Saturated System Research Articles

Analytical solutions for contaminant transport through a GMB/CCL composite liner system considering effective porosity and thermodiffusion

This study presents analytical solutions for one-dimensional contaminant transport through a saturated double-layer composite liner system consisting of a geomembrane (GMB) and a compacted clay liner (CCL), considering the effects of CCL effective porosity, GMB defects, and thermodiffusion. The solutions provide temperature distribution at steady state and contaminant concentration distribution and total contaminant mass flux for transient-state condition. The heat transfer algorithm of the solutions accounts for advection, conduction, and thermal mechanical dispersion, while the solute transport algorithm of the solutions accounts for molecular diffusion, advection, mechanical dispersion, sorption, and thermodiffusion. The proposed solutions are validated against experimental data and verified against numerical solution. Using the proposed solutions, a series of parametric studies is conducted and the results indicate that neglecting the effect of thermodiffusion can underestimate the contaminant outflow rate at the bottom of the GMB/CCL liner by 6.9%∼130%. Depending on conditions, the effect of thermodiffusion on contaminant transport through the GMB/CCL liner decreases with increasing leachate head, increasing length of GMB wrinkle, and increasing number of GMB defects. CCL effective porosity also has a significant impact on contaminant transport through the GMB/CCL liner system, and neglecting this effect can substantially overestimate the contaminant outflow rate.

An analytical model for stream-stimulated hydraulic communication in vadose and saturated zones

Abstract A conceptual model was established to study the patterns of flow in vadose and saturated zones system induced by a prescribed boundary. Richards’ equation was adopted to describe groundwater flow in the vadose zone. Laplace transform and cosine Fourier transform were chosen to derive a semi-analytical solution of the governing equations. A finite-element numerical solution built with COMSOL software was used to test the semi-analytical solution. The buildups of the hydraulic head were investigated for different hydraulic parameters. Some noteworthy conclusions were obtained. The vadose zone parameters (constitutive exponent (κD) and specific yield (Sy)) have a significant effect on the buildups in the vadose zone and saturated zone. A larger κD value and smaller Sy value both lead to higher buildups in the vadose zone, while a larger κD value and a larger Sy value resulted in smaller buildups. As for the specific storage (Ss) of the saturated zone, the influence on buildup is more obvious in the saturated zone rather than in the vadose zone. The analysis further indicates that Media Anisotropy (Kz/Kx) value exhibits opposite influences on the hydraulic head in vadose and saturated zone. The present solution offers a valuable basis for further research of groundwater recharge and better design of MAR engineering.

Mechanistic insights into contaminant transport dynamics in the saturated porous system in the presence of low permeability region using numerical simulations and temporal moment analysis.

The influence of low permeability porous media (LPPM) on contaminant transport dynamics in saturated porous systems was investigated using numerical simulations and temporal moments of contaminant concentrations. Two-dimensional flow and contaminant transport simulations were conducted, considering various parameters such as longitudinal dispersivity (ranging from 15 to 60m), the ratio of transverse to longitudinal dispersivity (ranging from 0.05 to 0.2), retardation factor (ranging from 1 to 4), and hydraulic gradient (ranging from 0.005 to 0.02) for both homogeneous and heterogeneous porous systems. The findings revealed significant differences in the transport behavior of conservative and highly reactive contaminants between the porous systems without and with the LPPM region. The center of mass of contaminant plume and peak concentration zone were observed inside the LPPM region for the heterogeneous porous system, especially during the source off-loading period. Furthermore, asymmetric distributions of the zeroth temporal moment (ZTM), mean residence time (MRT), and variance of the breakthrough curve (BTC) were observed along the longitudinal distance within the LPPM region for heterogeneous porous system, highlighting the impact of heterogeneity on contaminant plume evolution dynamics. The moment analysis results provided insights into the influence of LPPM region on time-averaged contaminant transport dynamics in adjacent porous systems. These findings can help risk managers understand the complex fate and transport dynamics in heterogeneous porous systems. Future studies could explore the modelling of multispecies contaminants in heterogeneous saturated porous systems subjected to fluctuating water table.

