Intake Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Possible explanations for the common clinical familial hypercholesterolemia phenotypes in the Faroe Islands

The prevalence of clinical familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is very high in the Faroe Islands, but the possible causes are unknown. We aimed to describe potential genetic causes of FH in the Faroe Islands and to investigate whether levels of lipoprotein(a) and measures of dietary habits were associated with clinical FH in the Faroe Islands. In this case-control study, we identified potential clinical FH cases aged 18-75 years registered within a nationwide clinical laboratory database in the Faroe Islands and invited them for diagnostic evaluation according to clinical FH scoring systems. Controls were identified in the background population. Lipoprotein(a) was measured in plasma, while the fatty acid composition was determined in adipose tissue. The habitual diet of the participants was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Genetic testing for FH and polygenic variants was performed in a selection of clinical FH cases. A total of 121 clinical FH cases and 123 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. We found a very low frequency of monogenic FH (2.5%), but a high level of polygenic FH (63%) in those genetically tested (67%). High levels of plasma lipoprotein(a) were associated with high odds of clinical FH. Clinical FH cases had a lower intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) measured by a high fat-score and a lower content of SFAs in adipose tissue compared with controls. The high prevalence of FH in the Faroe Islands may be due to polygenic causes of hypercholesterolemia and to a lesser extent other genetic factors and elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) levels.

Associations of Macronutrients Intake With MRI-determined Hepatic Fat Content, Hepatic Fibroinflammation, and NAFLD.

A healthy lifestyle is the cornerstone of management in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the associations between dietary macronutrient composition and different aspects of NAFLD pathology are unclear and dietary recommendations for NAFLD are lacking. This work aimed to evaluate the associations of dietary macronutrient composition with hepatic steatosis, hepatic fibroinflammation, and NAFLD. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 12 620 UK Biobank participants who completed both the dietary questionnaire and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination were included in this study. Dietary consumption of macronutrient was self-reported and calculated. MRI-determined hepatic fat content, fibroinflammation, and NAFLD were estimated. First, we found that saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake was associated with higher hepatic steatosis, fibroinflammation, and NAFLD prevalence. In contrast, higher fiber or protein intake was reversely correlated with hepatic steatosis and fibroinflammation. Interestingly, starch or sugar intake was significantly associated with hepatic fibroinflammation, whereas monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake was negatively correlated with hepatic fibroinflammation. Isocaloric analysis revealed that replacing SFA with sugar, fiber, or protein was significantly associated with a reduction in hepatic steatosis, while replacing starch, sugar, or SFA with protein or MUFA was significantly correlated with a decrease in hepatic fibroinflammation. Overall, our results demonstrate that specific macronutrients are associated with different aspects of NAFLD, and specific dietary compositions should be recommended for distinct NAFLD-risk populations.

Influence of Meal Sequence and Number of Teeth Present on Nutrient Intake Status: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Intake of fiber, as well as protein, and lipid preloading help to control postprandial glycemic elevation in people with type 2 diabetes and in healthy individuals. However, there are few studies on the awareness of meal sequence and nutrient intake status that consider oral conditions. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the effects of meal sequences on nutrient intake status and whether these relationships were related to the number of teeth present. The subjects were recruited from the Medical and Dental Collaboration Center of Kanagawa Dental University Hospital between 2018 and 2021. Medical and dental examinations were performed, and a questionnaire was used to determine whether the diet consisted of vegetables, meat or fish, and carbohydrates in that order. Nutrient intake status was assessed using the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Data were collected from 238 participants. The group with awareness of meal sequence ingested increased nutrients such as n-3 fatty acids, total dietary fiber, calcium, and vitamin C. Saturated fatty acid intake increased in those with fewer teeth, while it was not significantly related to meal sequence. In conclusion, our results showed that meal sequence was associated with nutrient intake status. In addition, the intake of saturated fatty acids increased when many teeth were lost, regardless of meal sequence.

Association of male fatty acid intake with fecundability among couples planning pregnancy.

