Saturation Phenomenon Research Articles

Al2O3-YAG:Ce/YAG composite ceramic phosphor in a transmissive configuration for high-brightness laser-driven lighting.

High-power, high-brightness laser lighting promotes new requirements for light-conversion materials, such as high thermal conductivity, high saturation threshold and compact encapsulation. In this paper, we designed and fabricated a novel composite structure ceramic including a 1.0 × 1.0 mm2 Al2O3-YAG:Ce ceramic and a φ=16.0 mm transparent YAG ceramic for the transmissive configuration in laser lighting. When pumped by blue laser from 0∼60 W mm2, all the samples exhibited no luminous saturation phenomenon, and the 10.0 wt.%Al2O3-YAG:Ce/YAG composite ceramic with the thickness of 0.3 mm maintained white light with a luminous efficacy over 200 lm/W. Moreover, a maximal luminous flux over 1000 lm, a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 5471 K, and an operating temperature as low as 92.3 °C were obtained under the excitation power density as high as 60 W/mm2. The configuration that Al2O3-YAG:Ce encapsulated by YAG reflects an excellent optical and thermal properties by using transparent and highly thermally conductive YAG materials. These results indicate that Al2O3-YAG:Ce/ YAG composite ceramic phosphor is a promising candidate in transmissive configuration for automotive lighting and laser searchlight.

An Overview of Recent Advances in the Event-Triggered Consensus of Multi-Agent Systems with Actuator Saturations

The event-triggered consensus of multi-agent systems received extensive attention in academia and industry perspectives since it ensures all agents eventually converge to a stable state while reducing the utilization of network communication resources effectively. However, the practical limitation of the actuator could lead to a saturation phenomenon, which may degrade the systems or even induce instability. This paper plans to offer a detailed review of some recent results in the event-triggered consensus of multi-agent systems subject to actuator saturation. First, the multi-agent system model with actuator saturation constraints is given, and the basic framework of the event-triggering mechanism is introduced. Second, representative results reported in recent valuable papers are reviewed based on methods for dealing with saturated terms, including low-gain feedback, sector-bounded conditions, and convex hull representations. Finally, some challenging topics worthy of research efforts are dicussed for future research.

Effect of excitation duration on phosphorescence decay and analysis of its mechanisms

The decay time of phosphorescence is often used to measure temperature since it is considered to be unaffected by factors other than temperature. However, in recent years, many factors have been found to affect the decay of phosphorescences, such as oxygen concentration and excitation light energy. In this study, the effect of excitation duration on the decay of phosphorescence was investigated. The commonly used phosphor Mg4FGeO6:Mn4+ was used, and its phosphorescence decay in different wavelength bands with different excitation duration was analyzed. A phenomenon of exponential change of the decay time with the excitation duration was observed. With the increase of excitation duration, a saturation phenomenon of the decay time was also observed. We discuss the decay behavior with different wavelength bands and propose a model to explain the measured data. Combined with the averaged spectrum data, we found that the distribution of excited triplet states electrons is affected by the excitation time, which affects the decay process. The multi-decay process, triplet-triplet absorption inside the coating, and excitation of dark triplet states are all discussed as potential causes. The current study validates the effect of excitation duration on phosphorescence decay experimentally and provides three possible reasons. Understanding the mechanisms underlying how excitation duration affects phosphorescence will aid in the advancement of phosphor thermometry.

Mapping Forest Stock Volume Based on Growth Characteristics of Crown Using Multi-Temporal Landsat 8 OLI and ZY-3 Stereo Images in Planted Eucalyptus Forest

