Types Of Scaffolds Research Articles

Covalent Grafting of Functionalized MEW Fibers to Silk Fibroin Hydrogels to Obtain Reinforced Tissue Engineered Constructs.

Hydrogels are ideal materials to encapsulate cells, making them suitable for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, they generally do not possess adequate mechanical strength to functionally replace human tissues, and therefore they often need to be combined with reinforcing structures. While the interaction at the interface between the hydrogel and reinforcing structure is imperative for mechanical function and subsequent biological performance, this interaction is often overlooked. Melt electrowriting enables the production of reinforcing microscale fibers that can be effectively integrated with hydrogels. Yet, studies on the interaction between these micrometer scale fibers and hydrogels are limited. Here, we explored the influence of covalent interfacial interactions between reinforcing structures and silk fibroin methacryloyl hydrogels (silkMA) on the mechanical properties of the construct and cartilage-specific matrix production in vitro. For this, melt electrowritten fibers of a thermoplastic polymer blend (poly(hydroxymethylglycolide-co-ε-caprolactone):poly(ε-caprolactone) (pHMGCL:PCL)) were compared to those of the respective methacrylated polymer blend pMHMGCL:PCL as reinforcing structures. Photopolymerization of the methacrylate groups, present in both silkMA and pMHMGCL, was used to generate hybrid materials. Covalent bonding between the pMHMGCL:PCL blend and silkMA hydrogels resulted in an elastic response to the application of torque. In addition, an improved resistance was observed to compression (∼3-fold) and traction (∼40-55%) by the scaffolds with covalent links at the interface compared to those without these interactions. Biologically, both types of scaffolds (pHMGCL:PCL and pMHMGCL:PCL) showed similar levels of viability and metabolic activity, also compared to frequently used PCL. Moreover, articular cartilage progenitor cells embedded within the reinforced silkMA hydrogel were able to form a cartilage-like matrix after 28 days of in vitro culture. This study shows that hybrid cartilage constructs can be engineered with tunable mechanical properties by grafting silkMA hydrogels covalently to pMHMGCL:PCL blend microfibers at the interface.

Enhancing diabetic wound healing: advances in electrospun scaffolds from pathogenesis to therapeutic applications.

Diabetic wounds are a significant subset of chronic wounds characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). They are also associated with impaired angiogenesis, persistent infection, and a high likelihood of hospitalization, leading to a substantial economic burden for patients. In severe cases, amputation or even mortality may occur. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common complication of diabetes, with up to 25% of diabetic patients being at risk of developing foot ulcers over their lifetime, and more than 70% ultimately requiring amputation. Electrospun scaffolds exhibit a structural similarity to the extracellular matrix (ECM), promoting the adhesion, growth, and migration of fibroblasts, thereby facilitating the formation of new skin tissue at the wound site. The composition and size of electrospun scaffolds can be easily adjusted, enabling controlled drug release through fiber structure modifications. The porous nature of these scaffolds facilitates gas exchange and the absorption of wound exudate. Furthermore, the fiber surface can be readily modified to impart specific functionalities, making electrospinning nanofiber scaffolds highly promising for the treatment of diabetic wounds. This article provides a concise overview of the healing process in normal wounds and the pathological mechanisms underlying diabetic wounds, including complications such as diabetic foot ulcers. It also explores the advantages of electrospinning nanofiber scaffolds in diabetic wound treatment. Additionally, it summarizes findings from various studies on the use of different types of nanofiber scaffolds for diabetic wounds and reviews methods of drug loading onto nanofiber scaffolds. These advancements broaden the horizon for effectively treating diabetic wounds.