To what extent is male fatty acid intake associated with fecundability among couples planning pregnancy? We observed weak positive associations of male dietary intakes of total and saturated fatty acids with fecundability; no other fatty acid subtypes were appreciably associated with fecundability. Male fatty acid intake has been associated with semen quality in previous studies. However, little is known about the extent to which male fatty acid intake is associated with fecundability among couples attempting spontaneous conception. We conducted an internet-based preconception prospective cohort study of 697 couples who enrolled during 2015-2022. During 12 cycles of observation, 53 couples (7.6%) were lost to follow-up. Participants were residents of the USA or Canada, aged 21-45 years, and not using fertility treatment at enrollment. At baseline, male participants completed a food frequency questionnaire from which we estimated intakes of total fat and fatty acid subtypes. We ascertained time to pregnancy using questionnaires completed every 8 weeks by female participants until conception or up to 12 months. We used proportional probabilities regression models to estimate fecundability ratios (FRs) and 95% CIs for the associations of fat intakes with fecundability, adjusting for male and female partner characteristics. We used the multivariate nutrient density method to account for energy intake, allowing for interpretation of results as fat intake replacing carbohydrate intake. We conducted several sensitivity analyses to assess the potential for confounding, selection bias, and reverse causation. Among 697 couples, we observed 465 pregnancies during 2970 menstrual cycles of follow-up. The cumulative incidence of pregnancy during 12 cycles of follow-up after accounting for censoring was 76%. Intakes of total and saturated fatty acids were weakly, positively associated with fecundability. Fully adjusted FRs for quartiles of total fat intake were 1.32 (95% CI 1.01-1.71), 1.16 (95% CI 0.88-1.51), and 1.43 (95% CI 1.09-1.88) for the second, third, and fourth vs the first quartile, respectively. Fully adjusted FRs for saturated fatty acid intake were 1.21 (95% CI 0.94-1.55), 1.16 (95% CI 0.89-1.51), and 1.23 (95% CI 0.94-1.62) for the second, third, and fourth vs the first quartile, respectively. Intakes of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans-, omega-3, and omega-6 fatty acids were not strongly associated with fecundability. Results were similar after adjustment for the female partner's intakes of trans- and omega-3 fats. Dietary intakes estimated from the food frequency questionnaire may be subject to non-differential misclassification, which is expected to bias results toward the null in the extreme categories when exposures are modeled as quartiles. There may be residual confounding by unmeasured dietary, lifestyle, or environmental factors. Sample size was limited, especially in subgroup analyses. Our results do not support a strong causal effect of male fatty acid intakes on fecundability among couples attempting to conceive spontaneously. The weak positive associations we observed between male dietary fat intakes and fecundability may reflect a combination of causal associations, measurement error, chance, and residual confounding. The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health, grant numbers R01HD086742 and R01HD105863. In the last 3 years, PRESTO has received in-kind donations from Swiss Precision Diagnostics (home pregnancy tests) and Kindara.com (fertility app). L.A.W. is a consultant for AbbVie, Inc. M.L.E. is an advisor to Sandstone, Ro, Underdog, Dadi, Hannah, Doveras, and VSeat. The other authors have no competing interests to report. N/A.

A novel strategy for preparation of rice bran protein oleogels based on high internal phase emulsion template.

Oleogels have been extensively explored as fat substitutes with no trans fatty acids and low saturated fatty acids in recent years as a result of increased health problems found to be related to the intake of trans and saturated fatty acids. Herein, high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) stabilized by rice bran protein (RBP) was prepared and further utilized as a template for preparation of RBP oleogels. RBP HIPE with the strongest rheological properties was obtained at pH 5.0 as a result of appropriate structural deformation, surface charge and a high three-phase contact angle at this pH. However, RBP oleogels prepared at pH 9.0 exhibited the highest yield stress after drying process. At this pH, RBP showed higher resistance to deformation caused by water evaporation. This highlighted the importance of structural stability of protein network on rheological properties of the resultant oleogels. Furthermore, with an increase in drying temperature, RBP oleogels exhibited higher yield stress and gel strength because water was better removed as a result of an enhanced capability to overcome the capillary pressure of emulsion. The present study further revealed the structure-activity relationship between protein, HIPE and oleogel, and also provided theoretical support for the development of protein-based oleogel. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Association of Eating Pattern, Chronotype, and Social Jetlag: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Data Accumulated in a Japanese Food-Logging Mobile Health Application