Labeled as a fast-growing tree species, eucalyptus has outstanding carbon sequestration capacity. Forest stock volume (FSV) is regarded as an important parameter for evaluating the quality of planted eucalyptus forests. However, it is an intractable problem to map FSV of planted eucalyptus forests using optical images because of growth characteristics of the crown and low saturation levels. To improve the accuracy of FSV in planted eucalyptus forests, time series Landsat 8 OLI (LC8) images and ZY-3 stereo images were acquired in the study area. Additionally, then, three composite images were proposed using acquired Landsat 8 OLI images based on the size and shape of eucalyptus crowns, and several spectra variables were extracted from these composite images. Furthermore, corrected canopy height model (CCHM) was also extracted from ZY-3 stereo images. Meanwhile, four models (random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and multiple linear regression (MLR)) were used to estimate the FSV with various variable sets using the importance of the alternative variables ranked by RF. The results show that the sensitivity between proposed spectral variables and FSV is significantly improved using proposed composed images based on the growth characteristics of the crown, especially for young eucalyptus forests. After adding CCHM and stand age to the optimal variable set, the average relative root mean square error (rRMSE) of estimated FSV decreased from 41.01% to 29.94% for single LC8 images and from 32.64% to 26.47% for proposed composite LC8 images, respectively. After using the variable set extracted from composite LC8 images, the number of samples with overestimated FSV was significantly decreased for the young forest. Furthermore, forest height plays an important role in improving the accuracy of mapping FSV, whether young or mature eucalyptus forest. It was also proved that composite images related to crown close and CCHM have great potential to delay the saturation phenomenon for mapping FSV in planted eucalyptus forest.

Influence of NH4H2PO4 powder on the laminar burning velocity of premixed CH4/Air flames

The comprehensive inhibition mechanism of hydrocarbon/air premixed flames by monoammonium phosphate (NH4H2PO4) powder is studied in this research work using theoretical, experimental and numerical simulation approaches. The critical diameter of the NH4H2PO4 powder particles in the premixed CH4/air flame was calculated to be 30 μm using a predictive mathematical model. Using a Bunsen burner apparatus, the laminar burning velocity of the CH4/air/NH4H2PO4 mixtures, entrained with NH4H2PO4 powder (D90 < 30 μm), was measured over a gas phase equivalence ratio range of 0.9–1.5, powder concentration range of 0–33.8 g/m3, and temperature and pressure conditions of 298 K and 1 bar, respectively. The experimental results show that the laminar burning velocity of the CH4/air/NH4H2PO4 premixed flames decreased non-linearly with the increase of the NH4H2PO4 powder concentration for a constant equivalence ratio. When the NH4H2PO4 powder concentration exceeded a critical powder concentration under a fixed equivalent ratio, a saturation phenomenon appeared. To study this saturation phenomenon and the inhibition mechanism of NH4H2PO4 powder, a gas-phase kinetic model was developed of the NH4H2PO4 powder on the CH4/air premixed flame. Comparing the simulated laminar burning velocity from the kinetic model with the measurements revealed a reasonably good agreement that proves the dominant chemical inhibition characteristics of NH4H2PO4 powder on the CH4/air premixed flame. The gas-phase chemical kinetic analysis shows that H3PO4 plays a major role in reducing the laminar burning velocity of the CH4/air premixed flames by NH4H2PO4 powder; however, the effect of NH3 was negligible. In addition, the catalytic cycles of small phosphorus species (i.e., HOPO2<=>PO2 and HOPO<=>PO2) scavenged the H and OH radicals in the flame, resulting in disappearance of the overshoot of free radicals (i.e., H and OH), production of the saturation effect and reduction of the laminar burning velocity.

Mapping forest and site quality of planted Chinese fir forest using sentinel images.

Normally, forest quality (FQ) and site quality (SQ) play an important role in evaluating actual and potential forest productivity. Traditionally, these assessment indices (FQ and SQ) are mainly based on forest parameters extracted from ground measurement (forest height, age, density, forest stem volume (FSV), and DBH), which is labor-intensive and difficult to access in certain remote forest areas. Recently, remote sensing images combined with a small number of samples were gradually applied to map forest parameters because of the various advantages of remote sensing technology, such as low cost, spatial coverage, and high efficiency. However, FQ and SQ related to forest parameters are rarely estimated using remote sensing images and machine learning models. In this study, the Sentinel images and ground samples of planted Chinese fir forest located in the ecological “green-core” area of Changzhutan urban cluster, were initially employed to explore the feasibility of mapping the FQ and SQ. And then, four types of alternative variables (backscattering coefficients (VV and VH), multi-spectral bands, vegetation indices, and texture characteristics) were extracted from Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-2A images, respectively. After selecting variables using a stepwise regression model, three machine learning models (SVR, RF, and KNN) were employed to estimate various forest parameters. Finally, the FQ of the study region was directly mapped by the weights sum of related factors extracted by the factor analysis method, and the SQ was also extracted using mapped forest height and age. The results illustrated that the accuracy of estimated forest parameters (DBH, H, and Age) was significantly higher than FSV, FCC, and Age and the largest and smallest rRMSEs were observed from FSV (0.38~0.40) and forest height (0.20~0.21), respectively. Using mapped forest parameters, it also resulted that the rRMSEs of estimated FQ and SQ were 0.19 and 0.15, respectively. Furthermore, after normalization and grading, the grades of forest quality were mainly concentrated in grades I, II, and III in the study region. Though the accuracy of mapping FQ and SQ is limited by the saturation phenomenon, it is significantly proved that using machine learning models and Sentinel images has great potential to indirectly map FQ and SQ.

