Sawdust Medium Research Articles

검은비늘버섯의 병재배 시 톱밥배지 조성에 따른 재배적 특성

검은비늘버섯의 병재배 시 톱밥배지 조성에 따른 재배적 특성

Isolation and Characterization of Monokaryotic Strains of Lentinula edodes Showing Higher Fruiting Rate and Better Fruiting Body Production

The effects of monokaryotic strains on fruiting body formation of Lentinula edodes were examined through mating and cultivation of the mated dikaryotic mycelia in sawdust medium. To accomplish this, monokaryotic strains of L. edodes were isolated from basidiospores of the commercial dikaryotic strains, Chamaram (Cham) and Sanjo701 (SJ701). A total of 703 matings (538 self-matings and 165 outcrosses) were performed, which generated 133 self-mates and 84 outcross mates. The mating rate was 25% and 50% for self-mating and outcross, respectively. The bipolarity of the outcross indicated the multi-allelic nature of the mating type genes. The mating was only dependent on the A mating type locus, while the B locus showed no effect, implying that the B locus is multi-allelic. Next, 145 selected dikaryotic mates were cultivated in sawdust medium. The self-mated dikaryotic progenies showed 51.3% and 69.5% fruiting rates for Cham and SJ701, respectively, while the fruiting rate of the outcross mates was 63.2%. The dikaryotic mates generated by mating with one of the monokaryotic strains, including A20, B2, E1, and E3, showed good fruiting performance and tended to yield high fruiting body production, while many of the monokaryotic strains failed to form fruiting bodies. Overall, these findings suggest that certain monokaryotic strains have traits enabling better mating and fruiting.

Antioxidant Potential of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Higher Basidiomycetes) Cultivated on Artocarpus heterophyllus Sawdust Substrate in India.

The artificial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum (MTCC1039) using Artocarpus heterophyllus as sawdust substrate was optimized and free radical scavenging activities of the generated fruiting bodies were investigated. The choice of A. heterophyllus as substrate was due to its easy availability in South India. Sawdust supplemented with dextrose medium yielded better spawn hyphae and early fruiting body initiation (15 days). The biological yield obtained was 42.06 ± 2.14 g/packet and the biological efficiency was 8.41 ± 0.48%. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of fruiting body were analyzed for radical scavenging activity. Methanolic extract showed maximum scavenging activity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (IC50 = 290 μg/ml) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid (IC50 = 580 μg/ml), whereas aqueous extract had better scavenging for ferric reducing antioxidant power (IC50 = 5 μg/ml). Total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in methanolic extract (p < 0.01). A positive correlation existed between the phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Our results indicated that fruiting bodies of G. lucidum cultivated in sawdust medium possess antioxidant property, which can be exploited for therapeutic application.

Effect of industrial tannery effluent on soil fungi and fungal protease/cellulase activity on modified rice husk /modified sawdust medium (MRHM/MSDM)

The release of unprecedented tannery effluents into agricultural fields constitutes danger to land fill and nutrient cycling as well as organic matter processing. In the present study, tannery effluent discharged soil (polluted landfill), undischarged soil (control) and effluent discharged (waste) were collected from the surrounding areas of tannery industry. The physico-chemical and biological properties and soil protease / cellulose were examined. The study shows that the value obtained from the colour, odour, pH, electrical conductivity and water holding capacity of the polluted soil was black, foul odour, 5.12, 0.72 µMhos cm-1 and 0.51 mg/l, respectively. In chemical parameters, organic matter, total nitrogen phosphorus and potassium have the following values: 8.2, 1.2, 0.15 and 0.39% respectively. In all ramifications, the polluted soils showed higher values than the control except that of potassium. The soil protease/ cellulose activities of the selected fungal were observed on different media (modified rice husk, modified saw dust and on control liquid media respectively). The activities were found to be higher on MRHM and MSDM (2.81 and 1.82 IU/ml) at maximum of 45 days than the control liquid media (1.23 IU/ml) at maximum of 15 days; they decreased to 0.312 IU/ml at 30 days. It was found that Rhizopus nigricans exhibited the highest cellulase activity (2.81 IU/ml) followed by Aspergillus niger (1.82 IU/ml) and the least Penicillium species (0.98 UI/ml) respectively. Key words: Protease/Cellulase, Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium solid state/submerge fermentation, tannery waste and contaminated soil.