Chronotype (morningness–eveningness) and social jetlag (SJL; discrepancy in the sleep pattern between the weekday and weekend) are related to eating behavior and health. The association between sleep behavior and the daily macro- and micronutrient eating pattern of each meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) have not been discussed well and need more evidence. Here, meal pattern datasets of Japanese participants aged 20–59 years were obtained as averages over 1 month from the data stored in the food-logging app “Asken”. We allocated three groups for each chronotype and SJL. Multiple regression analyses revealed that morning chronotype and small SJL were associated with higher total daily intake of potassium, fiber, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin K. Breakfast energy intake and consumption of nutrients, including protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and minerals, were higher in the morning chronotype or small SJL. Lunch intake of potassium, cholesterol, fiber, magnesium, and vitamin K was also higher in the morning chronotype or small SJL. Dinner energy intake and nutrient intake of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, sodium, and saturated fatty acids were lower in the morning chronotype or small SJL. The current data would help to establish a detailed reference for dietary intake which considers eating patterns over a day.

Saturated fatty acid intake, genetic risk and colorectal cancer incidence: A large-scale prospective cohort study.

Previous investigations mainly focused on the associations of dietary fatty acids with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, which ignored gene-environment interaction and mechanisms interpretation. We conducted a case-control study (751 cases and 3058 controls) and a prospective cohort study (125 021 participants) to explore the associations between dietary fatty acids, genetic risks, and CRC. Results showed that high intake of saturated fatty acid (SFA) was associated with a higher risk of CRC than low SFA intake (HR =1.22, 95% CI:1.02-1.46). Participants at high genetic risk had a greater risk of CRC with the HR of 2.48 (2.11-2.91) than those at low genetic risk. A multiplicative interaction of genetic risk and SFA intake with incident CRC risk was found (PInteraction = 7.59 × 10-20 ), demonstrating that participants with high genetic risk and high SFA intake had a 3.75-fold greater risk of CRC than those with low genetic risk and low SFA intake. Furthermore, incorporating PRS and SFA into traditional clinical risk factors improved the discriminatory accuracy for CRC risk stratification (AUC from 0.706 to 0.731). Multi-omics data showed that exposure to SFA-rich high-fat dietary (HFD) can responsively induce epigenome reprogramming of some oncogenes and pathological activation of fatty acid metabolism pathway, which may contribute to CRC development through changes in gut microbiomes, metabolites, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. These findings suggest that individuals with high genetic risk of CRC may benefit from reducing SFA intake. The incorporation of SFA intake and PRS into traditional clinical risk factors will help improve high-risk sub-populations in individualized CRC prevention.

Higher Intakes of Nutrients are Associated with Improved Health-Related Quality of Life among Individuals with Comorbidities

There is a dearth of evidence on the association between nutrient intakes and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among populations with comorbidities. Thus, this study aimed to identify the relationships between nutrient intake and HRQOL in a Korean population with comorbidities (4,136 adults aged ≥18 years). The EuroHRQOL five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) and 24-hour recall methods were used to measure HRQOL and nutrient intake, respectively. Multivariable-adjusted logistic and linear regression models, marginal effects, and cutoff levels were applied to assess associations between nutrient intake and each dimension and the EQ-5D-3L index, as well as interactions of nutrient intake with comorbidities and sex for HRQOL. Interactions were identified between vitamin C, total vitamin A, potassium consumption, and sex for problems with depression and anxiety, problems with pain and discomfort, and any problem. Interactions were observed between monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and sodium intake and comorbidities for problems with mobility and self-care problems among participants with comorbidities, respectively; between vitamin B1, vitamin B3, potassium, saturated fatty acids (SFA), fat, and cholesterol intake and comorbidities for problems with pain and discomfort; and between vitamin B1, MUFA, potassium, fiber, SFA, fat, and carbohydrate intake and comorbidities for any problems. Our findings found higher nutrient intake is associated with enhanced HRQOL in the Korean adult population. More work is needed to improve QOL by quitting smoking, eating more nutritional meals, and exercising regularly.

