Saturation Remanent Magnetization Research Articles

Synthesis, Electric and Magnetic Characterization of Nickel Ferrite/PANI Nano-Composite Prepared by Flash Auto Combustion Method

NiFe2O4/PANI nano-composite with different polyaniline (PANI) content (25%, 50% and 75%) is synthesized. The NiFe2O4 (NF) is prepared by the flash auto combustion method and annealed at 400 °C for 2 h. The PANI is prepared by oxidative polymerization of aniline. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique confirmed that the NiFe2O4 particles are successfully dispersed in the PANI matrix with single phase structure. The characteristic absorption bands are observed from infrared (IR) spectra for the pure NF, pure PANI and their nano-composite. The dielectric constant ( $${\varepsilon }^{^{\prime}})$$ behavior of NF/PANI nano-composite at higher PANI content tends to be a polymer behavior. The Curie temperature decreased by increasing the PANI content and it is attributed to the basis of A-B exchange interaction due to the variation of $${Fe}^{3+}$$ content among the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The values of the saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence magnetization (Mr), coercivity (Hc), area and squareness (Mr/Ms) are measured by using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).

Chemical modification of carboxylated MWCNTs for enhanced electrical conducting and magnetic properties

An electrical conducting and magnetic nanomaterial, [Ni(II)Hyd]-MWCNTs was synthesized via chemical modification of carboxylated MWCNTs (A-MWCNTs). The synthesized material has been studied by FTIR, UV–Visible, XPS, Raman, TGA, powder XRD, TEM and EDAX analysis. Double probe DC conductivity suggested enhanced electrical conductivity of [Ni(II)Hyd]-MWCNTs compared to A-MWCNTs. (RsQ(RctO)) is found to be best fit Randle’s equivalent circuit. The positive slope obtained from Mott-Schottky plot suggested n- type semiconducting behavior of materials. The positive shift in flat-band potential for [Ni(II)Hyd]-MWCNTs is the signature of its more conducting nature than that of A-MWCNTs. The better conductivity of [Ni(II)Hyd]-MWCNTs is also confirmed by optical and electrochemical band gap studies. The field and temperature dependent magnetization revealed intrinsic ferromagnetism in [Ni(II)Hyd]-MWCNTs with enhanced saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization and coercivity values compared to A-MWCNTs. Hence, high electrical conductivity and magnetic properties prompt the [Ni(II)Hyd]-MWCNTs for applicability in spin-based electronic devices and in other application such as EMI shielding, metamaterials, drug delivery, anticorrosion, etc.

Single Phase Oxidation of Ferrimagnetic Grains as a Cause of L-Shaped Arai–Nagata Diagrams

Abstract—The experiments on the determination of paleointensity Banc of the Earth’s magnetic field by Thellier method on basalts of the Berd (Jurassic) and Paravakar (Cretaceous) collections sampled in the northeastern Armenia in 2006 revealed an anomalous behavior of the Arai–Nagata diagrams. The anomaly manifests itself by a sharp drop in the intensity of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) under heating of samples to about 400°C, which is accompanied by a very weak acquisition of partial thermoremanent magnetizations (pTRMs) in this temperature interval. The further increase in temperature leads to the opposite phenomenon—an unexpectedly sharp rise in pTRMs intensity with almost no decrease in NRM, which creates the L-shape of the Arai–Nagata diagram. A similar phenomenon of a steep decline during thermal demagnetization was also established for remanent saturation magnetization Mrs(T). We carried out a number of magnetomineralogical experiments from which we conclude that, consistent with the hypothesis suggested by (Kosterov and Prevot, 1998), the sharp drop in Mrs(T) and NRM(T) curves is caused by the transitions of the domain state from a metastable configuration to a more stable one. These transitions are initiated by the processes of single- and heterophase oxidations of primary titanomagnetites under the laboratory heating of samples to moderate temperatures.