Uniqueness of factorization for fusion-invariant representations

Given a saturated fusion system over a finite p-group S, we provide criteria to determine when uniqueness of factorization into irreducible -invariant representations holds. We use them to prove uniqueness of factorization when the order of S is at most p 3. We also describe an example where the monoid of fusion-invariant representations is not even half-factorial. Finally, we find other examples of fusion systems where this monoid is not factorial using GAP.

NONREALIZABILITY OF CERTAIN REPRESENTATIONS IN FUSION SYSTEMS

Abstract For a finite abelian p-group A and a subgroup $\Gamma \le \operatorname {\mathrm {Aut}}(A)$ , we say that the pair $(\Gamma ,A)$ is fusion realizable if there is a saturated fusion system ${\mathcal {F}}$ over a finite p-group $S\ge A$ such that $C_S(A)=A$ , $\operatorname {\mathrm {Aut}}_{{\mathcal {F}}}(A)=\Gamma $ as subgroups of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Aut}}(A)$ , and . In this paper, we develop tools to show that certain representations are not fusion realizable in this sense. For example, we show, for $p=2$ or $3$ and $\Gamma $ one of the Mathieu groups, that the only ${\mathbb {F}}_p\Gamma $ -modules that are fusion realizable (up to extensions by trivial modules) are the Todd modules and in some cases their duals.

DCas9-BE3 and dCas12a-BE3 Systems Mediated Base Editing in Kiwifruit Canker Causal Agent Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) causes bacterial canker of kiwifruit with heavy economic losses. However, little is known about the pathogenic genes of Psa. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas-mediated genome editing technology has dramatically facilitated the characterization of gene function in various organisms. However, CRISPR genome editing could not be efficiently employed in Psa due to lacking homologous recombination repair. The base editor (BE) system, which depends on CRISPR/Cas, directly induces single nucleoside C to T without homology recombination repair. Here, we used dCas9-BE3 and dCas12a-BE3 systems to create substitutions of C to T and to convert CAG/CAA/CGA codons to stop codons (TAG/TAA/TGA) in Psa. The dCas9-BE3 system-induced single C-to-T conversion frequency of 3 to 10 base positions ranged from 0% to 100%, with a mean of 77%. The dCas12a-BE3 system-induced single C-to-T conversion frequency of 8 to 14 base positions in the spacer region ranged from 0% to 100%, with a mean of 76%. In addition, a relatively saturated Psa gene knockout system covering more than 95% of genes was developed based on dCas9-BE3 and dCas12a-BE3, which could knock out two or three genes at the same time in the Psa genome. We also found that hopF2 and hopAO2 were involved in the Psa virulence of kiwifruit. The HopF2 effector can potentially interact with proteins such as RIN, MKK5, and BAK1, while the HopAO2 effector can potentially interact with the EFR protein to reduce the host's immune response. In conclusion, for the first time, we established a PSA.AH.01 gene knockout library that may promote research on elucidating the gene function and pathogenesis of Psa.

Weights in a Benson-Solomon block

AbstractTo each pair consisting of a saturated fusion system over ap-group together with a compatible family of Külshammer-Puig cohomology classes, one can count weights in a hypothetical block algebra arising from these data. When the pair arises from a genuine block of a finite group algebra in characteristicp, the number of conjugacy classes of weights is supposed to be the number of simple modules in the block. We show that there is unique such pair associated with each Benson-Solomon exotic fusion system, and that the number of weights in a hypothetical Benson-Solomon block is$12$, independently of the field of definition. This is carried out in part by listing explicitly up to conjugacy all centric radical subgroups and their outer automorphism groups in these systems.

