Scalable Manufacturing Process Research Articles

Scalable screen-printing manufacturing process for graphene oxide platinum free alternative counter electrodes in efficient dye sensitized solar cells

The graphene oxide paste (GO) was prepared by mixing α-terpineol and ethyl cellulose, and GO films was prepared by screen printing on fluorine doped Tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates to validate as an alternative counter electrode material to platinum in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The graphene oxide films were characterised by X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and the catalytic properties of films were being investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical Impedance measurements. The DSSC fabricated by coupling TiO2 films soaked in N719 dye with GO as counter electrode exhibited photoconversion efficiency of 5.58% under standard one Sun illumination, whereas platinum based device showed photoconversion efficiency of 7.57%. The present study suggests that graphene oxide counter electrodes can be considered as a promising alternative to platinum, with further optimisation, which clearly has advantages in terms of its abundance and low cost processing towards industrial prospects.

Finely Interpenetrating Bulk Heterojunction Structure for Lead Sulfide Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells by Convective Assembly

Lead chalcogenides colloidal quantum dot (PbS CQD) solar cells employing an ordered bulk heterojunction (OBHJ) structure allow sufficient utilization of solar energy and at the same time ensure efficient charge extractions. However, the interfacial deficiency was determined to be a significant limiting factor for the further improvement of efficiency. Herein, a finely interpenetrating OBHJ structure between zinc oxide nanowire (ZnO NW) arrays and PbS CQDs was achieved by simultaneously controlling the growth orientation of ZnO NWs and introducing convective assembly as the CQD deposition technique. The inherent directionality during the assembly process leads to dense packing and efficient infiltration of CQDs, forming a valid OBHJ structure. Additionally, a self-assembled monolayer was introduced to further improve the Voc deficit. As a result, a record PCE of 9.92% has been demonstrated for OBHJ structured CQD solar cells that are compatible with low-temperature and scalable manufacturing processes.

Design and fabrication of large-sized planar oxygen transport membrane components for direct integration in oxy-combustion processes

Membrane-based oxy-combustion is a promising technology for energy efficient combustion of carbon-containing fuels with the simultaneous opportunity to capture CO2 from the resulting exhaust gas. However, oxy-combustion conditions result in special demands on the design of the ceramic membrane components due to the high pressure and temperature applied. Therefore, we have developed a planar membrane design for 4-end operation using asymmetric membranes of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ. FEM and CFD simulations have been performed in order to develop an internal channel structure that allows withstanding pressures of 5 bar on the feed side while achieving the desired O2 concentrations of 27% in the sweep gas, i.e. CO2, and an oxygen recovery rate from the feed gas of 86% at the same time.Due to the symmetric design of the membrane components, they are scalable and adaptable in size. This design has been realized in a process chain from powder to the final component consisting of thin 20 µm Membrane layer, support with 38% porosity, an inner channelled architecture and a thin (3–5 µm) porous activation layer. Particular emphasis was laid on scalable manufacturing processes in order to ensure transferability to industrial scale. The process chain is also applicable to other membrane materials suitable for any application of interest. Finally, the reproducible processing was successfully demonstrated by the fabrication of membrane components in lengths of 100 mm and widths of 70 mm.

Carbon-based electronic textiles: materials, fabrication processes and applications

Electronic textiles (E-textiles) impart the conductive functionality in textiles without altering the intrinsic properties of textile materials. The growth of E-textiles requires the development of functional materials and the scaling-up of their production methods. Since textile is a porous, and anisotropic three-dimensional material, it is crucial to develop the scalable methods to apply these functional materials on textiles efficiently that can impart added functionality to the pristine textile materials. Organic carbon-based functional materials are being widely used for the comparative low-cost manufacturing process and the availability of their raw materials. Thus, the overview of the different carbonaceous conductive materials and their application methods on textiles is very important to understand and compare for utilizing these materials efficiently in numerous E-textile applications. This paper reviews the fabrication procedures of the common carbon-based electronic materials, the methods of formulating colloidal suspensions of different carbonaceous particles in the liquid solvent to develop conductive inks, the methods to apply the inks on textile substrates, and relevant use cases. A critical review has been discussed to compare and select appropriate materials and their application methods on textiles for the scalable manufacturing process and desired electrical characteristics.