Effect of chromium ions on the structural, magnetic, and optical properties of manganese–zinc ferrite nanoparticles

The present work describes the synthesis of Mn0.5Zn0.5CrxFe2−xO4 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) ferrite nanoparticles by solution combustion method and their detailed structural, electrical, magnetic, and optical characterizations. X-ray pattern represents the creation of a single spinel structure. In addition to this, the distribution of cations is also approximated from X-ray study which is then authenticated by the magnetization technique also. The crystalline size (23–21 nm) and lattice parameter (8.39–8.30 A) are found to shrink with the rise in chromium ions. A decrease in saturation magnetization (0.80–0.64 emu/g) and remanent magnetization (0.05–0.03 emu/g) is found with the rise in chromium ions, while the coercivity is found to increase (83–123 Oe) through the adding of chromium ions. FTIR predicted the two absorption bands (ν1 and ν2) near 600 and 400 cm−1. Dielectric constant and loss tangent were observed to decrease with an increase in frequency, whereas AC conductivity attains a nearly constant value at a lower frequency and observed to increase at higher frequencies with the addition of dopant.

A Study of Magnetic Properties of Manganite Substituted ZnFe2O4 Composites

Composites of ZnFe2O4/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 with different weight percentages were synthesized using sol-gel method and their magnetic behavior was investigated. Powder X-ray diffraction studies show spinel structure for zinc ferrite and rhombohedral for La0.67Sr0.33MnO3. An additional minor phase of α −Fe2O3 and ZnO was also noticed in zinc ferrite suggesting non-stoichiometric nature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies display cohabitation of two phases belonging to ferrite and perovskite phase with varying peak intensities. Field-dependent magnetization measurement at room temperature shows partial variation in saturation magnetization and remanent magnetization values with increase in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 weight percent in zinc ferrite. Except for zinc ferrite, $\left (\frac {dM}{dH}\right )$ shows single peak with smooth variation, pointing to easy rotation of magnetic dipoles under applied fields.

Effect of amorphous SiO2 matrix on structural and magnetic properties of Cu0.6Co0.4Fe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites

This study presents the structural and magnetic characterization of αCu0.6Co0.4Fe2O4/(100-α)SiO2 (α = 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) nanocomposites prepared by sol-gel method, followed by thermal treatment at 200, 500, 800 and 1200 °C. The SiO2 matrix was found to be amorphous. At low ferrite contents, the obtained Cu–Co ferrite is unpurified by crystalline CoO, while at high ferrite contents single-phase Cu–Co ferrite is obtained. The particle sizes increase from 30 to 120 nm with increasing ferrite content embedded in the SiO2 matrix, while the crystallinity increases at higher thermal treatment temperature. The atomic force microscopy revealed the morphology of the Cu0.6Co0.4Fe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites. For samples treated at 200 and 500 °C, the specific surface area increases and the crystallinity decreases with increasing SiO2 content. For all samples, the surface area decreases with the increasing annealing temperature. The SiO2 matrix is diamagnetic and does not show hysteresis curve. The saturation magnetization and remanent magnetization improved, while the coercivity and magnetic anisotropy decreased with increasing Cu–Co ferrite content embedded in SiO2 matrix.

Influence of graphene on the magnetic properties of nickel ferrite nanoparticles

Nickel ferrite nanoparticles were subjected to mechanochemical activation for ball milling times ranging from 0 to 12 h. The milling was performed with and without the addition of equimolar concentrations of graphene nanoparticles. Characterization of resulting nano-powders was undertaken by Mӧssbauer spectroscopy and magnetic measurements. The hyperfine magnetic field was studied as function of milling time for octahedral and tetrahedral sites. An additional quadrupole split doublet represented the occurrence of superparamagnetic particles in the as-obtained and milled specimens. A new phase was obtained in the graphene-milled set of samples, which could be assigned to carbon-rich particles. The degree of inversion and canting angle were derived from the Mӧssbauer measurements and studied as function of ball milling time. The degree of inversion was found to decrease with milling time, especially for the set without graphene and evidenced a transition from inverse to normal spinels. The canting angle decreased with time for the graphene milled nanoparticles. The recoilless fraction was determined as function of milling time and was consistent with the observation – for the first time in literature – of a distribution of recoilless fractions in the studied specimens. The saturation magnetization, remanence magnetization and coercive field were derived from the hysteresis loops, recorded at 5 K and 5 T. The zero-field-cooling-field-cooling measurements were obtained in a magnetic field of 200 Oe and the blocking temperature was determined. Our results show new features of the behavior of nickel ferrite nanoparticles under mechanochemical activation with and without graphene.