Some products in fusion systems and localities

The theory of saturated fusion systems resembles in many parts the theory of finite groups. However, some concepts from finite group theory are difficult to translate to fusion systems. For example, products of normal subsystems with other subsystems are only defined in special cases. In this paper the theory of localities is used to prove the following result: Suppose F \mathcal {F} is a saturated fusion system over a p p -group S S . If E \mathcal {E} is a normal subsystem of F \mathcal {F} over T ≤ S T\leq S , and D \mathcal {D} is a subnormal subsystem of N F ( T ) N_\mathcal {F}(T) over R ≤ S R\leq S , then there is a subnormal subsystem E D \mathcal {E}\mathcal {D} of F \mathcal {F} over T R TR , which plays the role of a product of E \mathcal {E} and D \mathcal {D} in F \mathcal {F} . If D \mathcal {D} is normal in N F ( T ) N_\mathcal {F}(T) , then E D \mathcal {E}\mathcal {D} is normal in F \mathcal {F} . It is shown along the way that the subsystem E D \mathcal {E}\mathcal {D} is closely related to a naturally arising product in certain localities attached to F \mathcal {F} .

Glass transition of PLA-CO2 mixtures after solid-state saturation

Polymer foams offer high sustainable performance in terms of their lightweight potential, insulation and high specific mechanical properties. The foaming of polymers depends on the properties of gas-laden solids or liquids. For foaming in the solid state, the foaming temperature must be higher than the glass transition temperature of the saturated polymer system. Moreover, the knowledge of sorption conditions and thermal properties is crucial for foam formation. In this study, the correlation between the glass transition temperature and the sorption conditions was investigated. This comparison was made by determining the sorption behavior for different pressure levels and the corresponding glass transition temperature using a high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry. The time, pressure and CO2 content were varied. For the first time, the Chow model could be verified for PLA with a coordination number of 3.

444P Incidence of cancer diagnosis and cancer care before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia TEAHUPOO study

Cancer care in French Polynesia has been deprioritized during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) pandemic due to the urgent necessity to reorganize health care systems to fight this crisis and patients (pts) were more reluctant to visit medical doctors, fearful about exposure to the virus or not wanting to disturb a saturated health system.

PENGARUH BUDAYA ORGANISASI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DENGAN MOTIVASI SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING PADA PT. BANK NEGARA INDONESIA DI SITUBONDO

One of the important factors in the field of human resources is to create an Organizational Culture and motivation in the company which is the right of employees and the obligation of the company to support the contribution of workers in order to achieve predetermined goals. The purpose of this study is to analyze and test the influence of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance through Motivation as an Intervening Variable in PT. Bnak Negara Indonesia. The population in this study were permanent employees of PT. State Bank of Indonesia. The sampling method is determined by a saturated system. Data analysis and hypothesis testing in the study using structural equation model – Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM).
 The results of the direct influence hypothesis test using the Smart PLS 3.0 application, showed that Organizational Culture has a significant positive effect on Motivation, Organizational Culture has a positive but not significant effect on employee performance, Motivation has a significant positive effect on employee performance, Organizational Culture has a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance through motivation.

Seismic Response of a Liquefiable Site-Underground Structure System

To study the dynamic response of a saturated sand-underground structure system subjected to earthquakes, a series of shaking table tests with a geometric scale ratio of 1/30 were conducted. Based on the experimental acceleration records of testing soil deposits, the relationship between dynamic shear stress and horizontal soil displacement was analyzed by the 1D shear beam inverse calculation method. Meanwhile, the development law of the equivalent dynamic horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient and the dynamic strain of the sidewall in the underground structure has also been discussed. The testing results indicate that the dynamic shear stress of the soil deposit under the bottom plate of the underground structure is larger than that of the soils surrounding the sidewall and above the roof plate; in addition, the soil displacement tends to decrease with the buried depth. The dynamic shear stress–displacement hysteretic loop of the soil deposits tends to be plump as the input amplitude increases. The spectral characteristics of ground motions obviously influence both the dynamic shear stress–displacement hysteretic curve and the excess pore water pressure ratio of saturated sand soil, especially under medium and strong excitations. The equivalent dynamic horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient decreases with the increase of soil depth, and the difference between the coefficient above and underneath the underground structure model can reach 7.589 MN/m3. On the contrary, the equivalent dynamic horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient decreases with the increase of the input amplitude of ground motions, and the maximum reduction ratios of the coefficient are 74.4%, 66.7%, and 47.3%, corresponding to the El-Centro, Kobe, and Wolong ground motions, respectively. The soil liquefaction has a certain effect on the equivalent dynamic horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient. In general, the dynamic strain at the top of the sidewall in the underground structure is higher than that at the bottom of the sidewall, which illustrates that the deformation of underground structures is in good agreement with the seismic deformation mode of soil deposits.