3D‐Printed Polyetheretherketone Smart Polymer Nanocomposite Scaffolds: Mechanical, Self‐Sensing, and Biological Attributes

This study demonstrates the mechanical, self‐sensing, and biological characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)‐engineered 3D‐printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite scaffolds, utilizing custom‐made feedstocks. Microstructural analysis and macroscale testing reveal that the PEEK/CNT scaffolds with 6 wt% CNT content and 46% relative density achieve a gauge factor of up to 75, a modulus of 0.64 GPa, and a compressive strength of 64 MPa. The PEEK/CNT2.5/GNP2.5 scaffolds evince still better performance, at a relative density of 73%, reporting a modulus of up to 1.1 GPa and a compressive strength of 122 MPa. Importantly, stability in mechanical and piezoresistive performance up to 500 cycles is noted, indicating a durable and reliable performance under cyclic loading. Murine preosteoblast cells (MC3T3‐E1) are used to biologically characterize sulfonated scaffolds over 14 days. Cytotoxicity, DNA, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels are quantified through in vitro assays, evaluating cell viability, proliferation, and osteogenic properties. Notably, PEEK/CNT 6 wt% scaffolds exhibit nearly 80% cytocompatibility, while PEEK/CNT2.5/GNP2.5 scaffolds reach nearly 100%. Both types of scaffolds support cell differentiation, as evidenced by elevated ALP levels. These findings carry significant promise in bone tissue engineering, paving the way for the development of adaptive, intelligent structural implants boasting enhanced biocompatibility and self‐sensing capabilities.

Experimental Studies and Finite Element Analysis of Socket-Type Keyway Steel Pipe Scaffolding

Scaffolding is an integral temporary structural system in the field of construction engineering. However, the current scaffolding commonly has the shortcomings of low construction efficiency and high risk. This paper proposes a novel socket-type keyway steel pipe scaffolding, which can well solve the shortcomings of the existing scaffolding. Due to less research related to scaffolding in the past decades, it has resulted in a high number of scaffolding accidents. In order to avoid the occurrence of scaffolding accidents, it is necessary to systematize the study of this novel type of scaffolding. This study is an extremely important reference for the use and design of this novel type of scaffolding. To explore the ultimate load capacity and destabilization mode of the novel socket-type keyway steel pipe scaffolding, full-scale tests were conducted on the socket-type keyway steel pipe scaffolding with cantilever heights of 1.2 m and 0.5 m. The test results indicate that the ultimate load capacity of the scaffolding with a cantilever height of 1.2 m is 196 kN, and the destabilization mode is local instability. The ultimate load capacity with a cantilever height of 0.6 m is 276 kN, and the destabilization mode is half-wave buckling. This phenomenon shows that the different cantilever heights of the scaffolding have a significant effect on the load capacity and destabilization mode. Moreover, the load capacity decreases significantly with increasing cantilever length. The finite element model was established using SAP2000 v21 and compared with the test results. The error between the ultimate load capacity in the finite element linear elastic buckling analysis and the test results is 25%. The error between the calculated ultimate load capacity in the nonlinear buckling analysis considering the initial geometrical defects and the test results is 4%. Therefore, the nonlinear buckling analysis considering the initial geometrical defects is more in line with the force situation of the structure in the real situation.

Scalable Processes for Culturing Meat Using Edible Scaffolds.

There is increasing consumer demand for alternative animal protein products that are delicious and sustainably produced to address concerns about the impacts of mass-produced meat on human and planetary health. Cultured meat has the potential to provide a source of nutritious dietary protein that both is palatable and has reduced environmental impact. However, strategies to support the production of cultured meats at the scale required for food consumption will be critical. In this review, we discuss the current challenges and opportunities of using edible scaffolds for scaling up the production of cultured meat. We provide an overview of different types of edible scaffolds, scaffold fabrication techniques, and common scaffold materials. Finally, we highlight potential advantages of using edible scaffolds to advance cultured meat production by accelerating cell growth and differentiation, providing structure to build complex 3D tissues, and enhancing the nutritional and sensory properties of cultured meat.

Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of 3D-Printed Multiphase Scaffolds Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces

The present work investigates the influence of material phases and their volume fractions on the elastic behavior of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds for the potential modeling of bone scaffolds. A graphical tool using TPMS functions, namely Schwarz-D (diamond), gyroid, and modified gyroid, was developed and used to design and additively manufacture 3D multiphase scaffold models. A PolyJet, UV-cured 3D-printer system was used to fabricate the various TPMS scaffold models using three polymer materials with high, medium, and low stiffness properties. All TPMS models had the same volume fractions of the three polymer materials. Final models were printed into cylinders with a diameter of 20 mm and a height of 8 mm for mechanical testing. The models were subjected to compressive and shear testing using a dynamic mechanical analysis rheometer. All samples were tested at physiologically relevant temperature (37°C) to provide detailed structural characterizations. Microscopic imaging of 3D-printed scaffold longitudinal and cross sections revealed that additive manufacturing adequately recreated the TPMS functions, which created anisotropic materials with variable structures in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Mechanical testing showed that all three TPMS 3D-printed scaffold types exhibited significantly different shear and compressive properties (verifying anisotropic properties) despite being constructed of the same volume fractions of the three UV-printed polymer materials. The gyroid and diamond scaffolds demonstrated complex moduli values that ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 times greater than the modified gyroid scaffolds in both shear and compression. Control scaffolds printed from 100% of each of the three polymers had statistically similar mechanical properties, verifying isotropic properties.

Enhancing cartilage regeneration and repair through bioactive and biomechanical modification of 3D acellular dermal matrix.

Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) shows promise for cartilage regeneration and repair. However, an effective decellularization technique that removes cellular components while preserving the extracellular matrix, the transformation of 2D-ADM into a suitable 3D scaffold with porosity and the enhancement of bioactive and biomechanical properties in the 3D-ADM scaffold are yet to be fully addressed. In this study, we present an innovative decellularization method involving 0.125% trypsin and 0.5% SDS and a 1% Triton X-100 solution for preparing ADM and converting 2D-ADM into 3D-ADM scaffolds. These scaffolds exhibit favorable physicochemical properties, exceptional biocompatibility and significant potential for driving cartilage regeneration in vitro and in vivo. To further enhance the cartilage regeneration potential of 3D-ADM scaffolds, we incorporated porcine-derived small intestinal submucosa (SIS) for bioactivity and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) for biomechanical reinforcement. The resulting 3D-ADM+SIS scaffolds displayed heightened biological activity, while the 3D-ADM+CSH scaffolds notably bolstered biomechanical strength. Both scaffold types showed promise for cartilage regeneration and repair in vitro and in vivo, with considerable improvements observed in repairing cartilage defects within a rabbit articular cartilage model. In summary, this research introduces a versatile 3D-ADM scaffold with customizable bioactive and biomechanical properties, poised to revolutionize the field of cartilage regeneration.

An artificial intelligence-based tool for student-generated question

The benefits of student question generation have been extensively established, yet most students do not engage in question-generation activities throughout their formal education and are not used to writing questions. The goal of this project was to create a flexible online learning environment that highlights several types of scaffolding in order to better assist student question production activities in a timely, adaptable, and practically possible manner. The system’s underlying architecture and design principles are outlined. The objective of this work is so utilise Chat-GPT that guides student generated questions. The potential of the student-generated question method of instruction is explored, as is an initial examination of students’ impressions of the helpfulness of the different built-in support systems. Suggestions on how the study’s findings could be used in the classroom and in future research are offered. It has been established that perceived utility plays a significant influence in the dissemination and acceptance of new technology for a wide variety of innovations. Finally, the link between the students’ impressions of the utility of the framework in the established system and their cognitive skills regarding the educational potential of student-generated questions was investigated.

Biomaterials augmented with filtered bone marrow aspirate for the treatment of talar osteochondral lesions. A comparison of clinical and cellular parameters.

