Saving Mechanism Research Articles

The Effect of Different Savings Mechanisms in Pension System Design -- Evidence from a Life-Cycle Experiment

The Effect of Different Savings Mechanisms in Pension System Design -- Evidence from a Life-Cycle Experiment

Calculation of Tabarru Funds Using Makeham's Mortalita Law and Gompertz's Mortalita Law Using the Cost Of Insurance Method

Tabarru funds have the meaning of a collection of funds given by insurance participants as a virtue fund with sincere intentions for the purpose of helping one participant with another if one of them gets a disaster. The tabarru fund management mechanism in Indonesia uses two types of operational systems, namely the product saving system (savings) and the non-saving product system. Management with a saving product system uses a savings mechanism with 5% for management funds. Meanwhile, in the non-saving product system with a no-savings mechanism, the amount and its management are not yet known, which will cause confusion for the community in the calculation. The cost of insurance method is one method that can be used to calculate tabarru funds. This method calculates tabarru funds by multiplying the percentage of tabarru funds by the cost of coverage. The percentage of tabarru funds is searched through the mortality table, management fee, and investment level. From the management fee of 25% and the investment rate of 5%, the percentage of tabarru funds using Makeham's mortality law is for men and for men. Meanwhile, Gompertz's law of mortality obtained for men and for women . ©2020 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.

Transient Analysis of an M/M/1 Queueing System Subjected to Multiple Differentiated Vacations, Impatient Customers and a Waiting Server with Application to IEEE 802.16E Power Saving Mechanism

An M/M/1 queueing system subjected to multiple differentiated vacations, customer impatience and a waiting server is analyzed. The explicit transient probabilities of system size are derived using probability generating function technique, Laplace transform, continued fractions and some properties of confluent hypergeometric function. Further, the time-dependent mean and variance are obtained as the performance measures. A numerical example is presented in order to study the behavior of the system.

Entrepreneurship, wealth accumulation and borrowing constraints: Foreign research experience

This paper presents a review of foreign studies analyzing the role of the business sector in the accumulation and distribution of wealth and related approaches to modeling entrepreneurship as an integral part of the economic system for evaluating the consequences of alternative economic policies. According to the main results of the empirical literature, entrepreneurs, first, own a substantial share of total household wealth, and many of the wealthiest people are entrepreneurs. Second, entrepreneurs have higher saving rates than other households, and, third, entrepreneurs face restrictions on borrowing. We analyze dynamic general equilibrium models based on stylized facts about the behavior of entrepreneurs, where agents can choose the type of activity between entrepreneurship and wage labor. Their build-in mechanisms of encouraging entrepreneurial savings due to borrowing constraints, financial intermediation costs, and uninsured entrepreneurial risk allow calibrated versions of these models to successfully replicate the observed distribution of household wealth. Results of application of general equilibrium models with an entrepreneurial sector to assess the consequences of various types of tax reforms and financial shocks are discussed.

Підходи щодо розроблення економічного механізму ресурсозабезпечення регіону в умовах євроінтеграції

The energy and resource conservation in modern conditions of economic development of Ukraine, are the main ways to increase the economic efficiency of its regions.Resource constraints encourage regions to increase their competitiveness through resource conservation and resource replacement. However, resource-oriented regions are at risk in terms of European integration and globalization to be outside the scope of the global division of labour. Resource-innovation policy in the region is a precaution measure of getting into this situation.Modern interpretation of the essence of the resource conservation mechanism implies the implementation of both elementary resource-saving processes (simply quantitative effect), as well as economically complex processes associated with the rationalisation of the available resources usage (qualitative cumulative effect).In the process of the resource conservation mechanism development, the formation of the cost savings mechanism is being formed. In terms of European integration, the economic mechanism of resource saving of the region should be considered as the interaction of available resources of the economic process and its functional units. The aim of the economic resource conservation mechanism development is to optimize the usage of all available resources of the socio-ecological-economic system of the region.The process of the regional economic mechanism of resource conservation development and formation consists of three stages:• development of principles of economic resource conservation mechanism formation and realization;• formulation of goals and setting objectives of the regional socio-ecological-economic system development taking into account resource conservation;• development of methods and tools, that will ensure practical implementation of the economic resource conservation mechanism of the region.At present, the resource and cost approaches are used to formulate a resource- conservation model. However, as the practice has shown, the "intermixed" resource-cost approach is required to ensure optimal resource conservation, which, in terms of resource constraints, requires some adjustment.Nowadays, resource utilisation efficiency (limitation) is the major limitation of production growth. The competitive comparative assessment of the regions is complicated due to the difference in regional resource provision. The difference in resource consumption of regions can only be counter-balanced by the economic capacity strengthening of the regions through innovative development.Therefore, the cost management system should be based on the special-purpose programme and the implementation of the innovation strategy. The continuity of resource-innovation substitution is the result of resource-innovation development, which, in turn, implies continuity of resources development and their transition through the innovative stage to the resource stage, but at a new level. Thus, innovations increase the efficiency and provide the preservation of balance as well as increase the economic capacity of the system, while the capacity management stabilizes it in the course of time and ensures the development in the desired direction.

