Sawtooth Carrier Research Articles

2ステージ方式単相AC/DC変換器の直流側コンデンサに流れるスイッチングリプル電流の低減制御手法

In this paper, a control method for reducing the switching ripple currents flowing to a DC-link capacitor in a two-stage single-phase charger is presented. The switching sequences of both converter circuits are addressed by applying triangular and saw-tooth carrier waveforms in order to reduce the switching ripple current of the DC capacitor. Moreover, a sampling method of the current that is suitable for application in the control procedure is proposed. The proposed method varies the sampling frequency and points according to the input and output voltage conditions. The reduction effect of the switching ripple current is confirmed by analysis and the results of an experiment in which a DC-DC converter with power factor correction was used under the conditions of a source voltage 100V and an output power 1 kW.

Common-Mode Reduction for ANPC With Enhanced Harmonic Profile Using Interleaved Sawtooth Carrier Phase-Disposition PWM

Multilevel active neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) converter is popularly known for its higher medium voltage drives up to 6.9 kV. However, common-mode voltages (CMV) are generated when using the well-established carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation technique. As a result, CMV will become the major cause of the premature bearing failures and the conducted electromagnetic interferences. In this paper, a reduced CMV strategy is proposed for the ANPC which employs an alternatively new hybrid carrier-based modulation named as interleaved sawtooth carrier phase-disposition PWM (ISC-PD-PWM). By doing so, enhanced harmonic profile is achieved as compared to the typically used classical phase-shifted carrier PWM (PSC-PWM). Therefore, a comparative evaluation of the seven-level (7L) ANPC performance using the proposed reduced CMV approach is made between the novel hybrid ISC-PD-PWM and the conventional PSC-PWM in terms of harmonic analysis. The experimental results have proven the feasibility of the proposed concepts with the CMV effectively reduced. Such perceived merits make ANPC be more attractive for its motor drives.

Voltage-Balancing Method for Stacked Multicell Converters Using Phase-Disposition PWM

This paper presents a voltage-balancing method for stacked multicell converters (SMCs) based on phase disposition pulsewidth modulation. A cost function is evaluated to select the optimum state from a pool of redundant possible ones at each voltage level. It is demonstrated that, if sawtooth carriers are used for modulation instead of standard triangular ones, significant reduction in the switching frequency and the associated power losses of the power devices can be achieved without affecting the voltage-balancing capability. Experimental results from a seven-level SMC laboratory prototype are provided to verify the proposed voltage-balancing method against linear and nonlinear loads, as well as under transient conditions.

Voltage Balancing Method for a Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter Using Phase Disposition PWM

This paper proposes a voltage balancing method for a flying capacitor multilevel converter based on the phase-disposition sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (PD-SPWM). This voltage balancing method uses redundant switching states, which are determined by the minimization of a cost function. The implementation of the PD-SPWM using standard triangular carriers leads to additional switching events that are due to the transitions within the same voltage level, thus increasing the switching frequency of the power devices. Such drawback can be avoided by using sawtooth carrier waveforms. Another characteristic of the proposed voltage balancing method is that it does not require the tuning of parameters to achieve optimal performance. Simulation and experimental results confirm the robustness of the proposed method operating with different loads and transient conditions.

Suppressing EMI in Power Converters via Chaotic SPWM Control Based on Spectrum Analysis Approach

This paper aims at developing a spectrum analysis approach for suppressing the electromagnetic interference (EMI) in power converters via chaotic sinusoidal pulse width modulation (CSPWM) control signals based on double Fourier series. In detail, we prove that the total harmonics of power converters under CSPWM control are the same with those of power converters under traditional SPWM control. Then, we introduce a novel spectrum analysis approach based on sawtooth carrier and double Fourier series. Moreover, a photovoltaic (PV) inverter is used to validate the proposed spectrum analysis approach based on the calculation of the output voltage spectrum for CSPWM control signals. In particular, this proposed method can also be used for the spectrum analysis of multiperiodic signals. Indeed, this developed spectrum analysis approach provides a rigorous theoretical foundation for the CSPWM control in EMI suppression.

