Control Of Scabies Research Articles

Epidemiology and control of scabies in an Egyptian village

Some studies have addressed the epidemiology of scabies among rural populations in developing countries; however, the epidemiology of scabies among the rural population in Egypt is unknown. We sought to determine the magnitude of scabies infestation in an Egyptian village and to evaluate the control measures after 1 year. This study was carried out on 3147 residents of Mit-Moaned village in Dakahlia govemorate, Egypt. It was a cross-sectional follow-up study where the same individuals examined in round I were re-examined in round III. The two rounds were separated by a period of 1 year, during which infested patients were followed up and new cases were discovered (round II). Patients and their household contacts received treatment with topical permethrin. Patients showing resistance to permethrin received a single oral dose of ivermectin. In round III, the overall prevalence rate of scabies was reduced from 5.4% in round I to 1.1%. The incidence of new cases among susceptible persons during round II was 1.1%. Scabies was significantly (P < 0.05) more prevalent among families of large size, high crowding index at night, low socioeconomic standards, and those receiving their water supply from a hand pump. Children younger than 10 years showed the highest prevalence. Our data provide the first complete picture of the epidemiology of scabies in rural Egypt. The epidemiologic characteristics of the disease should be considered in the design of disease control programs for other villages with scabies epidemics. Our findings revealed that good control was achieved with the following: increased awareness and better case finding, education of the staff at the rural health unit, improved hygiene measures, and massive treatment campaigns using effective drugs such as topical permethrin and oral ivermectin.

Control of human scabies by topical application of ivermectin.

Control of human scabies by topical application of ivermectin.

Control of human scabies by topical application of ivermectin

Control of human scabies by topical application of ivermectin

Cutaneous parasites

Recent developments in leishmanial research include better survey procedures to determine risk factors in the community. Community-based scabies control is seen as the only way to reduce the morbidity caused by this infection in developing countries. The diagnosis of both infections, and of head lice, however, continues to provide problems for the physician.

Success of a scabies control program in an Australian aboriginal community.

To adapt, implement and evaluate a model of scabies control in an Australian Aboriginal community. After initially examining the population, we offered all residents treatment with 5% permethrin cream. Visits were made during the ensuing 25 months to rescreen and to treat new-cases of scabies and contacts. The prevalence of scabies was reduced from 28.8% before the program to < 10% during the entire period (from 32.3% to < 10% in children) (P < 0.01 for each visit). The initial prevalence of pyoderma in children was 69.4%, which was reduced and maintained at approximately one-half that rate during the last 16 months (P < 0.004 for the last 4 visits). Residual pyoderma in children was significantly less severe and no longer scabies-related. This simplified model of scabies control had a substantial effect on scabies prevalence and on pyoderma prevalence and severity which was sustained for > 2 years. It could prove useful for other communities with high rates of scabies and pyoderma.

Sarcoptes scabiei: The Circulating Antibody Response and Induced Immunity to Scabies

Scabies is an important parasitic disease that continues to persist throughout the world despite the availability of acaricides to control it. The immune response mechanism to scabies and the possible development of a vaccine for control of scabies was investigated. This study demonstrated that hosts infested with scabies develop immunity (resistance) to reinfestation. All hosts developed scabies-specific elevated circulating antibody titers during scabies infestations that followed the classical pattern for primary and secondary infestations. Parallel elevated levels of complement C3 were also observed. The hosts that exhibited acquired immunity after their first infestations had antibody and complement levels during challenge infestations lower than those of the hosts that showed no immunity when reinfested. Induction of immunity coupled with generally elevated antibody levels for both immune and nonimmune hosts suggested that resistance to reinfestation was associated with a cell-mediated response. These data also suggested that vaccination with specific scabies tissue containing the relevant antigens or recombinant relevant antigens could enhance the cell-mediated response to protect the hosts against natural infestations.

Community control of scabies: a model based on use of permethrin cream

For 18 years treatment with lindane or crotamiton products has failed to stem the epidemic of scabies among the Kuna Indians in the San Blas islands of the Republic of Panama. Permethrin 5% cream was introduced as the only treatment in a programme to control scabies on an island of 756 inhabitants and involving workers recruited locally. Prevalence fell from 33% to less than 1% after every person was treated. As long as continued surveillance and treatment of newly introduced cases was maintained, prevalence of scabies remained below 1·5% for over 3 years. When supply of medication was interrupted for 3 weeks, prevalence rose to 3·6%. When control was lost after the US invasion of Panama, prevalence rose to 12% within 3 months. Bacterial skin infections decreased dramatically when scabies was controlled. Permethrin is safe and effective even in areas where this disease has become resistant to lindane.

