Saturated Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Long-Term Dietary Fish Meal Substitution with the Black Soldier Fly Larval Meal Modifies the Caecal Microbiota and Microbial Pathway in Laying Hens.

Feeding laying hens with black soldier fly larval (BSFL) meal improves their performance. However, the beneficial mechanism of BSFL meals in improving the performance of laying hens remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of the BSFL diet on liver metabolism, gut physiology, and gut microbiota in laying hens. Eighty-seven Julia hens were randomly assigned to three groups based on their diets and fed maize grain-and soybean meal-based diets mixed with either 3% fish meal (control diet), 1.5% fish and 1.5% BSFL meals, or 3% BSFL meal for 52 weeks. No significant differences were observed in biochemical parameters, hepatic amino acid and saturated fatty acid contents, intestinal mucosal disaccharidase activity, and intestinal morphology between BSFL diet-fed and control diet-fed laying hens. However, the BSFL diet significantly increased the abundance of acetic and propionic acid-producing bacteria, caecal short-chain fatty acids, and modified the caecal microbial pathways that are associated with bile acid metabolism. These findings indicate that consuming a diet containing BSFL meal has minimal effects on plasma and liver nutritional metabolism in laying hens; however, it can alter the gut microbiota associated with short-chain fatty acid production as well as the microbial pathways involved in intestinal fat metabolism. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that BSFL can enhance enterocyte metabolism and gut homeostasis in laying hens.

Effect of different inclusion levels of defatted Hermetia illucens larvae meal on fillet quality of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Abstract In recent years, insect meal has attracted increasing interest as an innovative protein source to replace fish meal in feed formulation due to its valuable nutritional profile. This research aimed to compare the effects of different dietary inclusion levels (5, 10, and 15%) of Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal on Sparus aurata (initial weight: 98.6 ± 0.6 g) sensorial, technological, and nutritional fillets quality. Fish were fed experimental diets over 113 days. Results showed that the inclusion of defatted HI larvae meal did not induce off-flavours in gilthead sea bream fillets. No significant differences were found in appearance, mouthfeels, and texture, while a difference emerged in the trait ‘cooked chicken breast’ for odour and flavour characteristics. Moreover, fillets’ quality traits and proximate composition analyses performed did not show significant differences between the treatments. The fillets’ fatty acid content showed that higher inclusion of HI meal leads to higher saturated fatty acids content, while no significant difference in polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed among treatments. Results have a positive implication as dietary HI did not negatively affect the fatty acids composition or quality of sea bream fillets.

Use of X-Irradiations in Reducing the Waste of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Pistachios and Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of the Irradiated Product.

This study investigates the effects of electron beam irradiation (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 kGy) on Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and the physicochemical properties of pistachios. The findings suggested that e-beam significantly reduced the spore population of A. flavus and the concentration of AFB1 at doses of 4 and 6 kGy. Three AFB1 degradation products were detected via LC-MS analysis and their structures were presented. Total phenolic content was improved at a dose of 2 kGy, while antioxidant activity was decreased in all treatments in both DPPH and ABTS assays. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content declined and the color indices changed, leading to a darker color. E-beam at a dose of 2 kGy raised the soluble protein levels and changed the intensity and pattern of protein bands. Irradiation doses of up to 6 kGy enhanced the content of malondialdehyde and total saturated fatty acids while leading to a decline in unsaturated fatty acids. The quality features were adversely affected at doses > 4 kGy. The findings suggest that as an alternative method, e-beam at doses ≥ 2 kGy can effectively decrease fungal load and aflatoxin B1 contamination, and e-beam application at doses ≤ 2 kGy can maintain the physicochemical attributes of pistachios to an acceptable extent.

Fatty Acid Synthase Polymorphism of Awassi Sheep and its Impact on Fatty Acid Composition

Livestock intramuscular fat content is determined by fatty acid synthase (FASN). The fatty acid profile of the fat is of relevance to human health.  Thus, this study explores the relationship between the polymorphism of the FASN gene in Awassi sheep and its impact on fatty acid composition. The study used 100 Awassi rams, ranging in age from 1 to 2.5 years. Molecular DNA was isolated from each blood sample; genotyping, sequencing reactions, and in silico tools were subsequently used to confirm the variants in amplified fragments.  The results revealed two genotypes (GG and GA) of the ovine FASN gene (exon 2). The novel missense c.186 GA was identified in the genotype GA.  The GA genotype had significantly (P0.05) increased intramuscular fat, higher unsaturated fatty acid content, and lower saturated fatty acid content than the GG genotype. Cumulative in silico analysis indicated a detrimental effect of the SNP c.186 GA on FASN activity. The intramuscular GA genotype of Awassi sheep had a low saturated content relative to unsaturated fats. The result confirmed that the c.186 GA SNP in ovine FASN gene variation is potentially helpful in assessing carcass traits, and this might lead to a more efficient selection of animals with healthier fatty acid profiles, resulting in higher-quality meat.