Single phase angle tracking method for power switches gating synchronization

This paper proposes a novel method for generating the pulses needed to fire power electronic switches that can be used for single-phase power converters. Simple operations based on the three-phase arctangent method are used within a digital signal controller or microcontroller to generate a sawtooth carrier signal phi, with an amplitude of 2pi and concurrent to the period of time of the sinusoidal input. With this signal and using standard Pulse Width Modulation techniques, gating is obtained directly. Two orthogonal signals are the basis of the arctangent method of synchronization; these signals are obtained by numerical differentiation, and normalized using frequency of the same amplitude. This strategy shortens the time consumed. The synchronizing method proposed is validated through MATLAB simulations, and used with several single-phase grid variations, such as sag, swell, flicker, frequency or phase jump. Infinite impulse response (IIR) Butterworth filter is added to take into consideration harmonic contamination on the grid. Experimental results of gating signals are presented to show the proposal's feasibility.

Acoustic cues to tonal contrasts in Mandarin: Implications for cochlear implants

The present study systematically manipulated three acoustic cues--fundamental frequency (f0), amplitude envelope, and duration--to investigate their contributions to tonal contrasts in Mandarin. Simplified stimuli with all possible combinations of these three cues were presented for identification to eight normal-hearing listeners, all native speakers of Mandarin from Taiwan. The f0 information was conveyed either by an f0-controlled sawtooth carrier or a modulated noise so as to compare the performance achievable by a clear indication of voice f0 and what is possible with purely temporal coding of f0. Tone recognition performance with explicit f0 was much better than that with any combination of other acoustic cues (consistently greater than 90% correct compared to 33%-65%; chance is 25%). In the absence of explicit f0, the temporal coding of f0 and amplitude envelope both contributed somewhat to tone recognition, while duration had only a marginal effect. Performance based on these secondary cues varied greatly across listeners. These results explain the relatively poor perception of tone in cochlear implant users, given that cochlear implants currently provide only weak cues to f0, so that users must rely upon the purely temporal (and secondary) features for the perception of tone.

A Carrier-Based Unipolar PWM Current Controller That Minimizes the PWM-Cycle Average Current-Error Using Internal Feedback of the PWM Signals

A carrier-based unipolar pulsewidth modulation (PWM) current controller is described using a one-phase PWM rectifier bridge as a test circuit. The controller PWM signal generator uses a sawtooth carrier signal to obtain both synchronized PWM waveforms and a constant switching frequency. A current-error signal and an amplitude modulation depth signal are used to create the input reference signal to the PWM signal generator. The amplitude modulation depth signal is obtained from the PWM-cycle average of the PWM signal generator output signals. This internal feedback is illustrated using a second-order low pass Butterworth filter. With an appropriately designed low-pass filter, the current-error signal is forced to be centered on zero over a PWM cycle. The maximum peak-peak magnitude of the current-error signal is used as a design guideline for deciding an appropriate gain constant in the controller current feedback loop. The low pass filter design is examined to determine a suitable gain and 20-dB attenuation frequency to minimize the current-error signal. The steady-state and transient operation of the proposed current controller is compared with a proportional-integral controller and an average current-error controller. SPICE simulations and experimental results are used to demonstrate the characteristics of the controller.

Current polarity detection and current compensation strategy for PAC based three-phase ZVS PWM converter

A novel software implementation for current polarity detection and current compensation is presented. For a three-phase zero-voltage soft-switching (ZVS) PWM converter based on phase and amplitude control (PAC), when saw-tooth carriers with alternate positive and negative slopes are adopted, the positive or negative slopes are chosen according to the phase current polarity. Since polarity reversal causes current distortion, current at the instant of reversal should be compensated for. Based on the characteristic of unity power factor converter in rectification and regeneration modes, a software implementation for current polarity detection is proposed. Distortion of current zero-crossing caused by using saw-tooth carriers with alternate positive and negative slopes is analyzed, and the relevant compensation method is proposed. Experimental study with a 1.5 kW device shows that phase current has a small harmonic content and power factor is high both in rectification and regeneration modes.