A controlled, efficient and robust process for the synthesis of an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor: Afatinib Dimaleate

A simple, controlled, robust and scalable three-stage manufacturing process of Afatinib Dimaleate was assessed and optimized leading to improved yield and quality. The synthetic process involves sequence of reactions as nitro-reduction, amidation and salification. The developed and optimized route was demonstrated on 300g scale with over all isolated yield of 84% for Afatinib free base. The developed process has the capability to control not only the process related impurities but also the degradation impurities. One new impurity was identified during the process development studies and characterized as acetamide impunity, chemically known as (S)-N-(4-((3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl) amino)-7-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl) oxy) quinazolin-6-yl) acetamide. Other impurities were identified as degradation impurities, Process impurity impurities and were labeled as 1-(4-((3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl) amino)-7-(((S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl) oxy) quinazoline-6-yl)-5-Hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one (hydroxy impurity), Afatinib N-Oxide impurity and N4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-[[(3S)-tetrahydro-3-furanyl] oxy]-4,6-quinazolinediamine (Intermediate-1).

Facile and Scalable Fabrication of Surface-Modified Sponge for Efficient Solar Steam Generation.

Solar steam generation is a highly promising technology for harvesting solar energy and desalination. Here, a new solar steam generation system is introduced based on a surface-modified polyurethane sponge with bilayered structures for efficient solar steam generation. The top layer, coated with polydimethylsiloxane-modified graphite powder, serves as light-to-heat conversion layer with a broad optical absorption, whereas the lower part of the sponge acts as a thermal insulator with a low thermal conductivity in the wet state (0.13882 W m-1 K-1 ). In addition, the strong hydrophobic wettability of the top layer (water contact angle: 148°) enables self-floating behavior on water, which is beneficial for practical applications. The results show that compared with a silver-nanoparticle-doped sponge and an acid-etched sponge doped with silver nanoparticles the graphite-modified sponge (GS) exhibits the highest evaporation efficiency of 73.3 % under 1 kW m2 irradiation, which is 2.6 times that of pure water and far higher than that of untreated polyurethane sponge (36.0 %). The GS shows excellent stability, and its evaporation efficiency remains unchanged even after immersion in water for one month. Based on its cost-efficient, simple, and scalable manufacturing process, excellent mechanical stability, and high recyclability, the GS shows great potential as an efficient photothermal material for a wide range of large-scale applications such as solar steam generation, light absorption, heat localization, and seawater desalination.

Self-Assembly of Large-Area 2D Polycrystalline Transition Metal Carbides for Hydrogen Electrocatalysis.

Low-dimensional (0/1/2 dimension) transition metal carbides (TMCs) possess intriguing electrical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties, and they serve as convenient supports for transition metal catalysts. Large-area single-crystalline 2D TMC sheets are generally prepared by exfoliating MXene sheets from MAX phases. Here, a versatile bottom-up method is reported for preparing ultrathin TMC sheets (≈10 nm in thickness and >100 μm in lateral size) with metal nanoparticle decoration. A gelatin hydrogel is employed as a scaffold to coordinate metal ions (Mo5+ , W6+ , Co2+ ), resulting in ultrathin-film morphologies of diverse TMC sheets. Carbonization of the scaffold at 600 °C presents a facile route to the corresponding MoCx , WCx , CoCx , and to metal-rich hybrids (Mo2- x Wx C and W/Mo2 C-Co). Among these materials, the Mo2 C-Co hybrid provides excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) efficiency (Tafel slope of 39 mV dec-1 and 48 mVj = 10 mA cm-2 in overpotential in 0.5 m H2 SO4 ). Such performance makes Mo2 C-Co a viable noble-metal-free catalyst for the HER, and is competitive with the standard platinum on carbon support. This template-assisted, self-assembling, scalable, and low-cost manufacturing process presents a new tactic to construct low-dimensional TMCs with applications in various clean-energy-related fields.