표고버섯의 배양적 특성 및 자실체 형성에 관한 연구

표고버섯균의 균사생육에 적합한 배지로는 PDA 배지, MYA 배지로 조사되었으며 배양환경 조사로 균사생육에 적합한 온도는 <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>를 나타났다. 영양원 선발 결과 탄소원은 2%의 농도에서 Malt extract를 사용하였을 때 균사생장 및 밀도가 높게 나타났다. 질소원은 0.2%의 농도에서 Yeast extract를 사용하였을 때 균사생장 및 밀도가 높게 나타났다. 표고버섯(산조701호)의 수종별 추출액 배지를 이용한 결과, 신갈나무, 굴참나무, 상수리나무, 밤나무에서는 PDA(대조구)와 같이 생장이 우수하였다. 배양기간에 따른 버섯 생산성을 조사 해본 결과, 배양 110일에서 120일에서 우수한 수확량을 보였다. 재배수종에 따른 생산성은 굴참나무에서 가장 좋은 결과를 보였다. Lentinula edodes is known by oak mushroom. It has been favored as delicious and nutritious food and the low-calorie food with a high nutritional value. It is also functional food since it contains a material well-known for its medicinal benefits. Since the growth and quality of oak mushrooms are sensitively affected by environmental conditions, an adequate environmental control is very essential to improve the yield and quality under protected cultivation. The main objectives of the study were to investigate cultural characteristics of mycelial growth and in vitro fruiting of Lentinula edodes. The optimum culture media for mycelial growth of L. edodes were PDA and MYA. Similarly, optimum temperature was <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Malt extract(2%) and yeast extract(0.2%) were optimum carbon and nitrogen sources. Optimal culture period was 110~120 days in sawdust medium. Mycelial growth in medium(61 mm/7 days) Quercus mongolica extract the most good. Among different five log types, highest mycelial growth and fruiting productivity were observed in Quercus variabilis sawdust(20.9%).

Effect of benzylaminopurine on &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; multiplication of French plantain (&lt;i&gt;Musa&lt;/i&gt; spp. AAB) cv. ‘Itoke sege’

Objective: In vivo macropropagation is an alternative simple and cheap technique for banana multiplication. However, the response of cv. “Itoke Sege” to in vivo macropropagation combined with different benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations is not known. This study was conducted to determine the appropriate concentration of BAP for enhancing in vivo macropropagation of French plantain cv. ‘Itoke Sege’.Methodology and results: Sword suckers of about 70 - 80 cm tall and 14 -16 cm collar diameter were obtained from farmers’ fields in Rungwe district in Mbeya, Tanzania. Moistened sawdust was steamsterilized for 45 minutes and then filled for cooling in wooden propagators of 1.5 m x 2.20 m x 0.3 m dimension. Suckers were partially peeled, washed to remove roots and surface-sterilized for 15 seconds by dipping them in hot boiling water. The sterilized corms were desheathed to expose axillary buds and decorticated to suppress the apical meristems. Fifteen corms in three replications were each dipped in BAP at 0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/l for 12 hours and then planted into sawdust media. Irrigation was done immediately but subsequent watering was carried out when necessary. In vivo multiplication response was evaluated based on number of days to first shoot emergence, number of shoots per corm, number of roots per shoot and shoot size. Results showed that BAP concentration at 1.5 mg L-1 significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced the number of days to first shoot emergence of 15.78 days followed by BAP at 3.0, 6.0 and 0.0 mg L-1 with 25.18, 28.39 and 36.43 days, respectively. Similarly, BAP concentration at 1.5 mg L-1 significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased sucker productivity with 17.11 suckers per corm followed by BAP at 0.0, 3.0 and 6.0 mg L-1 with 15.23, 13.08 and 12.96 suckers per corm, respectively. Corms treated with BAP at 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 mg L-1 significantly (P &gt; 0.05) produced taller shoots with length of 27.0, 27.3 and 26.7 cm followed by corms treated with BAP at 0.0 mg L-1 with shoot length of 22.7 cm. Conversely, corms treated with BAP at 0.0 and 6.0 mg L-1 produced suckers with larger collar diameter of 3.4 and 2.4 cm followed by suckers from corms treated with BAP at 3.0 and 1.5 mg L-1 with collar diameters of 2.2 and 2.0 cm, respectively. Suckers from corms treated with BAP at 0.0 and 3.0 mg L-1 had larger number of leaves of 4.8 and 4.6 per sucker followed by suckers from corms treated with BAP at 1.5 and 6.0 mg L-1 with 4.0 and 3.8 leaves per sucker, respectively.Conclusion and application: Based on these findings, it is concluded that in vivo macropropagation combined with BAP at 1.5 mg L-1 is a suitable technique for improving multiplication and sucker growth of French plantain cv. ‘Itoke Sege’. The findings of this study provide an opportunity for the use of in vivo macropropagation coupled with BAP at 1.5 mg L-1 as an alternative simple and cheap technology for rapid and mass production of planting materials for recalcitrant plantain varieties. Further study is recommended to evaluate the response of cv. “Itoke Sege” to in vivo macropropagation combined with other cytokinebased growth regulators. Research is also required to test the responses of other recalcitrant plantain cultivars to in vivo macropropagation in combination with different BAP concentrations.Key words: Benzlyamimopurine, in vivo macropropagation, French Plantain, ‘Itoke Sege.