Enhanced humidity sensing and magnetic properties of bismuth doped copper ferrites for humidity sensor applications

In present investigation, the CuFe(2-x)BixO4 (where, x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion technique using mixture of fuels as glucose and carbamide. The refined XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns of the samples confirms the spinel cubic structure having space group Fd3m. The average crystallite size was found to be in nanometer. The lattice parameter, volume, strain and hopping lengths were estimated. TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) micrographs confirm the particles are agglomeration. SAED (Selected Area Electron Diffraction) pattern reveals the polycrystalline nature of the material. The magnetic nature of spinel ferrite can be explained by Neel’s two sub-lattice model. In the present work, the observed decrease in magnetization can be ascribed to occupancy and migration of cations at/from B sites by the substitution of Bi3+ ions. The magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization (Mr), coercivity field (Hc), remanence (S), uniaxial anisotropy (Ku) and cubic anisotropy (Kc) were estimated. The resistance and humidity sensing responses increases with increase of the Bi3+ concentration. The hysteresis curves reveal the desorption process is somewhat slower than the adsorption process. The sensing response time 73 s was recorded when sample was moved from 11% RH to 97% RH and the recovery time 36 s was recorded when sample was moved from 97% RH to 11% RH. The humidity sample shows exceptionally stable response at relative humidity 99% RH and 33% RH.

Crystallographic and Magnetic Characteristics of Thin-film Ni<SUB>0.5</SUB>Co<SUB>0.5</SUB>Fe₂O₄ Ferrimagnet

Crystallographic and magnetic characteristics of thin-film NiSUB0.5/SUBCoSUB0.5/SUBFe₂O₄ ferrimagnet prepared by a sol-gel deposition method were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The mixed ferrite NiSUB0.5/SUBCoSUB0.5/SUBFe₂O₄ specimen was found to be polycrystalline having cubic spinel structure with slightly reduced lattice constant compared to CoFe₂O₄. The XPS data indicate that Co and Ni ions in NiSUB0.5/SUBCoSUB0.5/SUBFe₂O₄ have charge valence of +2. The VSM measurements indicate that the NiSUB0.5/SUBCoSUB0.5/SUBFe₂O₄ film have saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, and coercivity of 257 emu/cm³, 115 emu/cm³, and 0.5 kOe, respectively, which are 62 %, 68 %, and 29 % of those of CoFe₂O₄. The reduction of the magnetic parameters of NiSUB0.5/SUBCoSUB0.5/SUBFe₂O₄ compared to CoFe₂O₄ is primarily attributable to the smaller magnetic moment of high-spin NiSUP2+/SUP ion (2 μSUBB/SUB) than that of CoSUP2+/SUP ion (3 μSUBB/SUB).

Influence on the Magnetic Properties of Nd Doped in Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

Spherical magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles with different Nd doping amounts were successfully prepared using a simple hydrothermal method. The products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic laser scattering particle size (DLS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. Results showed that the spherical nanoparticles of pure Fe3O4, pure Nd2O3, and Nd-Fe3O4 were confirmed by XRD and TEM. The size of the prepared nanoparticles decreased first and then increased with increasing Nd doping amount by dynamic laser scattering. In addition, magnetic parameters, including saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, and coercivity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with different doping ratios of Nd, were analyzed by VSM.