Surgical instrument standardization – A pilot cost consciousness curriculum for surgery residents

IntroductionSurgical cost is astronomical in the US and instrument standardization is one potential mechanism for cost savings. This study describes a core competency based, multidisciplinary curriculum and evaluates resident attitudes towards operating room equipment standardization. Materials and methodsAs part of a quality improvement initiative, surgery residents participated in an hour-long mixed curriculum consisting of brief didactics and small group exercises. Participants developed an equipment standardization plan for laparoscopic appendectomy and cholecystectomy. Participants also completed surveys to assess their attitudes towards 11 potential barriers to implementation as “improves, no change, or worsens”. ResultsFifteen general surgery residents participated. In general, participants felt that standardization improves or does not change metrics including surgeon autonomy, resident training experience, and patient safety. ConclusionOur pilot curriculum addresses a gap in resident education about surgical cost. Residents generally regard equipment standardization as either improving or not changing hospital metrics.

Serotonin Induces Structural Plasticity of Both Extrinsic Modulating and Intrinsic Mediating Circuits In Vitro in Aplysia Californica

Long-term sensitization of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia requires heterosynaptic, modulatory input that is mediated in part by the growth of new synaptic connections between sensory neurons and their follower cells (intrinsic mediating circuit). Whether modulatory interneurons (the extrinsic modulatory circuit) also display learning-related structural synaptic plasticity remains unknown. To test this idea, we added a bona fide serotonergic modulatory neuron, the metacerebral cell (MCC), to sensory-motor neuron co-cultures and examined the modulating presynaptic varicosities of MCCs before and after repeated pulses of serotonin (5-HT) that induced long-term facilitation (LTF). We observed robust growth of new serotonergic varicosities that were positive for serotonin and capable of synaptic recycling. Our findings demonstrate that, in addition to structural changes in the intrinsic mediating circuit, there are also significant learning-related structural changes in the extrinsic modulating circuit, and these changes might provide a cellular mechanism for savings and for spread of memory.

Evaluating producer preferences and information processing strategies for drought risk management tools in Bangladesh

We use stated preference data to study farmers’ preferences for two alternative strategies to manage drought risks in Bangladesh. A choice experiment on drought tolerant rice varieties and weather index insurance was administered to 2306 farmers. Two overarching preference classes or meso-groups were identified using an equality constrained latent class model, each containing various patterns of attribute non-attendance. Our analysis finds that farmers rely on information processing strategies to simplify risk management tool decisions to mitigate drought risk. Differences in the use of farm inputs, and access to savings mechanisms, both formal and informal, are shown to affect decision making.

The costs of consumption smoothing: less schooling and less nutrition

AbstractUsing novel microdata, we explore lifecycle consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa. We find that households' ability to smooth consumption over the lifecycle is large, particularly, in rural areas. Consumption in old age is sustained by shifting to self-farmed staple food, as opposed to traditional savings mechanisms or food gifts. This smoothing strategy indicates two important costs. The first cost is a loss of human capital as children seem to be diverted away from school and into producing self-farmed food. Second, a diet largely concentrated in staple food (e.g., maize in Malawi) in old age results in a loss of nutritional quality for households headed by the elderly.