Propagation characteristics study of radially polarized Gaussian vortex beam in ocean turbulence

Based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel principle, a semi analytical expression of the radially polarized Gaussian vortex (RPGV) beam in ocean turbulence has been deduced. The influence of topological charge, propagation distance, laser wavelength, rate of dissipation of the mean-squared temperature χT, ratio of temperature or salinity contributions to the turbulence ω, rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid ε on the propagation characteristics are discussed in detail. The results show that the beams with higher topological charges can mitigate ocean turbulence effect. The scintillation index increases with the increase of propagation distance and laser wavelength and the decrease of topological charge. When χT is less than1×10−9K2/s, scintillation index increases with an increase of χT. When χT is larger than 1×10−9K2/s, saturation phenomenon of the scintillation index will appear. When propagation distance is less than 40 m, scintillation index increases with an increase of ω. However, when propagation distance is larger than 40 m, scintillation index increases with the decrease of ω. The propagation distance is very sensitive to the degree of polarization (DOP). The degree of polarization becomes worse with the increase of propagation distance, χT and ω and the decrease of topological charge and ε.

Resolving Current Transformer Partial Saturation Problem: An Analytical Approach to Design the Flux Equalizing Winding

Stray fluxes passing through the current transformer (CT) core produced by adjacent bus-bars and conductors or eccentric installation of primary conductors results in asymmetric magnetic flux distribution along the core. This may lead to exceeding the magnetic flux from its appropriate saturation level in some parts of the core, which is called partial saturation (PS) phenomenon. Under such a condition, CT error increases, and some relays maloperations may take place. This paper proposes a novel analytical approach to design flux equalizing winding (EW) for resolving such a problem. Moreover, PS occurrence in a core balance CT (CBCT) is analyzed using the finite element method (FEM), and its negative influence on a sensitive earth fault (SEF) relay is scrutinized as a case study. Simulation studies reveal that the proposed approach can prevent PS-related undesirable effects in a real power system.

Backstepping Control for a Class of Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems Subject to Multisource Disturbances and Actuator Saturation.

In this article, the backstepping control scheme is designed for a class of systems with multisource disturbances, actuator saturation, and nonlinearities in the domain of discrete time. To address the multisource disturbances, we put forward a novel discrete-time hybrid observer, which can deal with both modeled and unmodeled disturbances. In virtue of the radial basis function neural networks, the unknown nonlinearities are approximated. In addition, the anti-windup technique is adopted to cope with the actuator saturation phenomenon, which is pervasive in engineering practice. Bearing all the adopted mechanisms in mind, the composite control strategy is designed in a backstepping manner. Sufficient conditions are established to guarantee that the states of the system ultimately converge to a small range with linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented methodology is verified for the spacecraft attitude system.

ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMAL RADIATION FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

The article presents graphs of absorption of thermal radiation as a function of the mass of absorbing carbon dioxide per unit of illuminated area. Experimental research was preceded by an analysis of a simplified model of radiation absorption, paying attention to the phenomenon of saturation. The results of the experimental research were compared with the theoretical ones and the discrepancies were interpreted. Based on the conclusions, suggestions were made regarding the impact of further CO2 emissions on climate change.