잣버섯 수집균주의 톱밥재배 특성

한국 및 일본산 잣버섯 수집균주(21균주)를 소나무 톱밥배지에서 배양하여 그 재배 특성 (균사체 배양기간, 자실체 발생기간, 버섯의 생산량, 자실체의 색상과 형태)을 조사하였다. 잣버섯의 균사체 배양기간은 40~65일, 자실체 발생기간은 6~22일로 나타났다. 자실체 생산성을 조사한 결과, 톱밥배지 600 g당 생중량과 자실체 발생 수는 각각 약 48.3 g과 8.7개였으며, 자실체의 색과 형태는 균주별로 다양하게 관찰되었다. 균긁기 처리군은 미처리군(대조군)에 비해 자실체 발생기간이 길었으며, 생중량과 갓 직경은 감소하였다. 잣버섯의 재배 특성을 비교한 결과, 소나무 톱밥 재배용으로 3균주(KFRI 1199, 1302, 1331)가 가장 적합한 것으로 평가되었다. We investigated the cultivation characteristics of Neolentinus lepideus (21 strains derived from Korea and Japan) on Pinus densiflora sawdust medium as follows; period of mycelial growth, fruiting period, productivity of fruit body and color and morphology of fruit body. The periods for mycelial growth and fruiting on the sawdust medium of N. lepideus were 40~65 days and 6~22 days, respectively. It was produced approximately 48.3 g of fresh weight and 9 fruit-bodies per 600 g of sawdust medium. The productivity of fruit body was reduced by scratching off the surface of sawdust medium. We suggest that three strains (KFRI 1199, 1302, 1331) might be good candidates for sawdust cultivation.

Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for ethanolic extracts from Pleurotus eryngii fruiting bodies harvested at different time

Pleurotus eryngii, a popular edible mushroom in Taiwan, is usually cultivated using sawdust medium packing bags through several procedures including culture medium confection, bagging and sterilization, spawn inoculation, fostering mycelia, full growth of mycelia, and inducing fruiting body formation. In this study, P. eryngii commercial products harvested at the 10th, 12th and 15th days after inducing the fruiting body formation were extracted with ethanol, individually. Through determination of chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these extracts, the optimal harvest time of P. eryngii fruiting bodies with higher functional attributes was revealed. The earlier harvested sample extracts had higher effects for scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals, reducing power, chelating power, and β-carotene bleaching inhibition, as well as down-regulating lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. These functional responses were closely related to levels of phytochemical components including phenolic acids, flavonoids, tocopherols and carotenoids.

Morphological and genetic characteristics of newly crossbred cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia)

Cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia or S. crispa) is popular for food and medicine. Importance of new varieties of Sparassis was raised and studied widely by protection system of UPOV. In this study, 10 crossbred strains of Sparassis latifolia that specifically expressed distinctive features during basidiocarp formation and mycelium growth were applied to sawdust medium inoculated with S. latifolia mycelia. The 10 crossbred strains were divided into 3 groups on the basis of morphological (size of marginal wave and basidiocarp color) and genetic characteristics. Each phenotype of the parent and crossbred strains represented 3 marginal wave-sizes (large, medium, and small) and 3 color notations (NN155D, 163C, and 8D). Our result suggests that morphological characteristics of cauliflower mushroom can be affected by various environmental and genetic stimuli under artificial conditions such as crossbreed. Also this research showed genetic differences among breeding isolates and their morphological characteristics were correlated with the molecular data within parent and crossed strain.