Scabies Control in Free-Ranging Elk

The Objective of this study using free-ranging elk and a related study using captive elk was to test the efficacy and safety of a new parasiticide, ivermectin, for the control of psoroptic scabies in elk. Scabies is a disease caused by mites of the genus Psoroptes which pierce the epidermis of the host and feed on lymph. Infected areas become heavily encrusted with exudate, and scabs and hair are eventually shed (Tarry, 1974). Scabies results in hair, fluid, and heat loss; ear canal occlusion; secondary infections; decreased weight gain; and mortality in domestic and wild animals (Tarry 1974, Colwell and Dunlap 1975, Lange et al. 1980, Fisher and Wright 1981). Scabies (Psoroptes cervinus) has long been known to occur in elk ( Cervus elaphus) of the Jackson Hole herd (Murie, 1951; Honess, 1982). Severe infestation is most common in mature bulls and it is a major cause of winter mortality in this sex and age class (Smith 1985). Effective treatment of scabies in wild animals has not been practical. Conventional techniques used on domestic animals involve dipping in antiparasitic chemicals. A relatively new parasiticide, ivermectin (22, 23 dihydroavermectin B1), has shown promise for treating domestic and wild animals (Egerton, et al., 1980). Ivermectin is a broad spectrum antiparasitic agent which acts upon nematodes and arthropods and has a wide range between therapeutic and toxic dose in most animals (Campbell and Benz, 1984). Successful completion of this project will likely demonstrate a technique to save the lives of scabies infested bull elk; more importantly, it may demonstrate a method for controlling scabies in elk.

Control of psoroptic scabies cattle with fenvalerate

Fenvalerate [Cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl) benzene acetate] was evaluated as a one- or two-dip treatment at two different concentrations against cattle infested with Psoroptes ovis (Hering). One or two dips at 0.025% or one dip at 0.05% failed to eliminate P. ovis; two dips in fenvalerate at 0.05% provided complete elimination of all mites. Fenvalerate was equally effective against male, female, and immature mites, but did not exhibit ovicidal properties.

Novel approach to scabies control.

Novel approach to scabies control.

The infectivity of surviving Psoroptes ovis (Hering) on cattle treated with ivermectin

Ivermectin, 22,23-dihydroavermectin B 1 (Merck MK-933), injected intramuscularly at the rate of 200 μg kg −1 body wt., completely eliminated Psoroptes ovis populations from 6 Hereford cattle within 2 weeks after treatment. However, mites surviving 1, 3, and 5 days after treatment were viable and infective when transferred to untreated cattle. Mites surviving 7 days after treatment did not cause scabies or establish a colony of mites when transferred to untreated cattle. These results indicate that cattle treated with ivermectin for control of psoroptic scabies should be isolated from other cattle for at least 5 days after treatment.

Policy decisions in scabies control.