Development and validation of broad-spectrum magnetic particle labelling processes for cell therapy manufacturing

BackgroundStem cells are increasingly seen as a solution for many health challenges for an ageing population. However, their potential benefits in the clinic are currently curtailed by technical challenges such as high cell dose requirements and point of care delivery, which pose sourcing and logistics challenges. Cell manufacturing solutions are currently in development to address the supply issue, and ancillary technologies such as nanoparticle-based labelling are being developed to improve stem cell delivery and enable post-treatment follow-up.MethodsThe application of magnetic particle (MP) labelling to potentially scalable cell manufacturing processes was investigated in a range of therapeutically relevant cells, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), cardiomyocytes (CMC) and neural progenitor cells (ReN). The efficiency and the biological effect of particle labelling were analysed using fluorescent imaging and cellular assays.ResultsFlow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy confirmed efficient labelling of monolayer cultures. Viability was shown to be retained post labelling for all three cell types. MSC and CMC demonstrated higher tolerance to MP doses up to 100× the standard concentration. This approach was also successful for MP labelling of suspension cultures, demonstrating efficient MP uptake within 3 h, while cell viability was unaffected by this suspension labelling process. Furthermore, a procedure to enable the storing of MP-labelled cell populations to facilitate cold chain transport to the site of clinical use was investigated. When MP-labelled cells were stored in hypothermic conditions using HypoThermosol solution for 24 h, cell viability and differentiation potential were retained post storage for ReN, MSC and beating CMC.ConclusionsOur results show that a generic MP labelling strategy was successfully developed for a range of clinically relevant cell populations, in both monolayer and suspension cultures. MP-labelled cell populations were able to undergo transient low-temperature storage whilst maintaining functional capacity in vitro. These results suggest that this MP labelling approach can be integrated into cell manufacturing and cold chain transport processes required for future cell therapy approaches.

Metallic microneedles with interconnected porosity: A scalable platform for biosensing and drug delivery

Metallic-based microneedles (MNs) offer a robust platform for minimally invasive drug delivery and biosensing applications due to their mechanical strength and proven tissue and drug compatibility. However, current designs suffer from limited functional surface area or challenges in manufacturing scalability. Here, porous 316L stainless steel MN patches are proposed. Fabricated through a scalable manufacturing process, they are suitable for storage and delivery of drugs and rapid absorption of fluids for biosensing. Fabrication of these MNs involves hot embossing a patch of stainless steel-based feedstock, sintering at 1100 °C and subsequent electropolishing. Optimisation of this manufacturing process yields devices that maintain mechanical integrity yet possess high surface area and associated porosity (36%) to maximise loading capacity. Similarly, a small pore size has been targeted (average diameter 2.22 μm, with 90% between 1.56 μm and 2.93 μm) to maximise capillarity and loading efficiency. This porous network has a theoretical wicking rate of 4.7 μl/s and can wick-up 27 ± 5 μl of fluid through capillary action which allows for absorption of pharmaceuticals for delivery. When inserted into a metabolite-loaded skin model, the MNs absorbed and recovered 17 ± 3 μl of the metabolite solution. The drug delivery performance of the porous metallic MNs (22.4 ± 4.9 µg/cm2) was found to be threefold higher than that of topical administration (7.1 ± 4.3 µg/cm2). The porous metallic MN patches have been shown to insert into porcine skin under a 19 N load. These results indicate the potential of design-for-manufacturing porous stainless steel MNs in biosensing and drug delivery applications. Statement of SignificanceMicroneedles are micro-scale sharp protrusions used to bypass the stratum corneum, the skin’s outer protective layer, and painlessly access dermal layers suitable for drug delivery and biosensing. Despite a depth of research in the area we have not yet seen large-scale clinical adoption of microneedle devices. Here we describe a device designed to address the potential barriers to adoption seen by other microneedles devices. We have developed a scalable, cost effective process to produce medical grade stainless steel microneedle patches which passively absorb and store drugs or interstitial fluid though a porous network and capillary action. This device, with low manufacturing and regulatory burdens may help the large-scale adoption of microneedles.

Rapid Fabrication of Epidermal Paper-Based Electronic Devices Using Razor Printing.