Nutrient intake and nutritional status of 4-10-year-old Hungarian children

The growing trend of childhood obesity is a major public health issue. Collaborations between medical and healthcare professionals, preventive and health preservative programs, dietary habit and nutrient intake studies are indispensable. A representative study has been performed among 4-10-year-old Hungarian children by gender, age, size of settlement and region. The study included 733 assessable questionnaires and 666 dietary records. Data on children's eating habits were collected by using the internationally recommended three-day dietary record method. Body weight and height measurements were taken for each child to determine nutritional status. Data were analyzed with statistical methods. The rate of overweight and obesity is 23%. Energy intake differs significantly between body mass index groups. The children's fat intake is excessive (34.2 energy%), the saturated fatty acid intake exceeds the recommended 10 energy%, omega fatty acid ratio is disadvantageous and the children's cholesterol intake is high. The average energy from carbohydrates is below the recommended 57 energy%, from added sugar it is 11%, which affects 52% of the children. Their low fibre intake (19.4 g/day) is due to low fruit, vegetable (263 g/day) and whole grain consumption. Of the micronutrients, sodium intake is 3-4 times higher than the recommended. In 35% of the children, the calcium intake is below the critical threshold, due to unfavourable milk and milk product consumption (290 g/day). Vitamin D intake was low in 98-100% of the children. Compared to the results of other European and national studies performed among children, adolescent and adults, the nutritional status and nutrient intake of our sample is unfavourable. Comprehensive intervention, education of the children with the involvement of their parents is essential to reduce obesity. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(14): 533-540.

Consumption of meat and dairy substitute products amongst vegans, vegetarians and pescatarians.

An increasing number of people adhere to plant-based diets, and the market for plant-based meat and dairy substitute products has been expanding rapidly. To examine total intake of macronutrients and salt in a sample of Norwegian vegans, vegetarians and pescatarians; the consumption frequency of plant-based meat and dairy substitutes and raw ingredients used in these products; and the contribution to total macronutrient and salt intake from these products. A cross-sectional design using single 24-h dietary recall to assess the intake of macronutrients, salt and substitute products that the participants (n = 158 Norway residents [age 18-60 years]: vegans [n = 83]; vegetarians [n = 47]; pescatarians [n = 28]) consumed. The chi-square test with pairwise comparisons and the Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc test were used to compare differences between diet groups. Macronutrient and salt intake were assessed relative to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR). Dietary macronutrient intake fell within NNR recommendations, with a favourable distribution of fatty acids and high levels of dietary fibre. Most of the vegans (90%), vegetarians (68%) and pescatarians (64%) consumed meat or dairy substitutes. The main raw ingredient in the substitute products was soy, followed by oats and peas. Overall, substitute products contributed to 12% of total energy and 16% of total salt intake. The substitute products contributed to higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake amongst vegans (27% of total SFA intake) compared with vegetarians (10%) and pescatarians (8%). Moreover, substitute products contributed to higher protein intake in vegans (19%) compared with pescatarians (7%). Most participants consumed meat or dairy substitute products, suggesting that these products are included regularly in Norwegian plant-based diets. Furthermore, substitute products may contribute to dietary fat, SFA and protein intake amongst vegans.

Гибридный гель для замены твердых жиров в кондитерских изделиях

The World Health Organization recommends reducing the intake of saturated fatty acids. However, a direct replacement of solid fats with liquid oils affects the technological and consumer properties of food. The research objective was to develop a hybrid gel with a dense structure based on oleogel and hydrogel to replace saturated fats in semi-finished confectionery products.
 The study featured samples of oleogel from sunflower oil and beeswax at a concentration of 10, 15, and 20% and hybrid gels prepared by mixing the oleogel with a 2% aqueous solution of sodium alginate at ratios of 99:1, 95:5, and 90:10. The samples were tested for strength, adhesive power, viscosity index, consistency, and Young modulus using a TA-XT Plus texture analyzer (Stable Micro Systems Ltd., UK). The water activity was studied using a water activity analyzer LabMaster (Novasina, Lab Master, Switzerland).
 The oleogel samples with wax concentrations of 20 and 15% demonstrated good adhesive strength. The best hybrid gel was the oleogel with 20% wax at the ratio of 95:5 to hydrogel. This ratio resulted in a considerable gel strength (≤ 408.222) while maintaining a dense and uniform texture (Young modulus ≤ 17.05) for a long time. The oleogels had low moisture content (Aw = 0.6 ± 0). The shelf life at 4–10°C was 6 months. The samples had good sensory properties, i.e., clear taste and smell, strong uniform structure and consistency, etc. The paper introduces a formulation for a semi-finished confectionery product with a hybrid gel instead of 30% cocoa butter substitute.
 Hybrid gels can be recommended as a substitute for cocoa butter or confectionery fats to reduce the amount of saturated and trans fatty acids. Such a replacement improves the consumer properties of semi-finished and finished products.

