Satureja Cuneifolia Research Articles

Phenolic screening and anticancer potential of various wild savory extracts

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in our age. In addition to the treatments used in cancer, plants are frequently used in complementary or alternative approaches. Plants of the genus Satureja are used world wide for various purposes, primarily as complementary therapies. For this purpose, in this study, the antioxidant potential and phenolic content of the Satureja cuneifolia plant, which is frequently consumed as a spice and tea among the public, and its cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects on cancer cells were tried to be revealed. The cytotoxic effect of the extracts prepared with three different solvents (methanol, ethanol and water) was determined by the MTT test in colorectal cancer (DLD1) and promyelocytic leukaemia cell lines (HL60). Then the expression levels of five apoptotic gene regions (apaf-1, bax, bcl2, card4, casp3 and tp53) were evaluated with Real-Time PCR. The antioxidant potential was determined via the DPPH test, and HPLC was used to screen for phenolic substances. As a result, it was determined that the extracts have cytotoxic effects and have a variable but positive effect on pro-apoptotic gene expressions. When the antioxidant potential was evaluated, it was determined that the methanolic extract had a more radical scavenging effect (IC50: 105.02±0.034 µg/ml). In conclusion, the cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing potentials of the extracts obtained from the S. cuneifolia plant were revealed for the first time upon DLD1 and HL60 cell lines in this study. This study is a pioneer for future studies in cancer therapy. Keywords: Apoptosis; qRT-PCR; Spice; Turkey; Wild savory

Chemical profile, in vitro pharmacological activity and Satureja cuneifolia Ten. evaluation of essential oil based on distillation time

ABSTRACT The medicinal plant Satureja cuneifolia Ten. was widely utilized as spice, tea and traditional medicine. The objective of the current study was to examine the chemical composition and in vitro biological activities (LOX, MMP-1, and MMP-12 enzyme inhibition activity and cytotoxicity on A549 cell line) of Satureja cuneifolia extracts and essential oils. The essential oils of the flowering aerial parts were hydro-distilled at four different distillation times (5, 30, 60, and 180 min) using the Clevenger apparatus. The total essential oil and four fragments were compared in terms of the major component, yield, and distillation time. Volatile compounds of the infusion were extracted by using HS-SPME. Ethanolic extract had the strongest inhibition activity on the LOX enzyme (84.50%), while the essential oils exhibited more cytotoxic activity on the A549 cell line than the extracts. The oils and the infusion were analyzed using GC-MS and the primary chemicals identified by LC-MS/MS.

Phytotoxic Effects of Essential Oils from Six Lamiaceae Species

Essential oils produced by plants, and their components, could be sources of new natural herbicidal compounds. Thirteen oils extracted from six wild Lamiaceae species (namely Clinopodium suaveolens (Sm.) Kuntze, Satureja montana L. subsp. montana, Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Salvia fruticosa Mill. subsp. thomasii (Lacaita) Brullo, Guglielmo, Pavone & Terrasi, Satureja cuneifolia Ten., and Thymus spinulosus Ten.) from South Italy were tested in vitro for the phytotoxic activity to cress and branched broomrape seeds, tomato radicles, and lambsquarters leaf disks. Moreover, the possible correlation between oil composition and biological activity was evaluated. One of the oils from T. capitata inhibited cress germination by 96.4% at the lowest tested concentration (100 ppm) and reduced both chlorophyll and carotenoid content in lambsquarters leaf disks by around 50%. Some oils, particularly those from T. spinulosus, inhibited tomato radicle elongation by 85% at 1000 ppm. Many oils inhibited broomrape seed germination up to 100% when tested in solution at 1000 ppm or released as vapors. Among the oil components, α-terpinene, p-cymene, β-cis-ocimene, cis-sabinene hydrate, carvacrol methyl ether, and thymol were mostly correlated to the inhibition of cress seeds germination and tomato radicle elongation. The presence of thymol and p-cymene was also correlated to the inhibition of broomrape seed germination. Some of the tested essential oils or their components could have potential as pre-emergence herbicides and could be useful in the development of new weed control strategies.

Essential Oils from Some Lamiaceae Plants: Antioxidant and Anticancer Potentials besides Thermal Properties.