Fat replacers based on oleogelation of beeswax/shellac wax and healthy vegetable oils

Oleogels based on the combination of oleogelators and vegetable oils are a fat substitute alternative to obtain commercial fats (CF) with reduced saturated fatty acids (SFA), high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and without trans fats (TFA). This study evaluated oleogelation to develop beeswax/shellac wax (BW/SW) with linseed (LO) and canola (CO) oil-based oleogels with a solid gel-like texture and high PUFA. The oleogelation conditions were optimized, and then oleogels were characterized. The optimal conditions were: oleogelator percentage of 10% (w/w), BW/SW ratio of 70/30 (%w/w), heating time of 30min, and heating temperature of 92 and 100 °C for BW/SW-LO and BW/SW-CO oleogels, respectively. The BW/SW-LO and BW/SW-CO oleogels presented firmness values of 423.6 ± 2.81 and 288 ± 2.99g, respectively, with a solid-like rheological behavior comparable to gel. Also, oleogels showed a lower SFA content (12.5 and 9.35%, respectively) than CF (35.9%), and no TFA was produced during oleogelation. The BW/SW-LO oleogel presented a higher PUFA content (68.4%) than the BW/SW-CO oleogel (29.1%). In addition, the oleogels showed peroxide values during storage below the maximum acceptable limit for edible fats and oils. Therefore, oleogels with a healthy fatty acid profile and low lipid oxidation are excellent alternatives to replace CF, offering promising food applications.

Characteristics of Unripened Cow Milk Curd Cheese Enriched with Raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) Industry By-Products.

The aim of this study was to apply raspberry (Ras), blueberry (Blu) and elderberry (Eld) industry by-products (BIB) for unripened cow milk curd cheese (U-CC) enrichment. Firstly, antimicrobial properties of the BIBs were tested, and the effects of the immobilization in agar technology on BIB properties were evaluated. Further, non-immobilized (NI) and agar-immobilized (AI) BIBs were applied for U-CC enrichment, and their influence on U-CC parameters were analyzed. It was established that the tested BIBs possess desirable antimicrobial (raspberry BIB inhibited 7 out of 10 tested pathogens) and antioxidant activities (the highest total phenolic compounds (TPC) content was displayed by NI elderberry BIB 143.6 mg GAE/100 g). The addition of BIBs to U-CC increased TPC content and DPPH- (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)-radical scavenging activity of the U-CC (the highest TPC content was found in C-RaNI 184.5 mg/100 g, and strong positive correlation between TPC and DPPH- of the U-CC was found, r = 0.658). The predominant fatty acid group in U-CC was saturated fatty acids (SFA); however, the lowest content of SFA was unfolded in C-EldAI samples (in comparison with C, on average, by 1.6 times lower). The highest biogenic amine content was attained in C-EldAI (104.1 mg/kg). In total, 43 volatile compounds (VC) were identified in U-CC, and, in all cases, a broader spectrum of VCs was observed in U-CC enriched with BIBs. After 10 days of storage, the highest enterobacteria number was in C-BluNI (1.88 log10 CFU/g). All U-CC showed similar overall acceptability (on average, 8.34 points); however, the highest intensity of the emotion "happy" was expressed by testing C-EldNI. Finally, the BIBs are prospective ingredients for U-CC enrichment in a sustainable manner and improved nutritional traits.