Biomaterials augmented with Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC) are becoming increasingly utilized in the cartilage treatment. However, the potential role of cellular parameters in the intraoperatively applied BMAC have yet to be elucidated. (A) To evaluate clinical outcomes and safety of a combined single-step approach with scaffolds (fibrin glues, collagen gels, collagen-hydroxyapatite membrane) and filtered Bone Marrow Aspirate (fBMA) for the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs). (B) To identify significant factors for postoperative improvements, considering cellular parameters as potential predictors. All the patients operated on due to OLTs by the combination above were selected from the hospital registry database (35 pts, years 16-55, and minimally 1year follow-up). Treatment outcomes were followed clinically with Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and by pursuing serious adverse events (SAE) and graft failures (GF). Cellular parameters of the injected fBMA were determined. Pre- and postoperative PROMs values were compared to evaluate postoperative improvements. Multivariable regression models were applied to identify potential factors (demographics, medical history, joint and lesion characteristics, scaffold type, surgical and cellular parameters) that predict the treatment outcomes. At the mean follow-up of 32.2 (12.5) months, all Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and European Quality of Life in Five Dimensions Three-Level (EQ-5D-3L) values improved significantly. 4 (11%) SAE (3 arthrofibrosis, one hardware removal), and 3 (9%) GF occurred. Female gender and concomitant procedures were the main negative predictors for postoperative outcomes. The number of fibroblast colony forming units (CFU-F) or their proportion among total nucleated cells (CFU-F/TNC) were positively correlated with the improvements of some PROMs. Scaffolds augmented with fBMA proved as an adequate and safe approach for OLTs treatment. Cellular parameters seem to influence the treatment outcomes, thus further attention should be given to the intraoperatively applied products. Level IV.

Industrial-scale needle-less electrospinning of tetracycline-immobilized nanofibrous scaffolds using a polycaprolactone/polyethylene oxide/chitosan blend for wound healing

Nanofibrous scaffolds offer significant promise for wound healing due to their ability to absorb exudates, prevent microbial contamination, and enhance oxygen diffusion. However, challenges remain in fully realizing their clinical potential, as previous research has primarily focused on scaffolds made of two polymers or those encapsulating therapeutic agents within nanofibers. Additionally, scaling up fabrication while maintaining functionality presents a significant challenge. This study introduces a novel type of nanofibrous scaffold, combining poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly (caprolactone) (PCL), and chitosan (CS) in various mass ratios, electrospun using Nanospider™ technology. The scaffolds featured fiber diameters ranging from 134 ± 37 to 148 ± 38 nm and exhibit high gram-per-square-meter values between 6.8 and 8.6 g/m2. An optimal balance of hydrophilicity was achieved, and the scaffolds demonstrated superior breathability with moisture vapor transmission rates ranging from 1904.3 ± 28.6 to 2005.7 ± 42.9 g/m2/day, outperforming commercial wound dressings. Additionally, a wide range of hydrolytic degradation rates (3.8 ± 1% to 73.2 ± 0.8%), elongation at fracture (21% to 0.8%), and Young’s modulus (106.7 ± 8.5 MPa to 170.7 ± 11.9 MPa) were observed. Surface-immobilized tetracycline (TET) significantly enhanced antibacterial efficacy, with inhibition zones exceeding 20 mm against Escherichia coli. Our findings confirm that scaffold properties can be effectively tailored by adjusting the PEO/PCL ratio, advancing customization for wound care. Post-fabrication soaking in TET solutions further boosts antibacterial performance and allows for tailored post-production adjustments. Compared to existing studies, this approach simplifies customization and improves the practicality of wound care solutions.

Diversity-oriented synthesis of indole-fused scaffolds and bis(indolyl)methane from tosyl-protected tryptamine.

An efficient, diversity-oriented synthesis of indole-1,2-fused 1,4-benzodiazepines, tetrahydro-β-carbolines, and 2,2'-bis(indolyl)methanes was established starting from tosyl-protected tryptamine. These diverse privileged skeletons were controllably constructed by adjusting different hydride donors and Brønsted acids. A variety of indole-1,2-fused 1,4-benzodiazepines were facilely accessed using benzaldehydes bearing cyclic amines as hydride donors via a cascade N-alkylation/dehydration/[1,5]-hydride transfer/Friedel-Crafts alkylation sequence. The reaction site could be switched when benzaldehydes bearing an alkoxy moiety as hydride donors were used for the generation of tetrahydro-β-carbolines. On the other hand, the switchable synthesis of 2,2'-bis(indolyl)methanes could be achieved as well by applying p-TsOH·H2O as a catalyst. The reactions feature mild conditions, simple and practical operation, excellent efficiency and the use of EtOH as a green solvent. Using the concept of diversity-oriented, reagent-based synthesis, the inexpensive feedstock tryptamine was efficiently converted to three different types of privileged scaffolds, which facilitates rapid compound library synthesis for accelerating drug discovery.