Remotely Sensed Prediction of Rice Yield at Different Growth Durations Using UAV Multispectral Imagery

A precise forecast of rice yields at the plot scale is essential for both food security and precision agriculture. In this work, we developed a novel technique to integrate UAV-based vegetation indices (VIs) with brightness, greenness, and moisture information obtained via tasseled cap transformation (TCT) to improve the precision of rice-yield estimates and eliminate saturation. Eight nitrogen gradients of rice were cultivated to acquire measurements on the ground, as well as six-band UAV images during the booting and heading periods. Several plot-level VIs were then computed based on the canopy reflectance derived from the UAV images. Meanwhile, the TCT-based retrieval of the plot brightness (B), greenness (G), and a third component (T) indicating the state of the rice growing and environmental information, was performed. The findings indicate that ground measurements are solely applicable to estimating rice yields at the booting stage. Furthermore, the VIs in conjunction with the TCT parameters exhibited a greater ability to predict the rice yields than the VIs alone. The final simulation models showed the highest accuracy at the booting stage, but with varying degrees of saturation. The yield-prediction models at the heading stage satisfied the requirement of high precision, without any obvious saturation phenomenon. The product of the VIs and the difference between the T and G (T − G) and the quotient of the T and B (T/B) was the optimum parameter for predicting the rice yield at the heading stage, with an estimation error below 7%. This study offers a guide and reference for rice-yield estimation and precision agriculture.

On the Self-Consistent Simulation of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse

Self-consistency between Compton electrons and electromagnetic (EM) fields is an important physical mechanism in the generation and propagation of early-time high-altitude EM pulse (HEMP). This article develops an iterative self-consistent HEMP simulation scheme based on high-frequency approximation (HFA) algorithms. The self-consistent effect between electrons and fields is decoupled and neglected in the first iteration and then is taken into account by considering the results of the field as the independent fields, which affect electrons in the next iteration. The computation can be improved up to tens of times faster than the existing non-iterative method. This article provides a detailed study about self-consistent HEMP with regard to the influence of prompt gamma yield and various prompt gamma ray spectra. The saturation phenomenon caused by secondary electrons is considered as well. The self-consistent effect is significant in the source region. At ground level, it shortens the duration and reduces the amplitude of HEMP. Numerical results showed that the differences caused by self-consistency are significant in the simulation with different prompt gamma yields and prompt gamma ray of monoenergetic and spectrum.

Clinical utility of serial serum dilutions for HLA antibody interpretation.

Luminex single antigen bead (SAB) testing has increased the sensitivity and specificity of accurately identifying HLA antibodies, in support of all organ transplantation. However, as described in manufacturers' recommendation, the output of the assay, using mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) units, is only semi-quantitative. Therefore, the ability to use MFI values to compare between different assays, to accurately guide clinical practice, or be used as an endpoint measure in clinical trials, is limited. To improve potential quantification, one must circumvent inherent limitations of SAB assays such as interference and saturation phenomena. In this review, we discuss how measurement of pre-transplant serum dilutions can be used to determine unacceptable antigens for wait-listing, determine the likelihood for successful HLA antibody reduction with desensitization, and compare degree of HLA (in)compatibility among various living donors. We also discuss how serum dilutions are optimal for measuring and comparing the efficacy of antibody depletion therapies for desensitization or antibody mediated rejection treatment post-transplant. Historically, one of the main criticisms for the use of serum dilutions and titer has been the potential labor and cost associated with additional testing. Here, we show how only one or two dilutions can add major value in most circumstances. In summary, the practical use of serum dilutions and titer determination are important methods that can be used before and after transplantation of all organs to quantify antibody accurately and reliably in routine practice and in clinical trials.