Effect of feed supplementation with seaweed wracks on performance, muscle lipid composition, antioxidant status, digestive enzyme activities, and plasma biochemistry of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles

Macroalgal wracks are frequently considered as waste products. However, macroalgae are a rich source of protein and bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities whose inclusion in aquafeeds is receiving growing attention. The aim of this study was to assess the use of beach-cast macroalgae as dietary supplement for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Fish were fed for 93 days with an extruded commercial diet (CD); a CD supplemented with 7% of a dried-powder from a multispecific macroalgal wrack (30.9% Lobophora sp., 21.9% Dictyota sp., 19.6% Asparagopsis taxiformis, 17.5% Cymopolia sp., 1.8% Hypnea sp., 0.2% Laurencia sp., 0.1% Stypocaulon sp., and 8% not determined) (CD+MU7); a CD supplemented with a monospecific macroalgal wrack of 85% Lobophora sp. (CD+MOL7); and a CD supplemented with a monospecific macroalgal wrack of 85% Dictyota sp. (CD+MOD7). Macroalgae were extracted with n-hexanes, ethyl acetate and ethanol, and the antioxidant capacity of extracts was assessed, with ethyl acetate leading to the most active extracts (p < 0.05). The dietary inclusions of a 7% macroalgal wrack did not negatively affect S. aurata survival, growth, body indexes, proximate composition, oxidative status and plasma parameters. Contrarily, fish fed on CD+MU7 and CD+MOD7 showed the highest monoacylglycerols content, while both monospecific diets led to the highest total saturated fatty acids content in muscle (p < 0.05). The digestive enzymes profile was slightly modified (p < 0.05), but without compromising fish performance. Finally, muscle from fish fed on CD+MOL7 seemed to display a better capacity to modulate the glutathione metabolism (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 7% of macroalgal wracks can be used as a dietary supplement for S. aurata juveniles, depicting an attractive alternative for the effective harnessing of this usually discarded biomass. Macroalgal inclusion may also reduce the use of fish-based ingredients for aquafeeds, diminishing the pressure on pelagic fisheries, and contributing to the blue bioeconomy strategy.

Chemical Composition of Four Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Pollen and Bee Preference.

Apart from its economic value, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a prolific pollen producer, serving as a food source for bees. However, little is known regarding the extent to which varietal differences in hemp pollen chemistry influences bee preference. Here, we report the chemical profile of pollen from four hemp varieties (Canda, CFX-2, Henola, and Joey) and bee abundance and diversity, using direct visual counts and pan traps. The number and type of bees on each variety was recorded and the chemical composition (proximate analysis and mineral, amino, and fatty acid profiles) of pollen from each hemp variety was determined. During the entire sampling period, three bee types (bumble bees, honey bees, and sweat bees) were recorded, with a combined total of 1826. Among these, sweat bees and bumble bees were the most prevalent and were highest on the Joey variety. The four varieties expressed protein content ranging from 6.05% to 6.89% and the highest in Henola. Seventeen amino acids were expressed in all varieties, with leucine recording the highest content ranging from 4.00 mg/g in Canda to 4.54 mg/g in Henola. In general, Henola expressed high protein, amino acid, and saturated and monosaturated fatty acid contents and recorded significantly fewer bees compared with Joey, which had a low content of these components and a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest that, while industrial hemp offers abundant and accessible pollen that would promote bee health and sustainability of their ecosystem services, the nutritional quality may not be adequate for bee growth and development as an exclusive pollen source.

Enhanced Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Activity Promotes Heat Adaptation of Enterococcus faecium.

Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) is widely used in foods and is known as a probiotic to treat or prevent diarrhea in pets and livestock. However, the poor resistance of E. faecium to high temperature processing procedures limits its use. Strain domestication is a low-cost and effective method to obtain high-temperature-resistant strains. In this study, heat treatment was performed from 45 °C to 70 °C and the temperature was gradually increased by 5 °C every 3 days. After domestication, the survival rates of the high temperature adaptation strain RS047-wl under 65 °C water bath for 40 min was 11.5 times higher than WT RS047. Moreover, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents in cell membrane and the cell volume significantly increased in the RS047-wl. The combined transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomics analysis results showed a significant enhancement of cell wall and membrane synthesis ability in the RS047-wl. In conclusion, one of the main factors contributing to the improved high temperature resistance of RS047-wl was its enhanced ability to synthesize cell wall and membrane, which helped maintain normal cell morphology. Developing a high-temperature-resistant strain and understanding its mechanism enables it to adapt to high temperatures. This lays the groundwork for its future development and application.