Simulation and physical validation of metal triply periodic minimal surfaces-based scaffolds for bioengineering applications

Metallic scaffolds are used as implants to help heal bones. Sheet-based Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) are of interest due to their high surface-to-volume ratio (S/V) and customisable stiffness. They can be realised using Additive Manufacturing (AM). Other studies investigate porosity and pore size of scaffolds, but they frequently overlook S/V, which is critical for cellular response. Additionally, the limitation of AM (esp. Selective Laser Melting (SLM)) resides in the discrepancies between as-designed and as-built physical and mechanical properties of those structures, and this also needs addressing. This work investigates three types of pure Titanium TPMS scaffolds, with an emphasis on as-designed vs as-built discrepancies and the significance of S/V. As-designed scaffolds reported 70-75% porosity and 25-35 cm-1 S/V, and stiffness was measured using finite element analysis (FEA) obtaining 6.7-9.3 GPa. The as-built scaffolds had 59-70% porosity and 33-42 cm-1 S/V. Laboratory compression testing revealed an effective Young's modulus of 5-9 GPa, comparable to bone tissue. Image-based simulation methods were employed on the as-built samples which reported the stiffness range of 8.3-15 GPa, overestimating it by 54%. It is hypothesised that these discrepancies stem from the secondary roughness on the surfaces, cracks and entrapped voids created during the SLM process, causing reduction in porosity, yet not contributing to structure’s strength. The cyber-physical validation methods presented in this work are a good way to quantify these discrepancies, allowing feedback to the design stages for more predictable as-built structures.

A "Mesh Scaffold" that regulates the mechanical properties and restricts the phase transition-induced volume change of the PNIPAM-based hydrogel for wearable sensors.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is capable of improving the reversibility and responsiveness of flexible electronics. However, its phase transition-induced volume variation and poor adhesiveness remain limitations for expending its applications. Herein, a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which is a type of mesh scaffold, is constructed inside the network of PNIPAM, providing the hydrogel with a constant volume in response to different temperatures, in situ tunable mechanical properties, and superior adhesiveness. The reversible density of the mesh scaffold adjusts the aggregation state of the hydrogel chains, whereupon it is capable of changing its mechanical modulus from 6.7 kPa to 45.3 kPa. This mechanical mechanism contributes to hydrogel-based flexible devices for multiple applications, especially in pressure-related sensors. The mesh scaffold restricts the phase-transition-induced volume variation, which allows the hydrogel sensor to stably monitor the external pressure at various temperatures. The high adhesion enables the effective interfacial interaction with the skin, avoiding the loss of sensing signals during the detection of human body movements. When it is assembled into an electronic device, it can transmit information and recognize sign language via Morse code. Thus, herein, we report a hydrogel sensor that is promising for pressure detection in temperature-unstable environments, especially for managing the health of patients who require emergency medical care through sign language recognition.

Direct inkjet writing type 1 bovine collagen/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for bone regeneration.