Place des transferts graisseux dans les malformations des seins et du thorax

Congenital breast deformities usually occur during adolescence and can disturb the self-development and affect the identity during this crucial stage. Several surgical techniques are now available to correct these different anomalies. The objective is to clarify the place of lipomodeling in thoraco-mammary malformations, resuming the different indications, the results, as well as the limits and potential complications. The adipose tissue was harvested by soft aspiration as to reduce adipocyte trauma and using a syringe fitted with a 3.5mm cannula. After centrifugation, fat was reinjected retrogradely and by making thin cylinders of fat similar to "spaghetti". Moderate to severe asymmetry is one of the best indications for lipomodeling using one or two sessions. Thus, a perfect and lasting symmetry is achieved, without the need of an implant, which would inevitably leads to asymmetry because of a dissimilar evolution of the breast all over the time. In Becker's nevus syndrome, lipomodeling has also been performant in bluring the hyperpigmentation of the nevus. The role of lipomodeling in pectus excavatum deformity (antero-posterior sternocostal depression) is also crucial. Lipomodeling can be used alone, or in combination with a rigid customed silicone implant. Tuberous breasts include various anomalies. Lipomodeling is currently used especially when the anomaly is unilateral (2 fat graft sessions are usually needed). Fasciotomies are frequently performed too. Lipomodeling is a real revolution in the management of Poland syndrome (anomaly characterized by the unilateral lack of the pectoralis major muscle, more or less associated with other ipsilateral anomalies). On average, 3 to 5 sessions are necessary to obtain a suitable symmetry. Lipomodeling is very unlikely to cause major surgical complications. Cytosteatonecrosis nodules mainly occur with novice practitioner and decrease as they become more experienced. However, the principle of the three-dimensional network, and the phenomenon of tissue saturation of the recipient site should be respected. The main limitation of lipomodeling is directly related to the amount of fat available. That's why it is very important to evaluate it during the first clinical consultation, and to carefully select the patients eligible in order to limit the risk of failure. Lipomodeling of congenital breast anomalies is a technique well established, with a precise algorithm to follow, and is a procedure with low surgical risk, less scarring, cosmetic and lasting results. This technique is to be suggested as a first line treatment in all indications of congenital breast deformities, alone or combined to an implant. Therefore, it seems essential that a plastic surgeon fully master the indications and the use of fat tissue transfer procedure, in order to obtain natural and harmonious results.

Broadband 1T-polytype tantalum disulfide saturable absorber for solid-state bulk lasers

1T-polytype tantalum disulfide ( 1 T-TaS 2 ), an emerging strongly correlated material, features a narrow bandgap of 0.2 eV, bridging the gap between zero-bandgap graphene and large-bandgap 2D nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Combined with its intense light absorption, high carrier concentration, and high mobility, 1 T-TaS 2 shows considerable potential for applications in broadband optoelectronic devices. However, its NLO characteristics and related applications have rarely been explored. Here, 1 T-TaS 2 nanosheets are prepared by chemical vapor deposition. The ultrafast carrier dynamics in the 400–1100 nm range and broadband NLO performance in the 515–2500 nm range are systematically studied using femtosecond lasers. An obvious saturable absorption phenomenon is observed in the visible to IR range. The nonlinear absorption coefficient is measured to be − 22.60 ± 0.52 cm MW − 1 under 1030 nm, which is larger than that of other typical 2D saturable absorber (SA) materials (graphene, black phosphorus, and MoS 2 ) under similar experimental conditions. Based on these findings, using 1 T-TaS 2 as a new SA, passively Q-switched laser operations are successfully performed at 1.06, 1.34, and 1.94 μm. The results highlight the promise of 1 T-TaS 2 for broadband optical modulators and provide a potential candidate material system for mid-IR nonlinear optical applications.

Local Stabilization of Delayed Fractional-Order Neural Networks Subject to Actuator Saturation

This paper investigates the local stabilization problem of delayed fractional-order neural networks (FNNs) under the influence of actuator saturation. First, the sector condition and dead-zone nonlinear function are specially introduced to characterize the features of the saturation phenomenon. Then, based on the fractional-order Lyapunov method and the estimation technique of the Mittag–Leffler function, an LMIs-based criterion is derived to guarantee the local stability of closed-loop delayed FNNs subject to actuator saturation. Furthermore, two corresponding convex optimization schemes are proposed to minimize the actuator costs and expand the region of admissible initial values, respectively. At last, two simulation examples are developed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the derived results.