High-Fat Diet Related Lung Fibrosis-Epigenetic Regulation Matters

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an interstitial lung disease characterized by the destruction of the pulmonary parenchyma caused by excessive extracellular matrix deposition. Despite the well-known etiological factors such as senescence, aberrant epithelial cell and fibroblast activation, and chronic inflammation, PF has recently been recognized as a metabolic disease and abnormal lipid signature was observed both in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of PF patients and mice PF model. Clinically, observational studies suggest a significant link between high-fat diet (HFD) and PF as manifested by high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and meat increases the risk of PF and mice lung fibrosis. However, the possible mechanisms between HFD and PF remain unclear. In the current review we emphasize the diversity effects of the epigenetic dysregulation induced by HFD on the fibrotic factors such as epithelial cell injury, abnormal fibroblast activation and chronic inflammation. Finally, we discuss the potential ways for patients to improve their conditions and emphasize the prospect of targeted therapy based on epigenetic regulation for scientific researchers or drug developers.

The Influence of Dietary Interventions on Arterial Stiffness in Overweight and Obese Subjects.

Arterial stiffness is often increased in overweight/obese subjects before the development of hypertension. It is also one of the earliest indicators of increased cardiovascular disease risk and can be considered a good predictor of the development of subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction. Arterial stiffness is a significant prognostic factor influencing cardiovascular risk, which dietary habits can modify. Obese patients should use the caloric-restricted diet because it augments aortic distensibility, diminishes pulse wave velocity (PWV), and increases the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthases. High intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA), trans fats, and cholesterol, typical for the Western diet, impairs endothelial function and raises brachial-ankle PWV. The replacement of SFA with monounsaturated (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from seafood and plants diminishes the risk of arterial stiffness. The dairy product intake (excluding butter) decreases PWV in the general population. The high-sucrose diet causes toxic hyperglycemia and increases arterial stiffness. Complex carbohydrates with a low glycemic index (including isomaltose) should be recommended to keep vascular health. The high sodium intake (>10 g/day), particularly associated with low potassium consumption, has a deleterious effect on arterial stiffness (↑ baPWV). Since vegetables and fruits are good sources of vitamins and phytochemicals, they should be recommended in patients with high PWV. Thus, the dietary recommendation to prevent arterial stiffness should be similar to the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in dairy products, plant oils, and fish, with a minimal red meat intake and five servings of fruits and vegetables daily.

Dietary Fats and Cognitive Status in Italian Middle-Old Adults

The intake of total, single class of dietary fat, such as saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and also single fatty acids grouped according to carbon-chain length, were evaluated by food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Cognitive health was assessed using the short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ). After adjustment for potential confounding factors subjects with a moderate consumption of both short-chain SFA (for Q2 vs. Q1, OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.66) and middle-chain SFA specifically lauric acid (C12:0) intake (for Q2 vs. Q1, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.77) were less likely to suffer from cognitive impairment. Among single MUFAs, erucic acid (C22:1) intake resulted in an inverse association, in a linear way, with cognitive impairment (for Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.39). Conversely, moderate intake of linoleic acid (C18:2) was associated with cognitive impairment (Q3 vs. Q1, OR = 4.59, 95% CI: 1.51, 13.94). Regarding other PUFAs, individuals consuming moderate intake alpha linolenic acid (C18:3) were less likely to have cognitive impairment (for Q3 vs. Q1, OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.64). Total SFA intake appeared to be inversely associated with cognitive impairment. Regarding specific subtypes of fatty acids, the results mostly referred to short- and middle-chain SFA. Further studies are needed to validate the results of the present study.

Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Vitamin D Intake with the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: 2013–2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in Korea and an insufficient vitamin D status increases the risk of various chronic diseases including metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, dietary vitamin D intake, and MetS. The 2013–2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey’s (KNHANES) included participants (n = 4.541; 1145 men; 1368 women) who were aged ≥19. In men, higher serum 25(OH)D levels were correlated with significantly increased protein intake (p = 0.032) and saturated fatty acid intake (p = 0.006), but significantly decreased fat intake (p = 0.027), monounsaturated fatty acid intake (p = 0.005), and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p = 0.003), and significantly decreased serum triglycerides levels (p = 0.002), whereas women had no association with any dietary intake or biochemical markers. Furthermore, our study found a significant negative correlation between abdominal obesity (OR, 0.970; CI, 0.946, 0.994) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 0.974; CI, 0.950, 0.998) and serum 25(OH)D levels in men, as well as a significant decrease in hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 0.980; CI, 0.961, 0.999) with vitamin D intake. However, women had a significantly negative correlation between serum LDL cholesterol (β, −1.751; p = 0.018) and vitamin D intake. By increasing the vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D levels, Korean adults could reduce their risk of MetS-related factors.

Associations between dietary intake and glucose tolerance in clinical and metabolomics-based metabotypes

BackgroundMetabotyping is a novel concept to group metabolically similar individuals. Different metabotypes may respond differently to dietary interventions; hence, metabotyping may become an important future tool in precision nutrition strategies. However, it is not known if metabotyping based on comprehensive omic data provides more useful identification of metabotypes compared to metabotyping based on only a few clinically relevant metabolites.AimThis study aimed to investigate if associations between habitual dietary intake and glucose tolerance depend on metabotypes identified from standard clinical variables or comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from participants recruited through advertisements aimed at people at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 203). Glucose tolerance was assessed with a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and habitual dietary intake was recorded with a food frequency questionnaire. Lipoprotein subclasses and various metabolites were quantified with NMR spectroscopy, and plasma carotenoids were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. We divided participants into favorable and unfavorable clinical metabotypes based on established cutoffs for HbA1c and fasting and 2-h OGTT glucose. Favorable and unfavorable NMR metabotypes were created using k-means clustering of NMR metabolites.ResultsWhile the clinical metabotypes were separated by glycemic variables, the NMR metabotypes were mainly separated by variables related to lipoproteins. A high intake of vegetables was associated with a better glucose tolerance in the unfavorable, but not the favorable clinical metabotype (interaction, p = 0.01). This interaction was confirmed using plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin, objective biomarkers of vegetable intake. Although non-significantly, the association between glucose tolerance and fiber intake depended on the clinical metabotypes, while the association between glucose tolerance and intake of saturated fatty acids and dietary fat sources depended on the NMR metabotypes.ConclusionMetabotyping may be a useful tool to tailor dietary interventions that will benefit specific groups of individuals. The variables that are used to create metabotypes will affect the association between dietary intake and disease risk.

Nutrients, Physical Activity, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Setting of Metabolic Syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic risk factors for diabetes, coronary heart disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some tumors. It includes insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. MetS is primarily linked to lipotoxicity, with ectopic fat deposition from fat storage exhaustion, more than obesity per se. Excessive intake of long-chain saturated fatty acid and sugar closely relates to lipotoxicity and MetS through several pathways, including toll-like receptor 4 activation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma regulation (PPARγ), sphingolipids remodeling, and protein kinase C activation. These mechanisms prompt mitochondrial dysfunction, which plays a key role in disrupting the metabolism of fatty acids and proteins and in developing insulin resistance. By contrast, the intake of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and medium-chain saturated (low-dose) fatty acids, as well as plant-based proteins and whey protein, favors an improvement in sphingolipid composition and metabolic profile. Along with dietary modification, regular exercises including aerobic, resistance, or combined training can target sphingolipid metabolism and improve mitochondrial function and MetS components. This review aimed to summarize the main dietary and biochemical aspects related to the physiopathology of MetS and its implications for mitochondrial machinery while discussing the potential role of diet and exercise in counteracting this complex clustering of metabolic dysfunctions.

Association between legume consumption and the intake of other foods and nutrients in the Finnish adult population.