Bone tissue has the capacity to regenerate under healthy conditions, but complex cases like critically sized defects hinder natural bone regeneration, necessitating surgery, and use of a grafting material for rehabilitation. The field of bone tissue engineering (BTE) has pioneered ways to address such issues utilizing different biomaterials to create a platform for cell migration and tissue formation, leading to improved bone reconstruction. One such approach involves 3D-printed patient-specific scaffolds designed to aid in regeneration of boney defects. This study aimed to develop and characterize 3D printed scaffolds composed of type I collagen augmented with β-tricalcium phosphate (COL/β-TCP). A custom-built direct inkjet write (DIW) printer was used to fabricate β-TCP, COL, and COL/β-TCP scaffolds using synthesized colloidal gels. After chemical crosslinking, the scaffolds were lyophilized and subjected to several characterization techniques, including light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction to evaluate morphological and chemical properties. In vitro evaluation was performed using human osteoprogenitor cells to assess cytotoxicity and proliferative capacity of the different scaffold types. Characterization results confirmed the presence of β-TCP in the 3D printed COL/β-TCP scaffolds, which exhibited crystals that were attributed to β-TCP due to the presence of calcium and phosphorus, detected through energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. In vitro studies showed that the COL/β-TCP scaffolds yielded more favorable results in terms of cell viability and proliferation compared to β-TCP and COL scaffolds. The novel COL/β-TCP scaffold constructs hold promise for improving BTE applications and may offer a superior environment for bone regeneration compared with conventional COL and β-TCP scaffolds.

Seq2Phase: language model-based accurate prediction of client proteins in liquid-liquid phase separation.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) enables compartmentalization in cells without biological membranes. LLPS plays essential roles in membraneless organelles such as nucleoli and p-bodies, helps regulate cellular physiology, and is linked to amyloid formation. Two types of proteins, scaffolds and clients, are involved in LLPS. However, computational methods for predicting LLPS client proteins from amino-acid sequences remain underdeveloped. Here, we present Seq2Phase, an accurate predictor of LLPS client proteins. Information-rich features are extracted from amino-acid sequences by a deep-learning technique, Transformer, and fed into supervised machine learning. Predicted client proteins contained known LLPS regulators and showed localization enrichment into membraneless organelles, confirming the validity of the prediction. Feature analysis revealed that scaffolds and clients have different sequence properties and that textbook knowledge of LLPS-related proteins is biased and incomplete. Seq2Phase achieved high accuracies across human, mouse, yeast, and plant, showing that the method is not overfitted to specific species and has broad applicability. We predict that more than hundreds or thousands of LLPS client proteins remain undiscovered in each species and that Seq2Phase will advance our understanding of still enigmatic molecular and physiological bases of LLPS as well as its roles in disease. The software codes in Python underlying this article are available at https://github.com/IwasakiLab/Seq2Phase.

Scaffolds for Dentin-Pulp Complex Regeneration.

Background and Objectives: Regenerative dentistry aims to regenerate the pulp-dentin complex and restore those of its functions that have become compromised by pulp injury and/or inflammation. Scaffold-based techniques are a regeneration strategy that replicate a biological environment by utilizing a suitable scaffold, which is considered crucial for the successful regeneration of dental pulp. The aim of the present review is to address the main characteristics of the different scaffolds, as well as their application in dentin-pulp complex regeneration. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted by two independent reviewers to answer the research question: What type of scaffolds can be used in dentin-pulp complex regeneration? An electronic search of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases was undertaken. Keywords including "pulp-dentin regeneration scaffold" and "pulp-dentin complex regeneration" were used. To locate additional reports, reference mining of the identified papers was undertaken. Results: A wide variety of biomaterials is already available for tissue engineering and can be broadly categorized into two groups: (i) natural, and (ii) synthetic, scaffolds. Natural scaffolds often contain bioactive molecules, growth factors, and signaling cues that can positively influence cell behavior. These signaling molecules can promote specific cellular responses, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, crucial for effective tissue regeneration. Synthetic scaffolds offer flexibility in design and can be tailored to meet specific requirements, such as size, shape, and mechanical properties. Moreover, they can be functionalized with bioactive molecules, growth factors, or signaling cues to enhance their biological properties and the manufacturing process can be standardized, ensuring consistent quality for widespread clinical use. Conclusions: There is still a lack of evidence to determine the optimal scaffold composition that meets the specific requirements and complexities needed for effectively promoting dental pulp tissue engineering and achieving successful clinical outcomes.