One-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated–saturated soil system considering pervious or impervious drainage condition induced by time-dependent loading

Since the ground with unsaturated soil layer and saturated soil layer is very common in most areas, a more comprehensive analytical solution is essential for the accurate prediction of ground consolidation behavior. In this paper, the one-dimensional consolidation theories for unsaturated and saturated soils are introduced to simulate the consolidation characteristics of the different soil layers, and the hypothetical soil interface of two layers that only allows pore water to flow is supposed in this model. After using the decoupling and Laplace transformation techniques to the coupled governing equations, the general Laplace-domain solutions are proposed under the permeable or impermeable surface for ground consolidation that an unsaturated–saturated ground with finite thickness subject to arbitrary time-dependent loading. The results in the temporal domain for the excess pore pressures and soil settlement are numerically obtained by Crump’s algorithm. The methodology and proposed solution are validated by some published solutions in the literature. Based on the proposed solutions under the three representative boundary conditions, the temporal behavior of ground subjected to ramp loading is explored. The results show that boundary condition would significantly affect the evolutions of excess pore pressures and further change the ground settlement.

A Comprehensive Review on Pyrazole and It’s Pharmacological Properties

Abstract: Heterocyclic chemistry is very important aspects in organic chemistry. Heterocyclic system consists of one or more heteroatoms like nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, etc with hydrogen atoms. The system can be classified as saturated as well as non saturated system or hydrocarbons. Another classification of this ring system is divided in some categories like three-membered, four-membered, five-membered, six-memebered, seven-membered, fused heterocyclics etc. Some compounds under this cklassification are acidic or basic in nature. Examples of heterocyclic compounds are Pyrole, Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Indole, Purine, Pyrazole, etc. Pyrazole is very important under this heterocyclic ring sysyem. Pyrazole is five membered heterocyclics. Pyrazole is basic and unsaturated in nature due to presence of double bonds in their ring structure. When two nitrogen atoms are associated with five menbered heterocyclic ring in 1,2 positions called as Pyrazole structure. It is also known as 1,2-diazole. It is present in many drugs as well as organic compounds and Pharmaceutical compounds. The review study shown that the structure, physical and chemical properties, nomenclature, synthetic approaches, biological activities of Pyrazole heterocyclic ring structure

Fusion systems and localities – a dictionary

Linking systems were introduced to provide algebraic models for p-completed classifying spaces of fusion systems. Every linking system over a saturated fusion system F corresponds to a group-like structure called a locality. Given such a locality L, we prove that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the partial normal subgroups of L and the normal subsystems of the fusion system F. This is then used to obtain a kind of dictionary, which makes it possible to translate between various concepts in localities and corresponding concepts in fusion systems. As a byproduct, we obtain new proofs of many known theorems about fusion systems and also some new results. For example, we show in this paper that, in any saturated fusion system, there is a sensible notion of a product of normal subsystems.

Life cycle performance evaluation of cascade-heating high temperature heat pump system for waste heat utilization: Energy consumption, emissions and financial analyses

Inspired by the principle of cascade energy utilization, the concept of cascade-heating is introduced, and five layouts of cascade-heating high temperature heat pump (HTHP) systems are proposed and optimized to utilize the waste heat. The energy consumption, carbon and pollutant emissions, life cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) models are established. Meanwhile, detailed comparisons are made with conventional HTHPs and boilers. The results indicate it is more positive for cascade-heating HTHPs in terms of energy consumption, carbon and pollutant emissions, LCC and PBP. The primary energy consumption of cascade-heating water cooled saturated suction system (CWSAS) is declined by 1.8–22.8% and 3.4–19.2% in contrast to conventional HTHPs and traditional boilers, respectively. The life cycle carbon emissions of CWSAS are reduced by 1.7–6.1% and 76.5% compared to conventional HTHPs and electric boiler. The pollutant emissions can also be prominently declined by adopting cascade-heating HTHPs. For life cycle economic performance, LCC of cascade-heating flash tank superheated suction system (CFSUS) can be reduced by 4.5–18.3% compared with traditional HTHPs. Furthermore, PBP of CFSUS is the lowest of 3.1 years, and 15.4–65.9% shorter than traditional HTHPs. CWSAS is the most recommended configuration on account of its remarkable overall energy, environment and economic performances.