This work describes the use of a benchtop razor printer to fabricate epidermal paper-based electronic devices (EPEDs). This fabrication technique is simple, low-cost, and compatible with scalable manufacturing processes. EPEDs are fabricated using paper substrates rendered omniphobic by their cost-effective silanization with fluoroalkyl trichlorosilanes, making them inexpensive, water-resistant, and mechanically compliant with human skin. The highly conductive inks or thin films attached to one of the sides of the omniphobic paper makes EPEDs compatible with wearable applications involving wireless power transfer. The omniphobic cellulose fibers of the EPED provide a moisture-independent mechanical reinforcement to the conductive layer. EPEDs accurately monitor physiological signals such as ECG (electrocardiogram), EMG (electromyogram), and EOG (electro-oculogram) even in high moisture environments. Additionally, EPEDs can be used for the fast mapping of temperature over the skin and to apply localized thermotherapy. Our results demonstrate the merits of EPEDs as a low-cost platform for personalized medicine applications.

Technoeconomic Modeling of Plant-Based Griffithsin Manufacturing.

Griffithsin is a marine algal lectin that exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity by binding oligomannose glycans on viral envelope glycoproteins, including those found in HIV-1, HSV-2, SARS, HCV and other enveloped viruses. An efficient, scalable and cost-effective manufacturing process for Griffithsin is essential for the adoption of this drug in human antiviral prophylaxis and therapy, particularly in cost-sensitive indications such as topical microbicides for HIV-1 prevention. The production of certain classes of recombinant biologics in plants can offer scalability, cost and environmental impact advantages over traditional biomanufacturing platforms. Previously, we showed the technical viability of producing recombinant Griffithsin in plants. In this study, we conducted a technoeconomic analysis (TEA) of plant-produced Griffithsin manufactured at commercial launch volumes for use in HIV microbicides. Data derived from multiple non-sequential manufacturing batches conducted at pilot scale and existing facility designs were used to build a technoeconomic model using SuperPro Designer® modeling software. With an assumed commercial launch volume of 20 kg Griffithsin/year for 6.7 million doses of Griffithsin microbicide at 3 mg/dose, a transient vector expression yield of 0.52 g Griffithsin/kg leaf biomass, recovery efficiency of 70%, and purity of >99%, we calculated a manufacturing cost for the drug substance of $0.32/dose and estimated a bulk product cost of $0.38/dose assuming a 20% net fee for a contract manufacturing organization (CMO). This is the first report modeling the manufacturing economics of Griffithsin. The process analyzed is readily scalable and subject to efficiency improvements and could provide the needed market volumes of the lectin within an acceptable range of costs, even for cost-constrained products such as microbicides. The manufacturing process was also assessed for environmental, health and safety impact and found to have a highly favorable environmental output index with negligible risks to health and safety. The results of this study help validate the plant-based manufacturing platform and should assist in selecting preferred indications for Griffithsin as a novel drug.

Printing Green Nanomaterials for Organic Electronics

Organic electronics have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their large-scale production potential. In this context, inkjet printing as a scalable manufacturing process is well positioned for supporting the fabrication of organic electronics. In this paper, we propose a green substrate and functional inks based on bionanomaterials for fabricating dielectric and conductive layers using conventional inkjet technology. The feasibility of our approach is investigated by characterizing the properties of the conductive layers and capacitive structures and by demonstrating the functionality of a 1-D touch sensor. The printed conductive nanocarbon ink has a resistivity of $1.39 \cdot 10^{-2}\,\,\Omega \cdot \text {m}$ , and the printed nanocellulose ink achieves a relative permittivity of 4.39. The proposed green nanomaterials and printing technique are promising for manufacturing organic electronic devices with reduced costs and environmental footprint.

A Scalable Route to Nanoporous Large-Area Atomically Thin Graphene Membranes by Roll-to-Roll Chemical Vapor Deposition and Polymer Support Casting.