Journal of School HealthVolume 51, Issue 10 p. 673-675 Policy Decisions In Scabies Control James A. Foutes, James A. Foutes James A. Foutes, MD, Principal, and Stella Spencer, RN, School Nurse, Parkhill R-5 School District, 7703 Barry Road, Kansas City, MO 64152Search for more papers by this authorStella Spencer, Stella Spencer James A. Foutes, MD, Principal, and Stella Spencer, RN, School Nurse, Parkhill R-5 School District, 7703 Barry Road, Kansas City, MO 64152Search for more papers by this authorJeanne Tucker, Jeanne Tucker Jeanne Tucker, RN, Public Health Nurse II, and Gerald L. Hoff, PhD, Chief of Office of Epidemiological Services, Health Department, Kansas City, MO 64109.Search for more papers by this authorGerald L. Hoff, Gerald L. Hoff Jeanne Tucker, RN, Public Health Nurse II, and Gerald L. Hoff, PhD, Chief of Office of Epidemiological Services, Health Department, Kansas City, MO 64109.Search for more papers by this author James A. Foutes, James A. Foutes James A. Foutes, MD, Principal, and Stella Spencer, RN, School Nurse, Parkhill R-5 School District, 7703 Barry Road, Kansas City, MO 64152Search for more papers by this authorStella Spencer, Stella Spencer James A. Foutes, MD, Principal, and Stella Spencer, RN, School Nurse, Parkhill R-5 School District, 7703 Barry Road, Kansas City, MO 64152Search for more papers by this authorJeanne Tucker, Jeanne Tucker Jeanne Tucker, RN, Public Health Nurse II, and Gerald L. Hoff, PhD, Chief of Office of Epidemiological Services, Health Department, Kansas City, MO 64109.Search for more papers by this authorGerald L. Hoff, Gerald L. Hoff Jeanne Tucker, RN, Public Health Nurse II, and Gerald L. Hoff, PhD, Chief of Office of Epidemiological Services, Health Department, Kansas City, MO 64109.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1981.tb02120.xCitations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume51, Issue10December 1981Pages 673-675 RelatedInformation

Treatment of scabies and pediculosis with lindane preparations: An evaluation

Risks and benefits involved in the use of lindane preparations for the treatment of scabies and head louse infestations are evaluated. Although lindane per se is moderately toxic, capable of inducing neurotoxic and hemotoxic effects, there is little evidence that the preparations used in the treatment of scabies and pediculosis give rise to toxic symptoms when applied according to directions. Current evidence does not support the view that lindane is intrinsically carcinogenic, although very high doses have induced hepatomas in mice. It is concluded that the benefits obtained in the use of lindane as a scabicide and pediculicide outweigh risks involved in its use for these purposes. Comparison with other preparations available for the control of scabies and pediculosis indicates that lindane is probably the most effective scabicide, although it also shows the greatest toxic potential. Malathion and pyrethrin preparations seem equally effective against head lice. Suggestions for even safer use of lindane are discussed.

Dynamic vergence eye movements in strabismus and amblyopia: asymmetric vergence.

This report investigates line-of-sight asymmetric disparity vergence in patients having either intermittent strabismus, constant strabismus with amblyopia, or amblyopia without strabismus. We find an absence of disparity vergence in all patients with strabismus and in some with amblyopia only. Accommodative vergence and saccades place the dominant eye on the targets moving in depth. These accommodative vergence responses have normal dynamic characteristics, thus indicating a properly functioning vergence motor system. We purpose there is a higher-level central defect in which incoming information of one eye is suppressed, so that the disparity vergence system is rendered inoperable.

Control of Scabies by Use of Soap Impregnated with "Tetmosol"

Control of Scabies by Use of Soap Impregnated with "Tetmosol"

Control of Scabies

Control of Scabies

Control of scabies

Summaryo1.It is important to recognise reservoirs of infection among the personnel of an infected household, and not to be pre-occupied only with fomites.2.The results of modern researches on the subject should be appreciated.3.There should be vigorous use, where necessary, of the powers granted to the medical officer of health.4.Complete schemes should be established, with the assistance of consultant dermatologists, and the use of all available cleansing facilities.5.Follow-up of contacts should be made by the school nurse, health visitor, sanitary inspector, and, if necessary, by the medical officer of health himself.6.There should be accurate diagnosis of early cases, and correct lines of treatment. It is important to recognise reservoirs of infection among the personnel of an infected household, and not to be pre-occupied only with fomites. The results of modern researches on the subject should be appreciated. There should be vigorous use, where necessary, of the powers granted to the medical officer of health. Complete schemes should be established, with the assistance of consultant dermatologists, and the use of all available cleansing facilities. Follow-up of contacts should be made by the school nurse, health visitor, sanitary inspector, and, if necessary, by the medical officer of health himself. There should be accurate diagnosis of early cases, and correct lines of treatment.

Control of Scabies

Control of Scabies

Control of Scabies

Control of Scabies

The Control and Treatment of Scabies, by FRANK HAUXWELL, M.B., Ch.B., D.P.H., Assistant Medical Officer of Health, St. Helens

The Control and Treatment of Scabies, by FRANK HAUXWELL, M.B., Ch.B., D.P.H., Assistant Medical Officer of Health, St. Helens