NbN Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector With 90.5% Saturated System Detection Efficiency and 14.7 ps System Jitter at 1550 nm Wavelength

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) play a pivotal role in infrared single-photon-detection applications owing to their free-running mode, near-unity detection efficiency, and excellent time resolution. However, conventional niobium nitride- (NbN) SNSPDs often have a trade-off between optimal detection efficiency and time resolution. We herein demonstrate NbN SNSPDs in the combination of high efficiency and time resolution by using the helium-ion-irradiated film of 10 nm and a homemade cryogenic amplifier to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed 18-μm-diameter device operated at 850 mK shows a saturated system detection efficiency of ∼90.5% at 1550 nm wavelength with a dark count rate below 50 counts per second (cps), and minimum system timing jitter of ∼14.7 ps. Meanwhile, the recovery time is 21.2 ns owing to its lower kinetic inductance. The time-of-flight light detection and ranging with this device was further carried out indoors, which demonstrates a submillimeter (<0.5 mm) depth resolution, as well as good depth and intensity reconstruction of a low-signature object even under the dwell time of 0.5 ms. It indicates that our device has a great advantage and potential in high-time-resolution and weak-signal-detection applications, such as real-time imaging, fluorescence lifetime detection, and remote laser sensing.

An Explicit Finite Difference Method for Dynamic Interaction of Damped Saturated Soil Site-Pile Foundation-Superstructure System and Its Shaking Table Analysis

The saturated soil site-pile foundation-superstructure system, with large degrees of freedom or strong nonlinear problems, often involves a large amount of calculation and low computational efficiency. In this paper, a fully explicit finite difference method is proposed for a saturated soil site-pile foundation-superstructure system. Since the proposed method has the advantages of decoupling in both time and space, it does not need to solve the equations simultaneously, which grants it high computational efficiency. At the same time, the method is implemented on the open-source software OpenSees and is used to compare and analyze the dynamic responses of the shaking table of a liquefiable soil site-pile foundation-superstructure system. After the calculation and analysis, the numerical solutions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental solutions, which verifies the proposed method and illustrates that the proposed method can reasonably simulate the seismic responses of the whole system. In addition, the proposed calculation platform in OpenSees can be used for the analysis of the liquefaction process and the possible large deformation of soil after liquefaction, as well as for analyzing the failure mode of the complex and nonlinear saturated soil sites and structures under the effects of an earthquake.

Prime ideals of the Burnside ring of a saturated fusion system

In a 1969 article, A. Dress described the prime ideals of the Burnside ring of a finite group G and the inclusion relations between them. One may ask whether similar results exist for the Burnside ring of a saturated fusion system F over a finite p-group S. The present paper answers positively, providing a typology for the prime ideals of A(F) and for those of A(F)(p) as a consequence.

The rise in antimicrobial resistance: An obscure issue in COVID-19 treatment.

A saturated health care system with a lack of evidence-based antiviral medicine and ignorance of antimicrobial stewardship during pandemics has prompted clinicians to prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic more often. A prospective, cross-sectional study of COVID-infected patients was conducted to gain insight into antibiotic prescribing practices and their impact on antimicrobial resistance. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disc diffusion method. 318 patients met the study's inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 46 years and 55% (175) of them being males. Antibiotics were prescribed for 93.72% (209) of mild cases, 92.45% (49) of moderate cases, 96.15% (25) of severe cases, and 100% (16) of critical cases of COVID-19. A total of 95 samples were sent in for culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing, with 58.95% (56) confirming growth. The majority of the growth was found to contain E. coli (14). In 54.9% of cases, antibiotics with less than 50% sensitivity to curing bacterial infection were detected. In the study, we found that antibiotics were being used unnecessarily in excessive quantities and that more than half of the antibiotics were less sensitive to isolated bacteria.