Scalable, cost-effective synthesis and integration of graphene is imperative to realize large-area applications such as nanoporous atomically thin membranes (NATMs). Here, we report a scalable route to the production of NATMs via high-speed, continuous synthesis of large-area graphene by roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition (CVD), combined with casting of a hierarchically porous polymer support. To begin, we designed and built a two zone roll-to-roll graphene CVD reactor, which sequentially exposes the moving foil substrate to annealing and growth atmospheres, with a sharp, isothermal transition between the zones. The configurational flexibility of the reactor design allows for a detailed evaluation of key parameters affecting graphene quality and trade-offs to be considered for high-rate roll-to-roll graphene manufacturing. With this system, we achieve synthesis of uniform high-quality monolayer graphene ( ID/ IG < 0.065) at speeds ≥5 cm/min. NATMs fabricated from the optimized graphene, via polymer casting and postprocessing, show size-selective molecular transport with performance comparable to that of membranes made from conventionally synthesized graphene. Therefore, this work establishes the feasibility of a scalable manufacturing process of NATMs, for applications including protein desalting and small-molecule separations.

Technologies for large-scale umbilical cord-derived MSC expansion: Experimental performance and cost of goods analysis

The translation of cell therapies into clinical practice requires a scalable, efficient and cost-effective manufacturing process. This paper presents an integrated experimental and cost analysis of different cell culture technologies for umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cell expansion: a multi-layer vessel (ML), a stirred tank bioreactor with microcarrriers (STR), a hollow fiber bioreactor (HF) and a packed-bed bioreactor (PB). The results showed that the cell proliferation rate, expansion fold and harvesting efficiency were highest in HF (36.8 ± 1.7 h; 9.8 ± 1.0 −fold; 100%). The STR, ML and PB achieved a similar level of cell number with high expansion folds (8.8 ± 0.39, 8.7 ± 0.90, 6.9 ± 1.3 −fold, respectively). However, harvesting efficiency was lowest with PB (18% ± 0.77), followed by STR (61% ± 15.7). The cells retained their functional properties post culture in all the technologies evaluated. The experimental results were incorporated into an advanced decisional tool comprising a bioprocess economics model and a stochastic model so as to evaluate the commercial economic feasibility and robustness of different candidate technologies for MSC manufacture. The model predicted that HF would be the least cost-effective option despite its advantageous experimental performance, due to its high consumable and equipment costs. ML ranked first in cost-effectiveness and robustness in this scenario followed by STR. The results also demonstrated how the bioprocess economics model can be used to direct improvements to the culture platforms so as to achieve commercial success according to the reimbursement level.

Hybrid Hollow Microlattices With Unique Combination of Stiffness and Damping

Hybrid micro-architected materials with unique combinations of high stiffness, high damping, and low density are presented. We demonstrate a scalable manufacturing process to fabricate hollow microlattices with a sandwich wall architecture comprising an elastomeric core and metallic skins. In this configuration, the metallic skins provide stiffness and strength, whereas the elastomeric core provides constrained-layer damping. This damping mechanism is effective under any strain amplitude, and at any relative density, in stark contrast with the structural damping mechanism exhibited by ultralight metallic or ceramic architected materials, which requires large strain and densities lower than a fraction of a percent. We present an analytical model for stiffness and constrained-layer damping of hybrid hollow microlattices, and verify it with finite elements simulations and experimental measurements. Subsequently, this model is adopted in optimal design studies to identify hybrid microlattice geometries which provide ideal combinations of high stiffness and damping and low density. Finally, a previously derived analytical model for structural damping of ultralight metallic microlattices is extended to hybrid lattices and used to show that ultralight hybrid designs are more efficient than purely metallic ones.

Strain Gauges Based on CVD Graphene Layers and Exfoliated Graphene Nanoplatelets with Enhanced Reproducibility and Scalability for Large Quantities.

The two-dimensional material graphene promises a broad variety of sensing activities. Based on its low weight and high versatility, the sensor density can significantly be increased on a structure, which can improve reliability and reduce fluctuation in damage detection strategies such as structural health monitoring (SHM). Moreover; it initializes the basis of structure–sensor fusion towards self-sensing structures. Strain gauges are extensively used sensors in scientific and industrial applications. In this work, sensing in small strain fields (from −0.1% up to 0.1%) with regard to structural dynamics of a mechanical structure is presented with sensitivities comparable to bulk materials by measuring the inherent piezoresistive effect of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with a very high aspect ratio of approximately 4.86 × 108. It is demonstrated that the increasing number of graphene layers with CVD graphene plays a key role in reproducible strain gauge application since defects of individual layers may become less important in the current path. This may lead to a more stable response and, thus, resulting in a lower scattering.. Further results demonstrate the piezoresistive effect in a network consisting of liquid exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), which result in even higher strain sensitivity and reproducibility. A model-assisted approach provides the main parameters to find an optimum of sensitivity and reproducibility of GNP films. The fabricated GNP strain gauges show a minimal deviation in PRE effect with a GF of approximately 5.6 and predict a linear electromechanical behaviour up to 1% strain. Spray deposition is used to develop a low-cost and scalable manufacturing process for GNP strain gauges. In this context, the challenge of reproducible and reliable manufacturing and operating must be overcome. The developed sensors exhibit strain gauges by considering the significant importance of reproducible sensor performances and open the path for graphene strain gauges for potential usages in science and industry.