Effects of volcanic ash from eruption of Shinmoedake on shiitake (Lentinula edodes) cultivation in sawdust media : Effects of ash mixed in sawdust on mycelial growth and fruit-body formation

Effects of volcanic ash from eruption of Shinmoedake on shiitake (Lentinula edodes) cultivation in sawdust media : Effects of ash mixed in sawdust on mycelial growth and fruit-body formation

Effects of Aeration of Sawdust Cultivation Bags on Hyphal Growth of Lentinula edodes

The effects of aeration through lid filters on the hyphal growth of Lentinula edodes (oak mushroom) in sawdust cultivation bags were investigated. The aeration treatment levels were traditional 27 mm hole cotton plugs, cotton balls and combinations of seven hole sizes × two hole positions (up and under) in the lids covering plastic bags containing 1.4 kg sawdust medium at 63% moisture that had been autoclaved for one hour and inoculated with sawdust spawn of L. edodes strain 921. Aeration treatment effects were measured based on the CO2 concentration at the 15th wk, as well as the hyphal growth rate and degree of weight loss of bags every 14 days for 15 wk. In bags with traditional cotton plugs, the CO2 concentration was 3.8 ± 1.3%, daily mean hyphal growth was 2.3 ± 0.6 mm and daily mean weight loss was 0.84 ± 0.26 g. In the bags with 15 mm diameter holes, the CO2 concentration was 6.0 ± 1.6%, daily hyphal growth was 2.8 ± 0.2 mm and daily weight loss was 0.86 ± 0.4 g. The bags with 15 mm holes had a higher CO2 concentration and lower water loss than bags with other hole sizes, but the hyphal growth was not significantly different from that of other bags. The weight loss of bags increased proportionally relative to the lid hole sizes. Taken together, these results indicate that traditional cotton plugs are economically efficient, but 15 mm hole lids are the most efficient at maintaining hyphal growth and controlling water loss while allowing CO2 emissions.

Identification of Trichoderma, a Competitor of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes), and Competition between Lentinula edodes and Trichoderma species in Korea

During investigating of shiitake mushroom competitors, 289 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were collected from shiitake mushroom farms in different districts and the Forest Mushroom Research Center of Korea, among which 29 representative strains were selected. Based on the DNA sequences of the rpb2 and tef1 genes and the ITS rDNA, and their morphological characteristics, they were identified as T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, and two undescribed species, Trichoderma spp. 1 and 2, which are considered to be the candidate of new species. Competition tests between Lentinula edodes (Sanjo302) and the Trichoderma species indicated that the six species of Trichoderma were significantly different from each other in terms of their ability to invade the mycelial blocks of shiitake. In both of dual cultures on potato dextrose agar and sawdust media, Trichoderma spp. 1 and 2 strongly invaded the mycelial blocks of shiitake. Our results suggest that the two Trichoderma species may cause potentially serious economic losses in shiitake cultivation of Korea.

Designing the ideal habitat for entomopathogen use in nursery production

Greenhouse and nursery producers use entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) to control soil pests. Although it is known that the physical and chemical properties of mineral soil significantly impact upon soil pathogens, the influence of soilless media used for plant production on entomopathogen performance is poorly understood. Survival and foraging distance were differently affected by sand:peat, bark and sawdust media for entomopathogenic nematodes, but not for the immobile fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Redwood sawdust medium consistently had a negative impact upon entomopathogenic nematodes. Dividing media into individual components supported the hypothesis that redwood sawdust reduced foraging and infection abilities of S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora. Physically altering the components by adding sand significantly improved foraging and infection success for S. riobrave in media not optimum for foraging. This study is the first to highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate soilless media and pathogen species combinations to increase efficacy of biological control. H. bacteriophora was able to find hosts in a wider diversity of medium components than S. riobrave, although both nematode species performed well in peat moss and recycled plant material. These results suggest that peat moss, recycled plant material and hardwood bark are components amenable to EPN biological control programs.