The role of legumes in healthy and sustainable diets is increasingly of interest. Few studies have investigated the association between legume consumption and the consumption of other food groups and the intake of nutrients. This study examined how legume consumption is associated with the consumption of other foods and the intake of nutrients among Finnish adults. Our study used cross-sectional data from the population-based FinHealth 2017 Study consisting of 2250 men and 2875 women aged ≥18 years. The associations between legume consumption (quartile classification), food groups and nutrients were analysed using multivariable linear regression. The models were initially adjusted for energy intake and additionally for age, educational level, smoking status, leisure-time physical activity and BMI. Legume consumption had a positive association with age, education level and leisure-time physical activity. The consumption of legumes was positively associated with the consumption of fruits and berries, vegetables, nuts and seeds and fish and fish products and inversely associated with the consumption of red and processed meat, cereals and butter and butter-based fat spreads. Furthermore, legume consumption was positively associated with the intake of protein, fibre, folate, thiamine and salt in both sexes and inversely associated with the intake of saturated fatty acids and sucrose (sucrose, women only). Thus, legume consumption appears to reflect overall healthier food choices. An increase in legume consumption could accelerate the transition to more sustainable diets. The confounding role of other foods and nutrients should be considered when studying associations between legume consumption and health outcomes.

Effects of gene-lifestyle interactions on obesity based on a multi-locus risk score: A cross-sectional analysis.

The relationship between lifestyle and obesity is a major focus of research. Personalized nutrition, which utilizes evidence from nutrigenomics, such as gene-environment interactions, has been attracting attention in recent years. However, evidence for gene-environment interactions that can inform treatment strategies is lacking, despite some reported interactions involving dietary intake or physical activity. Utilizing gene-lifestyle interactions in practice could aid in optimizing interventions according to genetic risk. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of gene-lifestyle interactions on body mass index (BMI). Cross-sectional data from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study were used. Interactions between a multi-locus genetic risk score (GRS), calculated from 76 ancestry-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms, and nutritional intake or physical activity were assessed using a linear mixed-effect model. The mean (standard deviation) BMI and GRS for all participants (n = 12,918) were 22.9 (3.0) kg/m2 and -0.07 (0.16), respectively. The correlation between GRS and BMI was r(12,916) = 0.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11-0.15, P < 0.001). An interaction between GRS and saturated fatty acid intake was observed (β = -0.11, 95% CI -0.21 to -0.02). An interaction between GRS and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was also observed in the females with normal-weight subgroup (β = -0.12, 95% CI -0.22 to -0.03). Our results provide evidence of an interaction effect between GRS and nutritional intake and physical activity. This gene-lifestyle interaction provides a basis for developing prevention or treatment interventions for obesity according to individual genetic predisposition.

Intake of Different Types of Fatty Acids in Infancy Is Not Associated with Growth, Adiposity, or Cardiometabolic Health up to 6 Years of Age

Background: Studies in adults indicate that a lower saturated and higher unsaturated fat intake is associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. However, studies on fat intake in relation to cardiometabolic health during childhood are scarce.Objective: We examined associations between dietary intake of fatty acids (FAs) at age 1 y and measures of growth, adiposity, and cardiometabolic health up to age 6 y.Methods: This study was conducted in 2927 children participating in the Generation R Study, a multiethnic, prospective, population-based cohort in the Netherlands. We measured children's total fat intake and intakes of saturated FAs (SFAs), monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) at a median age of 12.9 mo (95% range: 12.2, 18.9 mo) with a food-frequency questionnaire. We repeatedly measured their height and weight up to age 6 y. At 6 y of age, we measured body fat percentage, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and serum insulin, triacylglycerol, and HDL cholesterol. These outcomes were combined into a cardiometabolic risk factor score. We examined associations of FA intake with repeated measures of height, weight, and body mass index by using linear mixed models and with cardiometabolic outcomes by using linear regression models, adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and taking into account macronutrient substitution effects.Results: In multivariable models, we observed no associations of a higher intake of total fat or SFAs, MUFAs, or PUFAs with growth, adiposity, or cardiometabolic health when fat was consumed at the expense of carbohydrates. In subsequent models, there were also no associations observed for higher MUFA or PUFA intakes at the expense of SFAs with any of the outcomes. Results did not differ by sex, ethnicity, age, or birth weight.Conclusion: The results of this study did not support our hypothesis that intake of different types of FAs was associated with adiposity or cardiometabolic health among children.