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical compositions, antioxidant and anticancer activities and thermal behavior of essential oils (EOs) obtained by a microwave assisted Clevenger apparatus from Mentha longifolia subsp. typhoides var. typhoides (ML), Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens (TK), Calamintha nepeta subsp. nepeta (CN) and Satureja cuneifolia (SC) in Osmaniye, Turkey. Nepetalactone (34.23 %), thymol (37.40 %), piperitone oxide (27.25 %), and carvacrol (28.34 %) were major compounds in the EOs of ML, TK, CN, and SC. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (by FRAP assay) were in the range of 0.27-3.01 mg gallic acid equivalents and 0.62-171.14 μmol trolox equivalent per g EO, respectively. IC50 values of DPPH were mostly greater than ABTS. IC50 levels of the EOs of ML, TK, CN for the cytotoxic activities were 195.7, 265.7, 442.9 μg/ml, and 218.4, 204.2, 133.9 μg/ml for 24 and 48 h, respectively. IC50 of SC-EO could not be calculated in the applied concentration range. The highest fusion enthalpies were in between 58.72 and 81.65 kJ/kg. Both the TK and SC plant EOs had comparable and significant bioactivities. CN-EO reduced cell motility and triggered apoptosis more effectively than the others.

Antibacterial activity of plant essential oils obtained from Satureja species against Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas citri subsp. fuscans

In this study, the antibacterial effects of essential oils obtained from different Satureja species (Satureja cuneifolia Ten., Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., Satureja thymbra L., Satureja hortensis L. and Satureja cilicica P.H. Davis) against Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin and Xanthomonas citri subsp. fuscans (Burkholder) Starr & Burkholder, which cause common leaf blight in bean plant, were tested. Essential oils were found to significantly inhibit the growth of bacterial strains of both disease agents in vitro, and the lowest concentrations that prevent bacterial growth were determined for both pathogens. The effects of essential oil applications on seed germination, number of infected cotyledons and disease severity were also evaluated. It was determined that essential oils of S. cuneifolia and S. spicigera has no negative effects on seed germination while essential oils of S. hortensis, S. thymbra and S. cilicica caused a little decrease in seed germination compared to the control. As a result of S. cuneifolia + pathogen and S. spicigera + pathogen applications, no infected cotyledons were detected, and it was determined that the disease development caused by two pathogens was prevented by 100%.

In vitro Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitory Effects of The Extracts of Satureja cuneifolia

Carbonic anhydrases catalyze the interconversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition has therapeutic importance and there are many drugs which use this mechanism. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used as diuretic, antiglaucoma, antitumor and antiepileptic agents. As an alternative for synthetic chemicals with strong side effects, natural products have gained popularity in the recent years. In this study, Satureja cuneifolia, a medicinal plant used as folk medicine, was investigated for its inhibition effects on carbonic anhydrase I and II enzymes. Four different extracts were obtained with maceration method and three different solvents were used. The results have shown that methanol extracts of Satureja cuneifolia has the strongest inhibition activity on the enzymes with the IC50 values of 31 µg/mL for hCA I and 12 µg/mL for hCA II. Further purification and analytical studies will be needed to obtain the active natural molecules and their potential for pharma and food industries.

In vitro anti-urease, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, cytotoxic and in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of Satureja cuneifolia Ten.

Satureja cuneifolia Ten. (wild savoury) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is used to produce essential oil and aromatic water. This plant is also used as a condiment and herbal tea due to its stimulating, tonic and carminative effects. The in vitro antioxidant, anti-urease, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of the different extracts from the plant’s aerial parts were examined. Besides, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the fraction and direct methanol extracts were determined comparatively. In the current study, fraction methanol extract exhibited the strongest ABTS (52.34 mM trolox/mg extract) radical scavenging and ferric reduction (17.22 mM Fe2+/mg extract) activity. It was also found that the fraction methanol extract had stronger anti-urease (12.52%) and anticholinesterase (69.02%) activity than other extracts. The XTT results showed that fraction methanol extract had the most cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cell lines (39.92%). According to the results of in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, it was found that both fraction and direct methanol extracts exhibited close and significant anti-inflammatory activity. The fact that methanol extracts have significant biological activity suggests that these may be used as a natural source in the future.

