nu ), as well as for {mathcal {B}}(K_L rightarrow pi ^0 nu nu ) and {mathcal {B}}(K_{L,S} rightarrow mu ^+ mu ^-), are viable compatibly with all other phenomenological constraints.

Next-to-leading-order QCD matching for ∆F = 2 processes in scalar leptoquark models

Leptoquarks provide viable solutions to the flavour anomalies, i.e. they can explain the tensions between the measurements and the Standard Model predictions of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon as well as b → sℓ+ℓ− and b → cτν processes. However, LQs also contribute to other flavour observables, such as ∆F = 2 processes, at the loop-level. In particular, Bs− overline{B} s mixing provides a crucial bound in setups addressing b → cτν data, often excluding a big portion of the parameter space that could otherwise account for it. In this article, we first derive the complete leading order matching, including all five scalar LQ representations, for D0− overline{D} 0, K0− overline{K} 0 and Bs,d− overline{B} s,d mixing (at the dimension-six level). We then calculate the next-to-leading order αs matching corrections to these ∆F = 2 processes in generic scalar leptoquark models. We find that the two-loop corrections increase the effects in ∆F = 2 processes by ~ 5-10% and significantly reduce the matching scale uncertainty.

Forward-backward asymmetry in B→D*ℓν : One more hint for scalar leptoquarks?

Experimental data have provided intriguing hints for the violation of lepton flavour universality (LFU), including $B\to D^{(*)}\tau\nu/B\to D^{(*)}\ell\nu$, the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon and $b\!\to\! s\ell^+\ell^-$ with a significance of $\!>3\,\sigma$, $>\!4\,\sigma$ and $>\!5\,\sigma$, respectively. Furthermore, in a recent re-analysis of 2018 Belle data, it was found that the forward-backward asymmetry ($\Delta A_{\rm FB}$) of $B \to D^{*}\mu\bar \nu$ vs $B\to D^{*}e\bar \nu$ disagrees with the SM prediction by $\approx\!\!4\,\sigma$, providing an additional sign of LFU violation. We show that a tensor operator is necessary to significantly improve the agreement with data in $\Delta A_{\rm FB}$ while respecting the bounds from other $b\to c\ell\nu$ observables. Importantly, this tensor operator can only be induced (at tree-level within renormalizable models) by a scalar leptoquark. Furthermore, among the two possible representations, the $SU(2)_L$-singlet $S_1$ and the doublet $S_2$, which can interestingly both also account for the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, only $S_1$ can provide a good fit. Even though the constraints from (differences of) other angular observables prefer a smaller value of $\Delta A_{\rm FB}$ than the current central one, this scenario is significantly preferred (nearly $4 \sigma$) over the SM hypothesis, and is compatible with constraints such as $B\to K^*\nu\nu$ and electroweak precision bounds. Therefore, if the $\Delta A_{\rm FB}$ anomaly is confirmed, it would provide circumstantial evidence for scalar leptoquarks and pave the way for a natural connection with all other anomalies pointing towards LFU violation.

Minimal SU(6) gauge-Higgs grand unification

We present a minimal viable Gauge-Higgs Grand Unification scenario in warped space based on a $SU(6)$ bulk symmetry - unifying the gauge symmetries of the SM and their breaking sector. We show how the issue of light exotic new states is eliminated by appropriately breaking the gauge symmetry on the UV and IR boundaries by either brane scalars or gauge boundary conditions. The SM fermion spectrum is naturally reproduced including Dirac neutrinos and we compute the Higgs potential at one-loop, finding easily solutions with a realistic $m_h \sim 125$ GeV. The problem of proton decay is addressed by showing that baryon number is a hidden symmetry of the model. Among the phenomenological consequences, we highlight the presence of a scalar leptoquark and a scalar singlet. The usual $X,Y$ gauge bosons from $SU(5)$ GUTs are found at collider accessible masses.

Prospects for discovering new physics in charm sector through low-energy scattering processes e−p→e−(μ−)Λc

We investigate the potential for discovering new physics through the low-energy scattering processes $e^-p\to e^-(\mu^-)\Lambda_c$, which could be accessible in the forthcoming $ep$ scattering experiments once adapted to our proposed setups. In the framework of a general low-energy effective Lagrangian, we demonstrate that, compared with the conventional flavor-changing neutral-current weak decays of charmed hadrons and the dilepton productions at high-energy colliders, the low-energy scattering processes can provide more competitive potentials for hunting the underlying new physics. In some specific leptoquark models, we also show that promising event rates can be expected for both the scattering processes, and point out a possible way to distinguish the experimental signals due to the scalar leptoquarks from those of the vector ones.