Development of Stable Bifunctional Air Electrodes for Zinc-Air Flow Batteries

Bifunctional air electrodes for the application in zinc-air flow batteries were manufactured in a scalable manufacturing process using precious metal-free oxide catalysts. During repeated charge/discharge cycling at 50 mA cm-2 and with synthetic air supply stable performances over more than 450 h and 200 cycles were achieved. The energy efficiency was 49% at start and 45% after 200 cycles. In addition, the pulse charging method with 150 mA cm-2 pulses was successfully applied on air electrodes.

Fuel cell performance of pendent methylphenyl sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s

Meta- and para-linked homopolymers bearing 3-methylphenyl (Me) pendent groups were postsulfonated to create sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone ketone) (SPEEKK) backbone isomers, which are referred to as Me-p-SPEEKK and Me-m-SPEEKK. Their thermal and oxidative stability, mechanical properties, dimensional stability, methanol permeability, and proton conductivity are characterized. Me-p-SPEEKK and Me-m-SPEEKK proton conductivities at 100 °C are 116 and 173 mS cm−1, respectively. Their methanol permeabilities are 3.3–3.9 × 10−7 cm2 s−1, and dimensional swelling at 100 °C is 16.4–17.5%. Me-p-SPEEKK and Me-m-SPEEKK were fabricated into membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), and electrochemical properties were evaluated within a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). When O2 is used as the oxidant at 80 °C and 100% RH, the maximum power density of Me-m-SPEEKK reaches 657 mW cm−2, which is higher than those of Nafion 115 (552 mW cm−2). DMFC performance is 85 mW cm−2 at 80 °C with 2.0 M methanol using Me-p-SPEEKK due to its low MeOH crossover. In general, these electrochemical results are comparable to Nafion. These ionomer properties, combined with a potentially less expensive and scalable polymer manufacturing process, may broaden their potential for many practical applications.

Chlorinated fluorine doped tin oxide electrodes with high work function for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate excellent high efficiencies over 20% and potential for a highly scalable manufacturing process. The work function of a transparent electrode (e.g., fluorine doped tin oxide, FTO) plays a critical role in the extraction and collection of electrons in PSCs. In this work, a chlorinated FTO (Cl-FTO) electrode with a high work function is used to fabricate a planar PSC at a low temperature of 100 °C with an optimal efficiency of 13.39% for a great improvement of 49% than plain FTO based cells. The change in the work function of FTO and Cl-FTO can reach up to 0.6 eV. The enhancement scientific insight is further explored, indicating that the increased work function of Cl-FTO provides well-matched energy levels between FTO and the CH3NH3PbI3 active material, facilitating the electron extraction and collection.

Large-Area Screen-Printed Internal Extraction Layers for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

To unleash the full potential of white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) as large-area light sources, guided optical modes have to be efficiently outcoupled, which calls for internal extraction layers (IELs) that can be easily integrated into a scalable manufacturing process. To realize such IELs, we developed a high refractive index scattering polymer:TiO2-nanoparticle mixture that can be deposited onto a large area by using the cost-effective screen-printing method. We exploited this approach to produce a 10 μm thick IEL covering the exact area of active pixels distributed over a 15 × 15 cm2 glass substrate. By optimizing the initial mixture composition, we achieved screen-printing-compatible rheological properties as well as tailored light scattering and transmission over the visible spectrum. The spatial homogeneity of those optical properties was obtained by additional substrate treatments to improve the wetting behavior and to allow reflow after printing. The devices were finalized by depositing...