The Alfredo Namitete Agroecology Credit System: A New Business Model That Supports Small-Scale Lending

A major obstruction in the development of sustainable agriculture is the weakness of the financial and banking sectors in supporting smallholder farming. While farmers need to invest in their farms, they struggle to find credit schemes adapted to their specific needs. This study explores the literature on a range of credit systems applied in different geographical and historical contexts to analyse the underlying drivers of their successes or otherwise. In light of this review, the study investigates a farmers’ association, Alfredo Namitete (AN), in Mozambique, offering a range of agroecology credit modalities. It is then assessed as to whether a new business model initiated with seed funding could be self-managed by the association itself and lead to greater autonomy. The AN pilot tested three schemes between 2015 and 2019. Based on the findings, i.e., better production, increased revenue and greater self-determination, the study combines elements for a new business model for small-scale lending. It concludes that to be effective, a credit scheme needs to meet several conditions simultaneously: believe in the genuine will to repay, abolish the lender–borrower distance, ensure a role for women in decision making, add a savings mechanism, combine individual and collective investments and, finally, reserve funds for solidarity and climate issues.

Analytical Model of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Node Operation with a Modified Threshold-Type Energy Saving Mechanism.

In this article, a model of the operation of a wireless sensor network (WSN) node with an energy saving mechanism based on a threshold-controlled multiple vacation policy is considered. When the queue of packets directed to the node becomes empty, a multiple vacation period is started during which the receiving/transmitting of packets is blocked. In such a period, successive vacations of a fixed constant duration are taken until a predetermined number of N packets accumulated in the queue is detected. Then, at the completion epoch of this vacation, the processing restarts normally. The analytic approach is based on the conception of an embedded Markov chain; integral equations and renewal theory are applied to study the queue-size transient behaviour. The representations for the Laplace transforms of the queue-size distribution at an arbitrary fixed time t and on the idle and processing periods are obtained. The compact-form formulae for the distributions of the idle and processing period duration are derived. Numerical examples are attached as well.

Exploring the Potential of Savings-Led Economic Strengthening HIV Interventions Among High-Risk Economically Vulnerable Fishing Communities in Uganda: Associations Between Use of Commitment Savings, Sexual Risk Behavior, and Problematic Alcohol Use.

Fishing communities are a most-at-risk population for HIV in Uganda. Alcohol use and abuse and economic vulnerability fuel risky sexual practices and lead to increased risk of HIV infection in these communities. Economic strengthening is an emerging intervention approach and interventions promoting saving money via mechanisms with a "soft commitment" in the form of restricting or charging small fees for withdrawals, may serve to reduce spending on alcohol and spending that leads to HIV risk behaviors in cash-based economies. However, little research has been conducted to explore the potential for commitment savings-led economic strengthening interventions to address alcohol use and sexual risk behavior among fisherfolk. This cross-sectional study explored the associations between commitment savings, HIV sexual risk behavior, and problematic alcohol among fisherfolk. We also determined whether commitment savings moderated the associations between problematic alcohol use and risky sexual behaviors. 300 (132 male, 168 female) residents of fishing communities on Lake Victoria, Uganda completed a structured interviewer-assisted interview. Over half (55.3%) used commitment savings by saving money in a bank or savings cooperative or via mobile money. Having problematic alcohol use increased the rate of risky unprotected sex with: all partners (adjIRR 6.08, 95% CI 4.30-8.60) and with casual partners and CSWs/clients (adjIRR 4.90, 95% CI 3.09-7.78), and increased the odds of having met a sex partner at an alcohol venue (adjOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.46-5.51) compared to those without problematic alcohol use. Commitment savings was associated with lower odds of: problematic alcohol use (adjOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.26-0.96), meeting a sex partner at an alcohol venue (adjOR 0.43, 95% CI 0.24-0.78), as well as lower rates of risky unprotected sex with all partners (adjIRR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.96), and with causal partners, CSWs/clients (adjIRR 0.38, 95% CI 0.17-0.85). Use of commitment savings moderated the associations between problematic alcohol use and unprotected sex. However, the moderating effects of commitment savings varied by gender. These findings suggest that promoting saving money in savings mechanisms which involve a commitment may be a potentially viable avenue for HIV prevention among fishing communities and may be particularly helpful for those who have problematic alcohol use.