Direct ink writing of hierarchical porous SiC ceramics as catalyst support for hydrogen production

Due to the tunable porosity at multiple scales, hierarchical porous ceramics feature large specific surface area and excellent heat and mass transfer performance, which can effectively improve the catalytic reaction performance. This paper presents a method to fabricate SiC scaffolds with regular and hierarchical pore structures by direct ink writing (DIW) combined with sacrificial template technology, which can be used as methanol steam reforming (MSR) microreactor catalyst supports. Through printing along a defined path, primary pores with a regular pore structure were created. After sintering, the sacrificial template was removed and secondary pores appeared. Four different types of hierarchical porous SiC scaffolds were successfully prepared and the pore structure, total porosity, linear shrinkage and compressive strength of these scaffolds were investigated. The catalyst coating was then loaded onto the scaffold, and the microstructure characterization showed that the pore structure would not be damaged and blocked. Finally, the hydrogen production experiments were carried out on the MSR microreactor, and the results showed that the support with larger and denser secondary pores had the best fluid flow and hydrogen production characteristics. At the temperature of 280 °C and the gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 30000 ml g−1 h−1, the methanol conversion and hydrogen production of the best support can reach 90.95 % and 44.96 ml/min, respectively.

한국어 초급 읽기 수업을 위한 비계설정 전략

Objectives This study suggests the strategy of scaffolding for learners who are beginners in Korean language as a foreign language and aims to use meaningful teaching and learning strategies in Korean beginner’s reading classes in the future.
 Methods To this end, many prior studies related to reading strategy and scaffolding were first considered. Based on the fact that scaffolding strategy research in Korean reading education as a foreign language was not conducted, theoretical background was considered to present scaffolding strategies which are necessary and appropriate for Korean beginner reading classes.
 Results Based on Kim (2005)'s direct scaffolding structure and strategy, this study reconstructed four scaffolding types: explaining; demonstrating; giving hints; asking questions. Newly reorganized settings and examples were also presented based upon Choi (2003).
 Conclusions The contributions of this research are presented as follows: (1) the need for scaffolding in beginner Korean reading as a foreign language was mentioned; (2) the scaffolding type in beginner Korean reading as a foreign language was newly reconstructed and presented, unlike the existing scaffolding type in reading education.

Advances in the Application of Photothermal Composite Scaffolds for Osteosarcoma Ablation and Bone Regeneration.

Photothermal therapy is a promising approach to cancer treatment. The energy generated by the photothermal effect can effectively inhibit the growth of cancer cells without harming normal tissues, while the right amount of heat can also promote cell proliferation and accelerate tissue regeneration. Various nanomaterials have recently been used as photothermal agents (PTAs). The photothermal composite scaffolds can be obtained by introducing PTAs into bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds, which produces a photothermal effect that can be used to ablate bone cancer with subsequent further use of the scaffold as a support to repair the bone defects created by ablation of osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma is the most common among primary bone malignancies. However, a review of the efficacy of different types of photothermal composite scaffolds in osteosarcoma is lacking. This article first introduces the common PTAs, BTE materials, and preparation methods and then systematically summarizes the development of photothermal composite scaffolds. It would provide a useful reference for the combination of tumor therapy and tissue engineering in bone tumor-related diseases and complex diseases. It will also be valuable for advancing the clinical applications of photothermal composite scaffolds.

The Portfolio of Evidence for Lab-To-Clinic Innovative Product Bio-Printed Cartilage with Living Cells.

Bio-printed cartilage with living cells is a regenerative cartilage scaffold that has living cells 3D printing out for the treatment of osteoarthritis and other conditions that damage articular cartilage. It is a new type of scaffold that is biocompatible, biomimetic, regenerative, and long term in use. Currently, there is a clinical and market lack of products for the regeneration of therapeutic cartilage, so the need for such scaffolds is necessary. Bio-printed cartilage with living cells from concept to product development and non-clinical and clinical testing to market launch requires evaluation of the scaffold for safety, efficacy, and compliance with specific requirements of the medical directives regulation and combined advanced therapy medicinal products.