Nonlinear dynamics of coupled oscillators in 1:2 internal resonance: effects of the non-resonant quadratic terms and recovery of the saturation effect

This article considers the nonlinear dynamics of coupled oscillators featuring strong coupling in 1:2 internal resonance. In forced oscillations, this particular interaction is the source of energy exchange, leading to a particular shape of the response curves, as well as quasi-periodic responses and a saturation phenomenon. These main features are embedded in the simplest system which considers only the two resonant quadratic monomials conveying the 1:2 internal resonance, since they are the proeminent source allowing one to explain these phenomena. However, it has been shown recently that those features can be substantially modified by the presence of non-resonant quadratic terms. The aim of the present study is thus to explain the effect of the non-resonant quadratic terms on the dynamics. To that purpose, the normal form up to the third order is used, since the effect of the non-resonant quadratic terms will be transferred into the resonant cubic terms. Analytical solutions are detailed using a second-order mutliple scale expansion. A thorough investigation of the backbone curves, their stability and bifurcation, and the link to the forced–damped solutions, is detailed, showing in particular interesting features that had not been addressed in earlier studies. Finally, the saturation effect is investigated, and it is shown how to correct the detuning effect of the cubic terms thanks to a specific tuning of non-resonant quadratic terms and resonant cubic terms. This choice, derived analytically, is shown to extend the validity of the saturation effect to larger amplitudes, which can thus be used in all applications where this effect is needed e.g. for control.

Magnetohydrodynamic modeling and simulation of a vacuum arc plasma jet with a ring anode under different external magnetic fields

Supersonic plasma has been widely used. A vacuum arc ion source provides one possible method for generating supersonic plasma. An external magnetic field can effectively avoid the wall loss of the plasma in the ion source and improve the ion yield. In this work, a two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model is established, considering different components including ions and electrons. With the help of simulation, we explore the physical characteristics of the supersonic vacuum arc plasma formed from a copper disk cathode. The characteristics that we focus on include plasma composition, current density distribution, plasma velocity, and plasma temperature. These characteristics as well as the ion yield are compared when different magnetic fields generated by solenoids near the cathode are applied, as well as when the arc current is different. The results show that, in the absence of an external magnetic field, ions expand freely with the approximate axial velocity and average ion charge state. With the increase of external magnetic flux density, the wall loss of the plasma will decrease, and the axial velocity and average ion charge state will increase, but the magnetic saturation phenomenon exists. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results.

An Online Combined Compensation Method of Geomagnetic Measurement Error

The online error compensation of the three-axis magnetic sensor is the key to a high accuracy geomagnetic assisted navigation. Traditionally, the least squares or its improved methods are used for error compensation, which are offline and need to assume that measurement errors are Gaussian. In this paper, the geomagnetic measurement error is modeled based on the error source analysis, and then the compensation parameters are converted through the ellipsoid hypothesis. To eliminate the negative effect of abnormal values, iterative least squares is designed to calculate static compensation parameters and corresponding residuals, then different weights are assigned to each geomagnetic measurement data through robust estimation. Also, to avoid data saturation phenomenon and finally complete online error compensation, a forgetting factor is introduced into the iterative least squares, and the dynamic coefficients are constructed by weights of measurement data to derive the online updated compensation parameters. Simulation and experiment results both show that the online combined compensation method possesses higher adaptability, which can eliminate the influence of abnormal data effectively. And its accuracy and stability of error compensation are better than other state-of-the-art methods.

A Compensation Method of Saturated Waveform for Space-Borne Laser Altimeter

Due to the difference in surface reflectivity, the laser measurement waveform data recorded in full waveform have a saturation phenomenon. When the signal is saturated, the echo waveform produces peak clipping and pulse spreading, which seriously restrict the accuracy of laser measurement results and the usability of data. Therefore, we conducted a ranging investigation on the “peak clipping” phenomenon of the saturated waveform and found a nonlinear time delay in the range, which is between the two extreme cases of saturated “dead time” and Gaussian fitting peak time as pulse signal reception time. Subsequently, based on the consistent relationship between the geometric characteristics of the high- and low-gain channels of the space-borne laser altimeter, we constructed a laser waveform saturation compensation model, namely, the laser pulse flight time delay compensation and the laser waveform peak intensity compensation, and carried out the data saturation compensation and validation with the dual-channel measurement data from the GaoFen-7 (GF-7) satellite. The experimental results showed that the saturation compensation model (SCM) proposed in this paper could restore the features of the saturated waveform signal and effectively improve the accuracy of the laser ranging. The accuracy of the laser waveform fitting result after saturation compensation improved from 0.7 ns (0.11 m) to 0.14 ns (0.02 m), which greatly improved the usability of the saturated laser measurement waveform data.