Ferromagnetic, electric, and ferroelectric properties of samarium and cobalt co-doped bismuth ferrite nanoparticles

Pure and co-doped multiferroic bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Samarium and cobalt were used as co-dopants in BFO. The co-doped composites had the formula Bi1-xSmxFe1-yCoyO3, where x = 0.1 and y = 0.05, 0.1, or 0.15. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns showed a well-arranged crystalline rhombohedral structure with space group R3c. The rhombohedral structure transformed to an orthorhombic structure with space group Pbam in co-doped BFO nanoparticles. The ferromagnetic properties of synthesized nanoparticles were investigated in detail. Bi0.9Sm0.1Fe0.85Co0.15O3 showed a large increase in saturation magnetization and remanent magnetization to 3.2 and 1.5 emu/g, respectively. The large increase in magnetization with a reasonable squareness ratio and coercive field of co-doped BFO nanoparticles means they have potential uses in memory and spintronic devices. Electric properties such as resistance, reactance, AC resistivity, and AC conductivity were analyzed as a function of frequency. The AC resistivity decreased and the AC conductivity increased greatly with increasing co-dopant concentration. The ferroelectric behavior of pure and co-doped samples was also investigated. The maximum polarization and remanent polarization greatly increased to 12.5 and 7.5 μC/cm2, respectively, in Bi0.9Sm0.1Fe0.85Co0.15O3. The increased conductivity and reduced resistivity of co-doped samples may also be useful in efficient photovoltaic solar cells.

Electric discharge evidence found in a new class of material in the Chicxulub ejecta

Chicxulub impact (66 Ma) event resulted in deposition of spheroids and melt glass, followed by deposition of diamectite and carbonate ejecta represented by large polished striated rounded pebbles and cobbles, henceforth, called Albion Formation1 Pook’s Pebbles, name given from the first site identified in central Belize, Cayo District. Here we report that magnetic analysis of the Pook’s Pebbles samples revealed unique electric discharge signatures. Sectioning of Pook’s Pebbles from the Chicxulub ejecta from the Albion Formation at Belize showed that different parts of Pook’s Pebbles had not only contrasting magnetization directions, but also sharply different level of magnetizations. Such behavior is indicative of electric discharge taking place sometimes during the formation of the Chicxulub ejecta blanket. In addition, some of the Pook’s Pebbles’ surface had recrystallized down to 0.2 mm depth. This is evidence of localized extreme pressures and temperatures during the fluidized ejecta formation which was imprinted in the outer layer of Pook’s Pebbles. Recrystallization caused formation of nanophase iron along the surface, which was revealed by mapping of both natural remanent magnetization and of saturation remanence magnetization signatures. While the spheroids’ magnetization orientation is consistent with reversed magnetic field at the time of impact, the study of the Pook’s Pebbles provided, in addition, new evidence of electric charging during the vapor plume cloud processes.

Study of the Structural, Magnetic and Transport properties of La<sup>3+</sup> Doped Cu-Zn Ferrite

Crystalline La doped Cu-Zn ferrite with compositions Cu0.15Zn0.85LaxFe2-xO4 [ x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08] were synthesized by using conventional solid state reaction method technique. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD),
 Crystalline La doped Cu-Zn ferrite with compositions Cu0.15Zn0.85LaxFe2-xO4 [x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08] were synthesized by using conventional solid state reaction method technique. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), scanning electron micrographs (SEM), hysteresis loop (M-H) curves and frequency dependent resistivity were employed to inspect the effect of La3+ doping on the structure, microstructure, magnetic and transport properties of the specimens. All the specimens exhibited fcc type cubic spinel structure where the particle size were within 500-1600 nm range. Magnetically ferromagnetic phenomenon was found for all the samples where the effect of La3+ doping consequence on the variation of various parameters like saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Hc) and remanent magnetization (Mr). The resistivity tuned by frequency for all the samples presented the decreasing phenomenon with the increase of applied frequency.

Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of Polyaniline-Blended Y-Type Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 Hexaferrite Composites

Polyaniline was blended to tune the magnetic properties of Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 hexaferrites. Polyaniline-blended Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 hexaferrite (weight ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1) composites were prepared by the in situ polymerization method. The obtained polymer-blended ferrite composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating-sample magnetometer and low-frequency (20 Hz–2 MHz) dielectric measurements at room temperature. The presence of the hexagonal phases was detected in XRD peaks of Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 and polymer-blended hexaferrite composites. The dielectric studies showed that polyaniline-embedded hexaferrites have high values of dielectric constants compared with Y-type Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 hexaferrite. In addition, the saturation magnetization, coercivity and remanence magnetization of undoped Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 hexaferrite were decreased and tuned with the polyaniline concentration (from 43.98 emu/g to 9.32 emu/g, 611 Oe to 125 Oe, and 22.4 emu/g to 2.7 emu/g, respectively). Thus, the prepared polymer-blended hexaferrite composites showed promising magnetic and dielectric properties.

Impact of Cu2+ substitution by Co2+ on the structural and magnetic properties of CuFe2O4 synthesized by sol-gel route

The paper presents the influence of Cu2+ substitution by Co2+ in CuFe2O4 embedded in SiO2 on the structure, morphology and magnetic properties. The CuFe2O4/SiO2, Co0.25Cu0.75Fe2O4/SiO2, Co0.50Cu0.50Fe2O4/SiO2, Co0.75Cu0.25Fe2O4/SiO2 and CoFe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites (NCs) were obtained by sol-gel method followed by annealing at 500, 800 and 1100 °C. Beside the ferrite, the presence of CuO at low temperature and cristobalite and quartz at high temperature were observed. The size of spherical particles increases from 38 to 85 nm with increasing annealing temperature and Co2+ content. The saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, coercive field and magnetic anisotropy increase by substituting Cu2+ with Co2+ in the CuFe2O4 structure. The NCs have superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic behavior.

Effect performance of the nanomagnetic properties of Ni–Cu–Co ferrites by Al3+ ions adulteration

In this paper, aluminum-doped Ni–Cu–Co ferrite nanomagnetic material powder was prepared by sol–gel technique using citric acid as a complexing agent and high-purity nitrate as raw material. The effect of doping amount of different Al[Formula: see text] ions on the structure and magnetic properties of ferrites has been studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to characterize the structural and magnetic properties of ferrite. The XRD analysis showed that all samples of Ni–Cu–Co ferrites have a single-phase cubic spinel structure. Average crystallite size was calculated by the Debye–Scherrer formula and it was found that the average crystallite size of the sample was affected by the doping concentration. As the amount of Al[Formula: see text] ion doping increases, the crystallite size decreases from 54.88 nm to 46.09 nm. The absorption peak of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at 590 cm[Formula: see text] further indicates the formation of cubic spinel structure of Ni–Cu–Co ferrite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show the presence of particles which are spherically cubic-shaped particles. The constituent elements of the samples were analyzed by EDX spectroscopy. In addition, the ferromagnetism of the samples was confirmed by VSM measurements. The saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanent magnetization (Mr) first increase and then decrease when the aluminum ion concentration increases. Compared with pure samples and other doped samples, they have the best magnetic properties when the doping amount of Al[Formula: see text] ions is [Formula: see text]. It also shows that the prepared samples are suitable for magnetic recording materials.

The effect of heterovalent doping on the stability and properties of multiferroic Aurivillius phases