Selection of carrier waveforms for PWM inverter

In this paper the influence of different carrier waveforms upon the output characteristics of PWM inverter is described in detail. When a triangular carrier waveform is used in hard-switching PWM inverters, harmonics exist in the neighborhood of the output frequency of the inverter output voltage and current due to the dead time. The triangular carrier waveform used in soft-switching PWM inverter will cause difficulties in controlling resonance-trigger time, higher loss in the resonant circuit, and less utilization of the DC bus voltage. If a sawtooth carrier is used in hard-switching PWM inverter, there will be severe distortion in the current waveform. When sawtooth carriers with alternate positive and negative slopes are used in soft-switching PWM inverters, the resonance-trigger time is easy to control, and distortion in the output voltage and current caused by the dead time will not appear.

A novel PWM strategy to minimize the surge voltage for current-source converters

This paper presents a novel technique of pulsewidth modulation (PWM) wave control to minimize the surge voltage at the turn-off of switching devices. Two kinds of sawtooth carriers with different hypotenuses are employed to obtain a PWM waveform with minimum surge voltage, where each sawtooth carrier appears alternately at every 60/spl deg/ interval relative to the sinusoidal wave cycle. It is difficult to analyze the output waveforms because they are complicated. In order to obtain the analytical result, a frequency analysis approach using a switching function is proposed the results of which are verified experimentally.

Performance improvement of active filter for power distribution line using current source PWM inverter

AbstractAn active filter (AF) is a device to eliminate switches. There are two types of AF, the voltage source type and the current source type. The voltage source type is common in practical use today. But we have studied and already reported that the AF of the current‐source type has the characteristics of rapid and precise controllability of the output current and little interference between the AF and the distribution line.In this paper, we propose two schemes to improve its performance and to reduce its capacitance.To improve the performance of AF, we changed the PWM carrier from the triangular wave used in a previous paper to the sawtooth wave. However, the switching rates remain the same. By using the 5 [kHz] sawtooth carrier (corresponding to 2.5 [kHz] triangular wave) and the multiplexed connection of AF, harmonic currents of less than 19‐th order can be eliminated in the distribution line.To reduce the capacitance of the AF, we proposed an AF which eliminates only harmonic currents. By using other apparatus for fundamental reactive power compensation, a more economical system can be achieved.The experimental results on the tested apparatus show that these methods are useful for realization of a current‐source type AF.

Improved power regenerative controls by using thyristor rectifier bridge of voltage source inverter and a switching transistor

A few improved techniques of regenerative control for the voltage source inverter are described. In the proposed equipment, the thyristor rectifier bridge can be also utilized for regeneration through a DC reactor or capacitor. For the first converter mentioned, a novel pulse-width-modulated (PWM) strategy is proposed in which the polarity of the sawtooth carrier waveforms is reversed alternately at every 60 degrees interval of the fundamental frequency to reduce the harmonics in quantity. For the next proposed type, a modified Cuk converter method is described for regeneration, whose output current becomes a perfectly zero ripple. The third purpose is to propose a novel frequency analysis method using the switching function. The validity of its theory is confirmed experimentally. >

Voltage harmonics generated by voltage-fed inverters using PWM natural sampling

The harmonics generated by natural sampled pulse width modulation are investigated experimentally and by theoretical models for the outputs obtained with triangular and sawtooth carrier signals. These equations are valid for synchronous and asynchronous operation. It is shown that triangular carriers generate less harmonics than sawtooth carriers, and that in synchronous operation with single-phase modulation, the carrier-to-output frequency ratio may be any integer value. >