Investigation of the toxicity of ethanol extracts obtained from six different Satureja L. species on Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824), (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

In the present study, ethanol extracts obtained from Satureja cilicica P. H. Davis, Satureja cuneifolia Ten, Satureja hortensis L., Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., Satureja thymbra L. and Satureja montana L. were tested against on the adults and larvae of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824)). The experiments were conducted in glass Petri dishes and vacuum desiccators including 15 individual for each period with three replicates under laboratory conditions. 10, 15 and 20 mg/mL doses of ethanol extracts conducted in the Petri dishes and the desiccators showed that depending on concentration increase and duration of exposure time resulted between 2.22-100% toxic effects on the potato beetle larvae and adults. In Petri trials, the highest mortality rate was recorded as 100% for the second larval stage at the 20 mg/mL dose of S. spicigera ethanol extract after 96 hours the treatment. In desiccator experiments, the highest toxicity rate was determined as 100% for first larval stage at the 20 mg/mL dose of S. thymbra ethanol extract after 96 hours of the application. In addition to, when LD values of the ethanol extracts ​​were taken into account the highest toxicity of adult period was determined for S. thymbra extract (LD25:0.000, LD50: 0.010 μL/insect), the lowest toxicity was determined for S. cilicica extract (LD90: 436.020 μL/insect). The results obtained from this study suggested that the ethanol extracts of tested Satureja L. species could be used for L. decemlineata larvae and adults as bio-larvicides and insecticides.

Comparative study of chemical composition of the essential oils from satureja cuneifolia ten. and satureja montana l., lamiaceae collected at national park Lovćen, Montenegro

Comparative study of chemical composition of the essential oils from satureja cuneifolia ten. and satureja montana l., lamiaceae collected at national park Lovćen, Montenegro

Report on the Medicinal Use of Eleven Lamiaceae Species in Lebanon and Rationalization of Their Antimicrobial Potential by Examination of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Their Essential Oils.

Many Lamiaceae species are consumed in the Lebanese cuisine as food or condiment and are largely used in the traditional medicine of Lebanon to treat various diseases, including microbial infections. In this article we report the traditional medicinal uses of eleven Lamiaceae species: Coridothymus capitatus L., Lavandula stoechas L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Mentha spicata L. subsp. condensata, Origanum syriacum L., Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia fruticosa Miller., Satureja cuneifolia Ten., Satureja thymbra L., Thymbra spicata L., and Vitex agnus-castus L. and study the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of their essential oils (EOs). Our survey showed that Lamiaceae species are mainly used against gastrointestinal disorders and microbial infections. Chemical analysis of the EOs obtained from these plants allowed us to identify seventy-five compounds describing more than 90% of the relative composition of each EO. Essential oils with high amounts of thymol and carvacrol possessed the strongest antimicrobial activity. As expected, these two compounds demonstrated an interesting antifungal efficacy against the filamentous fungus T. rubrum. Our results confirmed that some of the Lamiaceae species used in Lebanon ethnopharmacological practices as antimicrobial agents do possess antibacterial and antifungal potential consistent with their use in alternative or complementary medicine.

Anti-Legionella Activity of Essential Oil of Satureja cuneifolia

The essential oil of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. was characterized by a high concentration of the phenolic compounds carvacrol (21.3%) and thymol (9.2%). The in vitro activity of the essential oil against Legionela pneumophila serogroups (SG) I and 2-15 and Legionella spp. from different sources, using microdilution, showed that L. pneumofila is sensitive to the oil, with MICs ranging from 0.12 to 0.5%, v/v, and a MBC at 0.5 to 1%, v/v. The essential oil of S. cuneifolia was effective in the reduction of Legionellosis infections.

SPME/GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds from three Lamiaceae Species (Nepeta conferta Hedge & Lamond, Origanum onites L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten.) Growing in Turkey

Solid phase microextraction of Nepeta conferta Hedge & Lamond, Origanum onites L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten., three Lamiaceae species to Turkey, were analyzed by GC-FID/MS. The main components of the volatile organic components were: p-cymene (25.5 %), eucalyptol (9.8 %), limonene (5.0 %), sabinene (4.8 %), carvacrol (3.7 %), E-linalool oxide (3.3 %), Z-linalool oxide (3.0 %) in N. conferta; carvacrol (47.3 %), p-cymene (15.8 %), γ-terpinene (8.6 %), myrecene (8.6 %), caryophyllene (2.0 %) in O. onites and carvacrol (32.6 %), p-cymene (22.2 %), γ-terpinene (15.1 %), myrecene (5.5 %) and caryophyllene (3.3 %) in S. cuneifolia. Carvacrol was the most abundant component in volatile organic compounds of O. onites (47.3 %), S. cuneifolia (32.6 %) and N. conferta (3.7 %).