The effect of magnetoactive cations on the stability and properties of Aurivillius phases (1) Bi5Ti2(TiFe)1−x(NiNb)xO15, (2) Bi4Ti3−2.5x(Nb1/2Fe1/2)x(Nb2/3Ni1/3)1.5xO12, (3) Bi3Ti1−2.5xNb1+1.5x(Fe1/2Ni1/2)xO9, (4) Bim+1Fem−3Ti(3−x)(Ni1/3Nb2/3)xO3m+3 has been investigated. The range of existence of solid solutions was found to be limited to the values of x = 0–0.10 (1), 0–0.3 (2), and 0–0.2 (3). Although the solid solutions exist in the whole concentration range studied (x = 0–0.07) in the series (4), the stability is limited to the value of m = 6–7. The unit cell volumes increase with increasing x, which is expected due to the ionic radii of the dopant cations that are larger than those of the substituted cations. The coexistence of piezoelectric and magnetic properties was observed in the samples of solid solutions (1) and (4): the values of the piezoelectric coefficient d33 and piezoelectric voltage coefficient g33 reach 7 pC/N and 3.5 mV m/N, respectively; the saturation magnetization Ms and remanent magnetization Mr increase with increasing x, while the coercivity remains almost unchanged. Thermal studies indicate phase transitions in Bi5Ti2(TiFe)1−x(NiNb)xO15, and Bim+1Fem−3Ti(3−x)(Ni1/3Nb2/3)xO3m+3 at ~ 300–400, 750 and 840 °C. Additionally, these samples demonstrate a magnetodielectric effect of up to ~ 50% when applying a DC magnetic field of ~ 1 T in the temperature range of ~ 340–350 °C that is supposed to be a ferromagnetic Curie point.

Studies on structural and magnetic properties of Ni-Mg-Co spinel ferrite nanoparticles sintered at different temperatures

In order to study the effect of sintering temperature on the structure and magnetic properties of nickel-magnesium-cobalt ferrite, [Formula: see text] spinel ferrite with different sintering temperatures (500[Formula: see text]C, 600[Formula: see text]C, 700[Formula: see text]C, 800[Formula: see text]C, 900[Formula: see text]C and 1000[Formula: see text]C) was prepared by sol–gel method. The magnetic properties of the prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results show that the sintering temperature has a significant effect on the structure and magnetic properties of nickel-magnesium-cobalt ferrite. Analysis of the XRD pattern confirmed that all samples showed a single-phase cubic spinel structure. The particle size of the prepared sample determined by the Scherrer equation was 51 nm to 135 nm. As the sintering temperature increases from 500[Formula: see text]C to 1000[Formula: see text]C, the intensity of all peaks gradually increases, the crystallinity and particle size of the sample increase significantly, but the coercive force decreases, the saturation magnetization, the residual magnetization and the squareness [Formula: see text] increase first and then decrease. Compared with other samples, the 800[Formula: see text]C sintered samples had the highest saturation magnetization (59.03 emu/g), remanent magnetization (30.65 emu/g) and squareness (0.519). The increasing peak height of [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] indicates that the cubic spinel structure samples have good crystallinity and magnetic stability.

Influence of vacancy co-doping on the physical features of NdFeO3 nanostructure perovskites

Orthoferrite nanoparticles of the chemical formula Nd1−x□xFe1−y□yO3, (0.0 ≤ y, x ≤ 0.03, step 0.01) were successfully synthesized using citrate combustion method. The samples possess single-phase orthorhombic structure with space group Pbnm. High-resolution transmission electron microscope and selected area electron diffraction were carried out and confirmed that the samples were formed in nanoscale. The molar magnetic susceptibility (χM) indicated the antiferromagnetic behavior of the samples. The magnetic properties of the samples were enhanced by increasing the vacancy concentration in the samples. Both the saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanent magnetization (Mr) of the sample Nd0.97□0.03Fe0.97□0.03O3 were increased by 1.5 times than the parent sample NdFeO3. The small polaron tunneling and the correlated barrier hopping models were used for the interpretation of the conduction mechanism.

Magnetic properties of TPU/NR blends: low loading NiZn and LNR added

Thermoplastic polyurethane and natural rubber blending are able to change the origin properties polymer material. Then, this blend was added with magnetic filler, NiZn at low loading of 1wt% to 5wt%. Other than that, liquid natural rubber (LNR) was also added as compatibilizer. The previous study presented, NiZn ferrite at 3wt% in TPU/NR blend is the optimum filler loading, but LNR was not unbeaten in its role as compatibilizer. The addition of this magnetic filler enhanced the magnetic properties on saturation magnetization and remanence magnetization but decreased the value of coercive force.