Both fast and slow learning processes contribute to savings following sensorimotor adaptation

Recent work suggests that the rate of learning in sensorimotor adaptation is likely not fixed, but rather can change based on previous experience. One example is savings, a commonly observed phenomenon whereby the relearning of a motor skill is faster than the initial learning. Sensorimotor adaptation is thought to be driven by sensory prediction errors, which are the result of a mismatch between predicted and actual sensory consequences. It has been proposed that during motor adaptation the generation of sensory prediction errors engages two processes (fast and slow) that differ in learning and retention rates. We tested the idea that a history of errors would influence both the fast and slow processes during savings. Participants were asked to perform the same force field adaptation task twice in succession. We found that adaptation to the force field a second time led to increases in estimated learning rates for both fast and slow processes. While it has been proposed that savings is explained by an increase in learning rate for the fast process, here we observed that the slow process also contributes to savings. Our work suggests that fast and slow adaptation processes are both responsive to a history of error and both contribute to savings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied the underlying mechanisms of savings during motor adaptation. Using a two-state model to represent fast and slow processes that contribute to motor adaptation, we found that a history of error modulates performance in both processes. While previous research has attributed savings to only changes in the fast process, we demonstrated that an increase in both processes is needed to account for the measured behavioral data.

ITAP

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are widely used as the accelerator of choice for applications with massively data-parallel tasks. However, recent studies show that GPUs suffer heavily from resource underutilization, which, combined with their large static power consumption, imposes a significant power overhead. One of the most power-hungry components of a GPU—the execution units—frequently experience idleness when (1) an underutilized warp is issued to the execution units, leading to partial lane idleness, and (2) there is no active warp to be issued for the execution due to warp stalls (e.g., waiting for memory access and synchronization). Although large in total, the idle time of execution units actually comes from short but frequent stalls, leaving little potential for common power saving techniques, such as power-gating. In this article, we propose ITAP , a novel idle-time-aware power management technique, which aims to effectively reduce the static energy consumption of GPU execution units. By taking advantage of different power management techniques (i.e., power-gating and different levels of voltage scaling), ITAP employs three static power reduction modes with different overheads and capabilities of static power reduction. ITAP estimates the idle period length of execution units using prediction and peek-ahead techniques in a synergistic way and then applies the most appropriate static power reduction mode based on the estimated idle period length. We design ITAP to be power-aggressive or performance-aggressive, not both at the same time. Our experimental results on several workloads show that the power-aggressive design of ITAP outperforms the state-of-the-art solution by an average of 27.6% in terms of static energy savings, with less than 2.1% performance overhead. However, the performance-aggressive design of ITAP improves the static energy savings by an average of 16.9%, while keeping the GPU performance almost unaffected (i.e., up to 0.4% performance overhead) compared to the state-of-the-art static energy savings mechanism.

Modeling Energy Saving Mechanism for Green Routers

The rapidly growing energy consumption of the Internet core network has been a growing concern. In this respect, we have proposed a distributed and load adaptive energy saving router (ESR) mechanism to manage the energy consumption of green routers in our previous work. In this paper, we propose an analytical model to investigate the performance of ESR. The proposed model captures the distribution of the packet service time, the buffer size, and the packet loss probability. Under the low (resp. high) traffic load situation, our numerical results show that the ESR has the ability to save more than 40% (resp. 9%) energy. In addition to evaluating the ESR performance in terms of the energy saving ratio, rerouting probability and average delay, the models provide manufactures and operators with guidelines for the deployment of green Internet.

Performance Analysis for Qualitative Evaluation with Comparative study for Designing Energy Efficient Algorithm for Wireless SENSOR Networks for Enhancing Lifetime of LEACH Protocol using Dynamic Simulation as Variation in Channel Probing for Opportunistic Power Saving Mechanism for Power Evaluation and Estimation Optimization as Latest Trend used in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Performance Analysis for Qualitative Evaluation with Comparative study for Designing Energy Efficient Algorithm for Wireless SENSOR Networks for Enhancing Lifetime of LEACH Protocol using Dynamic Simulation as Variation in Channel Probing for Opportunistic Power Saving Mechanism for Power Evaluation and Estimation Optimization as Latest Trend used in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Saving and wealth inequality

Why are some people wealthy while others are poor? To what extent can governments affect inequality? Which instruments should they use? Answering these questions requires understanding why people save. Dynamic quantitative models of wealth inequality can help us to understand and quantify the determinants of the outcomes that we observe in the data and to evaluate the consequences of policy reform. This paper surveys the savings mechanisms generated by the transmission of bequests and human capital, by preference heterogeneity, by rate of return heterogeneity, by entrepreneurship, by richer earnings processes, and by medical expenses. It concludes that the transmission of bequests and human capital, entrepreneurship, and medical-expense risk are crucial determinants of savings and wealth inequality and that we need to look at more data to measure their relative importance.