Damage and biological control of dark winged fungus gnats, Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) in a shiitake cultivation

Monitorings and management experiment of adult Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) in artificial sawdust grown shiitake mushroom cultivation were carried out by using yellow sticky traps and Hypoaspis aculeifer (Acari: Laelapidae) at Hwaseong, Buyeo and Cheongwon in 2012. The larvae of L. ingenua reduced commercial value of the mushroom by direct eating or retarding the growth of mushroom by spongifying the sawdust medium. The number of L. ingenua caught by traps showed the highest peak in late september resulting in 127.5~1,025.7, 87.4~743.6 and 133.7~650.4 individuals per trap in Hwaseong, Buyeo and Cheongwon, respectively. Damage rate of fruiting bodies in shiitake mushroom by L. ingenua were 7.7~30.3% in Hwaseong, 6.7~25.3% in Buyeo and 5.3~26.0% in Cheongwon and showed the highest peak in late september. L. ingenua were effectively controlled when 30.3 individuals of H. aculeifer per inoculated for three time with 7 to 14 days of interval. In Hwaseong, Buyeo and Cheongwon, density of L. ingenua which were caught on the yellow sticky traps were 168.2, 126.1, 132.5 individuals, respectively. And, damage rate of fruiting bodies by L. ingenua were 5.9%, 5.5% and 5.4% respectively. Both of the L. ingenua density and damage rate of mushroom reduced more than 60% in all experimental site in contrast to the control treatment.

잣버섯 봉지재배시 영양원이 균사배양 및 자실체 생육에 미치는 영향

적정 영양원을 선발하기 위하여 5가지의 재료(옥수수가루, 옥수수피, 콘코브, 비트펄프, 감자전분)를 이용하여 재배실험을 실시한 결과 혼합배지의 총 질소함량은 옥수수가루 첨가구가 0.45%로 가장 높았다. 혼합배지에 따른 배양율과 재배일수는 옥수수가루 처리구에서 배양율 97%로 가장 좋았고, 재배기간 43일로 가장 짧았다. 그리고 옥수수가루 처리구에서 수량은 122 g/1 kg 봉지, 생물학적효율은 35%로 다른 처리구에 비해 가장 높았다. 자실체 생산량에 관여하는 인자 분석에서는 총 질소함량 (r = 0.95)과 조지방(r = 0.65)으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과 잣버섯 재배는 배지 영양원으로 옥수수가루와 자실체 생산량에 관여하는 인자로 총질소함량으로 판단된다. This study was carried out to elucidate suitable supplementary nutrition for Neolentinus lepideus cultivation. The main substrate for cultivation was douglas fir sawdust, and supplementary materials for experiment were corn meal, corn hull, corncob, beet pulp, and potato starch. The higher amount of total nitrogen source was showed in corn meal (0.45%) than any other nutritive materials. Incubation ratio and cultivation period showed the best 97% and the shortest 43 days on medium with corn meal substrate. The fruit body yield and biological efficiency on medium with 10% corn meal were highest 122 g/1 kg and 35%, respectively. Factor analyses concerning fruiting yield showed total nitrogen source (r = 0.95) and crude fat (r = 0.65). These results are recommended that N. lepideus cultivation is corn meal material as the source of the supplementary nutrition and total nitrogen source as the factor of fruiting body yield on the Douglas fir sawdust medium.

Allometry, nitrogen status, and carbon stable isotope composition ofPinus ponderosaseedlings in two growing media with contrasting nursery irrigation regimes

Nursery irrigation regimes that recharged container capacity when target volumetric water content reached 72%, 58%, and 44% (by volume) influenced Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson &amp; C. Lawson growth more than either a 1:1 (by volume) Sphagnum peat – vermiculite (PV) or a 7:3 (by volume) Sphagnum peat – sawdust (PS) medium. Exponential fertilization avoided confounding irrigation and fertilization. Temporary nitrogen (N) immobilization in PS caused transient allometric differences prior to hardening. Subsequent release of immobilized N during the onset of hardening, when daily N flux decreased from 4.2% to 1.6%, allowed PS seedlings to avoid foliar N dilution experienced by PV seedlings. Media yielded seedlings with similar final morphological characteristics, although PS seedlings had improved N status. At onset, particle density and volumetric water content were similar for both media, but PS held about 10% more water than PV at all water potentials at experiment conclusion. Exposure to the driest water content (44%) decreased seedling growth and root N status compared with cohorts that were provided ample moisture (72%). Despite maximum tissue heterogeneity within samples and regardless of irrigation regime, seedlings became 1.3‰ more depleted of13C as the growing season progressed. Refinement of sampling procedures, with focus on ontogenetics, may improve subsequent use of stable carbon isotopes in nursery research.