In vitroandin vivoantifungal activity ofSatureja cuneifoliaten essential oil onSaprolegnia parasiticastrains isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) eggs

In the present study, the chemical composition and the antifungal properties against Saprolegnia parasitica (in vitro and in vivo) of the essential oils of thyme (Satureja cuneifolia) from Mediterranean region of Turkey were evaluated for the first time. The composition of oils was analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major constituents of oil of S. cuneifolia were cavracrol (46,84%) and cymene (16.90%). Antifungal effects of S. cuneifolia essential oil against S. parasitica strains (A1 and E1) were detected by disc diffusion and tube dilution assays. The antifungal effect of S. cuneifolia was determined to be stronger against S. parasitica E1 isolate (MIC 50 μL mL−1, MLC 250 μL mL−1) compared with S. parasitica A1 isolate (MIC 50 μL mL−1, MLC 500 μL mL−1). Following in vitro assays, effective doses of S. cuneifolia for disease control in rainbow trout eggs experimentally infected with S. parasitica were investigated. For this aim, infected eggs were treated with the essential oil (0, 5, 10, 20 and 50 ppm) during incubation period (21 days) after fertilization. Formalin (5 mL L−1) was used as positive control. Hatching rate of eggs at the end of incubation period were calculated. The highest hatching rates were recorded in S. parasitica E1 strain at 5 and 10 ppm concentrations of S. cuneifolia and in S. parasitica A1 strain at 10 and 20 ppm (P < 0.05).

Investigating the effectiveness of different tea types from various thyme kinds (Origanum onites, Thymbra spicata and Satureja cuneifolia) on anemia and anticholesterolemic activity

In a study on villagers settled on the outskirts of the Taurus Mountains and whose source of living is thyme, it was revealed that the villagers excessively consumed thyme by adding it to their tea and many of their foods; high incidences of anemia was found among these villagers. In this study, 42 male adult Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250g were used. The rats were divided to six equal groups as follows: control, cholesterol (Chol), 80mg/kg Origanum onites Labiatae (OOL), 80mg/kg Thymbra spicata Labiatae (TSL), 80mg/kg Satureja cuneifolia Labiatae (SCL), and 160mg/kg TSL, and each group consisted of seven rats. The control group was fed with normal pellet feed. The Chol group and all the other groups, except for the control group, were fed with 2% cholesterol-containing pellet feed. Physiological serum of 4ml was given to the control and Chol group, wheile 80 mg/kg of thymes tea was given to the OOL group, TSL group, and SCL group, and 160mg/kg of thymes tea was given to the TSL group by means of a gavage for 30days. In the blood samples, the hematologic parameters and the biochemical parameters of serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumin, iron (I), total iron-binding capacity, aminotransferase aspartate, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and oxidized LDL levels were examined. The kidney and liver tissues were examined histopathologically. The results of the study showed that different types of thymes had an antihypercholesterolemic effect. In addition to the anemic effect detected in group TSL and the mild granular degeneration found in the liver of 80mg/kg SCL group, distinct granular degeneration was observed in 160mg/kg TSL group.

Inhibitory Effects of Various Essential Oils and Individual Components against Extended‐Spectrum Beta‐Lactamase (ESBL) Produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Their Chemical Compositions

In the current study, in vitro inhibitory activity of several essential oils obtained from the cultivated plants, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita and M. spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, O. onites, O. vulgare, Satureja cuneifolia, and a number of individual essential oil components of terpene and aromatic types were screened against 10 isolated strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzyme, which makes this microorganism quite resistant against the antibiotics: trimetoprime-sulfametoksazol, sulbactam-ampicilin, clavulonate-amoxicilin, ceftriaxon, cefepime, imipenem, ceftazidime, tobramicine, gentamisine, ofloxacin, and ciprofloksasin. All of the essential oils and the components exerted a remarkable inhibition ranging between 32 and 64 μg/mL against all of these strains as strong as the references (ampicilin and oflaxocin) inhibiting at 32 μg/mL. Besides, chemical compositions of the essential oils were elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils and the pure components widely found in essential oils screened herein have shown remarkable inhibition against ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains, which leads to the suggestion that they may be used as food preservatives for this purpose. Practical Application: The essential oils obtained from Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita and M. spicata, O.cimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, O. onites, O. vulgare, and Satureja cuneifolia as well as common essential oil components have shown notable inhibitory effects against 10 isolated strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzyme and they might be used as food preservative or ingredient.

Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Aromatic Plants Grown in the Mediterranean Area

The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils isolated from four Lamiaceae [Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietsw., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten.] harvested at three different vegetative stages, spontaneously growing in the South of Puglia, towards Gram-(+)ve and Gram-(-)ve bacteria and pathogenic yeasts were evaluated. The four oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS, and exhibited similarities and differences with respect to data reported in the literature. Specifically, T. capitata and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum oils were found to be rich in thymol (60.9–67.5% and 29.8–56.8%, respectively) and R. officinalis oil had large amounts of 1,8-cineole (8.0–51.3%) and α-pinene (3.9–31.4%). The composition of the oil of S. cuneifolia varied most of all, its main constituents being linalool (9.6–32.7%), borneol (12.9–24.0%) and α-pinene (9.5–11.7%). Each of the oils was found to possess some antimicrobial properties using the agar diffusion method. The effectiveness and behavioral specificity varied from one species to another, and within each species, in relation to the vegetative period and the microorganism tested. The most effective oils were those of O. vulgare subsp. hirtum and T. capitata. The latter was also biologically active towards P. aeruginosa which was not sensitive to either R. officinalis or S. cuneifolia oils.

Essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Satureja cuneifolia Ten.

Satureja cuneifolia Ten. is a well-known aromatic plant which is frequently used as a spice and herbal tea in Anatolia. S. cuneifolia oil was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major components of S. cuneifolia oil were carvacrol (44.99%) and p-cymene (21.61%). The essential oil of S. cuneifolia exhibited antimicrobial activity against all of the tested foodborne and spoilage bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for test bacteria which were sensitive to the essential oil of S. cuneifolia were in the range of 600–1400 μg/ml. Antioxidant activities of the essential oil and the methanolic extract from S. cuneifolia were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging, β-carotene–linoleic acid bleaching and metal chelating activity assays. In addition, the amounts of total phenol components in the plant methanolic extract (222.5 ± 0.5 μg/mg) and the oil (185.5 ± 0.5 μg/mg) were determined.

Essential Oil Variability of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. Growing Wild in Southern Puglia (Italy)

Satureja cuneifolia Ten. spontaneously growing in 12 sites in Southern Puglia (Italy), was characterized on the basis of its essential oil composition. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of steam-distilled oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. Cluster analysis made it possible to identify four different chemotypes: linalool, borneol, α-pinene, and borneol/α-pinene. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted the relations existing between the compounds that constitute the essential oils. Moreover, spatial autocorrelation, evaluated in the space described by the principal components, was used to analyse the relationships between chemical polymorphism and certain large-scale environmental conditions proper to sampling sites. Specifically, the arrangement of values in relation to Yearly Rainfall (YR) was found not to be random: the findings showed that increased water availability in the soil causes an arise in the presence of the borneol chemotype. In contrast, reduced water availability is directly correlated with the presence of the linalool and α-pinene chemotypes.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Micromeria thymifolia, M. dalmatica and Satureja cuneifolia

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Micromeria thymifolia, M. dalmatica and Satureja cuneifolia

Essential Oil Composition of Satureja cuneifolia by Simultaneous Distillation-Extraction and Thermal Desorption GC-MS Techniques

essential oils of aerial parts of the Satureja cuneifolia were extracted by simultaneous distilation-exraction and analyzed by gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymol was determined as the main component, comprising 35.8% of the essential oil. The other important compounds were found to be p-cymene (18.3%), y-terpinene (14.2%), p-cymene-2,5-dione (4.5%), carvacrol (3.6%), β-myrcene (3.0%) and ot-terpinene (2.3%). In total, 30 essential oil compounds were identified from the Satureja cuneifolia, which was harvested from Çanakkale-Kilitbahir Region, Turkey. The essential oil composition of species was also determined by thermal desorption GC-MS technique.