An Instrumental Variable Analysis Comparing Medicare Expenditures for Laparoscopic vs Open Colectomy

Numerous study findings suggest that the use of laparoscopy is associated with lower health care costs for many operations, including colectomy. The extent to which these differences are due to the laparoscopic approach itself or selection bias from healthier patients undergoing the less invasive procedure is unclear. To evaluate the differences in Medicare expenditures for laparoscopic and open colectomy. A population-based study was conducted of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing laparoscopic or open colectomy between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012. The dates of the analysis were November 13 to December 10, 2016. Using instrumental variable methods to account for selection bias, actual Medicare payments after each procedure were evaluated. To identify the mechanisms of potential cost savings, the frequency and amount of physician, readmission, and postacute care payments were evaluated. Several sensitivity analyses were performed restricting the study population by patient demographic or surgeon specialty. Actual Medicare expenditures up to 1 year after the index operation. The study population included 428 799 patients (mean [SD] age, 74 [10] years; 57.0% female). When using standard methods, patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy (vs open) had lower total Medicare expenditures (mean, -$5547; 95% CI, -$5408 to -$5684; P < .01). When using instrumental variable methods, which account for potentially unmeasured patient characteristics, patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy (vs open) still had lower Medicare expenditures (mean, -$3676; 95% CI, -$2444 to -$4907; P < .01), although the magnitude of the association was reduced. When examining the root causes of the difference in costs between patients who underwent laparoscopic and open colectomy, the key drivers were a reduction in costs from readmissions (mean, -$1102; 95% CI, -$1373 to -$831) and postacute care (mean, -$1446; 95% CI, -$1988 to -$935; P < .01). This population-based study demonstrates the influence of selection bias on cost estimates in comparative effectiveness research. While the use of laparoscopy reduced total episode payments, the source of savings is in the postacute care period, not the index hospitalization.

An efficient power saving polling scheme in the internet of energy

A global WLAN standard which utilizes country specific carrier frequencies below 1GHz has been drafted by the IEEE 802.11ah (.ah) Task Group. This draft is highly useful in rural areas due to an improved wireless propagation characteristic and a large coverage. However, the .ah draft still adopts the CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) as its media access and collision resolution protocol, which is energy-consuming and not suitable for networks where STAs (STAtions) are generally battery supplied such as meters in a SG (Smart-Grid) network, one of the typical usecases of Internet of Energy in the .ah draft. In addition, since .ah could support up to at most 6000 STAs to be scheduled within one BSS, the introduced overheads and corresponding processing delay are non-trivial and need more considerations. In this paper, a power saving scheduling scheme is proposed which could greatly reduce the introduced overhead while successfully scheduling the uplink/downlink traffics of meters in the Internet of Energy. Considering the service model and special characters of .ah networks, our model could also extend the STAs battery life with best efforts thus making our protocol specifically suitable for SG networks where battery changing for a device is usually very difficult. Further, to make our model work well, a dynamic AID allocation scheme is also presented by which the AIDs of STAs are assigned according to the average service duration thus making those scheduled STAs with similar service characteristics occupy successive AIDs. In this way, the compressed Bitmap scheme proposed in our Power Saving polling scheme for SG in the Internet of Energy (PSSG), could greatly reduce the communication overheads. Numerical results show that our scheme is better than the Power Saving Mechanism (PSM) and Power Save Multi-Poll (PSMP) protocols in terms of overheads, throughput, average awaken time and energy consumptions.

Exploiting performance, dynamic power and energy scaling in full‐system simulators

SummaryEnergy consumption constraints have become a critical issue in Multiprocessor Systems on Chip (MPSoC) designs. Whereas processor performance comes with a high power cost, there is an increasing interest in exploring the trade‐off between power and performance, taking into account the target application domain. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques adaptively scale frequency or voltage level of CPU allowing it to reach just enough performance to process the system workload while meeting throughput constraints, and thereby, reducing the energy consumption. To explore this wide design space for energy efficiency and performance, hardware and software components, a system‐level simulation infrastructure must provide features to evaluate power savings mechanisms in early stages of the design. This paper presents an extension work of a framework for MPSoCs designs to support DVFS in MPSoCs simulators and evaluates three DVFS mechanisms. Our experiments show that applying DVFS in the system can save power and energy consumption, with negligible loss of performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.