Effect of Calcinated Oyster Shell Powder on Growth, Yield, Spawn Run, and Primordial Formation of King Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Eryngii)

This study was conducted to evaluate the calcium (Ca) absorption efficacy of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) grown on sawdust medium supplemented with Ca-sources, including oyster shell powder, and to determine the efficacy of oyster shell powder as a calcium supplement on growth, yield, spawn run and primordial formation of P. eryngii. Optimum calcination of oyster shell powder was achieved at the temperature of 620.56 °C. A 1% supplementation of oyster shell powder in sawdust medium did not suppress the mycelial growth of P. eryngii. Also the supplementation of 2% calcinated oyster shell powder to sawdust medium potentially increased the calcium content up to a level of 315.7 ± 15.7 mg/100 g in the fruiting body of P. eryngii, without extension of duration of spawn run and the retardation of the days to primordial formation. These results suggest that the shellfish by-products, including oyster shell powder, can be utilized to develop calcium enriched king oyster mushrooms.

Screenhouse Assessment of Reaction of Fluted Pumpkin, Telfairia Occidentalis Hook F. to Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita

Screenhouse studies were carried out between April – June and July – September, 2004 at the vegetable researchunit of National HorticulturalResearch Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan,Nigeria to investigate the reaction of five linesof Telfairia occidentalis (EN2000-4, EN2000-6, EN2000-10, EN2000-11, EN2000-13) to different populationlevels (0, 5000 and 10 000 eggs) of Meloidogyne incognita race 2. Seeds from five different matured pods ofTelfairia lines were planted on moist sawdust medium. They were watered every two days until germination andtransplanting. Experimental layout was a completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated fivetimes. Nematode inoculation was done at one week after transplanting. The plants were watered every two daysand observation of vine length, vine girth and number of leaves commenced two weeks after transplanting (WAT)on bi weekly basis and lasted till the 10th week. From the 4th WAT, roots were assessed for the presence of eggsevery five days in view of determining the generation time in the various lines. Soil nematode population and rootgall indices were determined at the end of the trial.Results showed that there were significant differences between the Telfairia lines in the measured parametersirrespective of the inoculum levels. EN2000-4 performed significantly better than the other lines. EN2000-13which closely followed EN2000-4 with respect to vegetative growth, recorded significantly higher galling indexthan all the other lines. There were significant differences between the inoculum levels. Inoculum levels wereinversely proportional to growth parameters and directly proportional to gall indices in all the lines. Chloroticpatches were also observed on the leaves of plants inoculated with 10 000 eggs. The uninoculated (control) plantsgave significantly better vegetative growth than their inoculated counterparts. The disparities in growth and yieldresponses indicate that there is genetic variability among the lines.

톱밥재배에 의한 화경버섯의 자실체 발생

화경버섯은 동아시아 지역에서 독버섯으로 알려져 있지만, 최근에 Illudin S가 항암효과가 있는 것으로 보고되었다. 이 버섯은 자연조건에서 매우 드물게 발견되는 버섯이다. 그래서 우리는 미래에 약리학적 연구를 위해 충분한 양의 버섯을 얻고자 이에 대한 톱밥재배를 시도하였다. 버섯은 실험한 모든 톱밥배지에서 수확할 수 있었고, 버섯 생산성과 재배기간을 고려할 때 화경버섯의 재배는 소나무 톱밥배지를 이용하는 것이 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 버섯은 600 g 배지당 평0균 43~80 g이 생산되었고, 재배기간 동안 1~3회 버섯을 수확할 수 있었다. Omphalotus japonicus is known to as a poisonous mushroom in East Asia, but Illudin S, bioluminescent compound, has been recently reported for an anticancer effect. The fungus is quite rare in natural condition in Korea. Therefore, we tried to cultivate in the mushroom on the sawdust cultivation to provide sufficient amount of mushroom for pharmaceutical study for the future. The mushroom could be harvested from all sawdust media used in this study, and the sawdust of Pinus densiflora was considered to be the best for mushroom cultivation with considering mushroom productivity and cultivation period. The mushroom was produced 43~80 g fresh weight per 600 g sawdust medium in average, and could be harvested one to three times during cultivation period.

Efficacy of different spawn types on sawdust media

Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension is a peer-reviewed international scientific journal covering a wide range of subject areas in tropical and subtropical agriculture published quarterly by the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. The journal is also available on the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna website https://www.agri.ruh.ac.lk/tare/index.htm .