Differential effects of plant and animal fats on obesity-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is closely associated with obesity through risk factors such as dyslipidemia and chronic low-grade inflammation, which may be affected by diet. Dietary fats have been extensively studied in relation to CVD risk, however these studies have not always yielded consistent results, most likely due to lack in control of experimental conditions and confounding factors. Here we studied the effects of different plant and animal fats on dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice were fed isocaloric energy-dense diets with translational macronutrient composition for 28 weeks. The diets were identical apart from the type of fat they contained: either (1) a mixture of olive and rapeseed oil, (2) sunflower oil, (3) pork fat, (4) beef fat, or (5) milk fat. The fatty acid composition of the diets was determined and effects on circulating lipid and inflammatory risk factors and atherosclerosis were examined, complemented by adipose tissue histology and liver transcriptomics. While visceral fat mass, adipocyte size, and adipose tissue inflammation were not differentially affected by the diets, atherosclerotic lesion load and severity was more pronounced with increasing dietary saturated fatty acid content and decreasing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid content, and hence most pronounced with beef and milk fat. These differential effects were accompanied by increases in pro-atherogenic plasma lipids/lipoproteins (e.g., triglycerides, apolipoprotein B), activation of pro-atherogenic cytokine/chemokine signaling pathways in liver, and with circulating pro-atherogenic mediators of inflammation altogether providing a rationale for the differential effects of plant and animal fats.

Study of the effect of canola proteins-xanthan based Pickering emulsion as animal fat replacer in a food matrix produced from mechanically separated meat

Pickering emulsions stabilized by protein microgel, and hydrocolloid have shown desirable properties to be used as animal fat replacers. However, the potential applications of these structures as animal fat replacers in meat systems formulations have not been explored yet. Therefore, novel Pickering emulsions stabilized by canola proteins microgels and xanthan gum were developed, and their potential as animal fat replacer in meat systems was assessed for the first time. In the present study, 25, 50, 75, and 100% animal fat content were replaced by Pickering emulsion. Moreover, the obtained results revealed that complete fat replacement with canola proteins-based Pickering emulsion in meat emulsion improved its nutritional value by significantly enhancing the percentage of protein, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, and reduction of saturated fatty acid content compared to control (100% animal fat). Reformulation with PEs enhanced the meat systems' technological behavior such as emulsion stability and cooking loss, and oxidative stability. Also, significant total color difference (ΔE *) was observed only in samples with 100% fat replacement. Meat systems containing fat replacement ≤50% showed the closest texture parameters to the control sample. This study provides a promising alternative to replace animal fat with plant-based ingredients in meat systems.

Effects of different forage proportions in fermented total mixed ration on muscle fatty acid profile and rumen microbiota in lambs.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of different forage proportions in the fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) on growth performance, muscle fatty acid profile, and rumen microbiota of lambs. Thirty 6-month-old small tail Han sheep × Ujumqin lambs with initial body weight (BW) of 27.8 ± 0.90 kg were selected for the test and divided into two groups of 15 sheep in each treatment (three pens per treatment and five lambs per pen) according to the principle of homogeneity. Two isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated according to the NRC. The diet treatments were designed as (1) OH treatment containing 25% alfalfa hay and 35% oat hay, and (2) AH treatment containing 35% alfalfa hay with 25% oat hay. The forage-to-concentrate ratio for both diets was 65: 35 (DM basis). Three replicates were randomly selected from each treatment to determine growth performance, fatty acid profile and rumen bacterial communities in lambs. Results revealed no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences in dry matter intake and average daily gain between the two diet groups. Cholesterol and intramuscular fat were significantly (p > 0.05) higher in the AH group, while no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in pH24 value. The muscle fatty acid compositions of lambs were obviously (p < 0.05) influenced by the diet treatments. Compared with the OH group, the C16:1, C17:0, and C20:3n6 contents were higher (p < 0.05) in the AH group, whereas the content of C18:1n9c, C20:1, C18:3n3, and C22:6n3 was obviously (p < 0.05) increased in the OH group. The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were significantly higher in the OH group, whereas no significant differences (p > 0.05) were detected in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents among the two diet treatments. Bacterial composition was generally separated into two clusters based on principal coordinate analysis, and the OH group had a higher Shannon index. The relative abundance at the genes level of the Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was obviously (p < 0.05) increased in the AH group and the relative abundances of Prevotella_1, Fibrobacter, and Bacteroidales_UCG_001_unclassified were obviously (p < 0.05) enriched in the OH group. Integrated correlation analysis also underscored a possible link between the muscle fatty acid compositions and significantly altered rumen microbiota. Overall, oat-based roughage in FTMR could promote a beneficial lipid pattern in the Longissimus lumborum muscles of lambs. These findings provide a potential insight into diet effects on fatty acid profile and the rumen microbiome of lambs, which may help make decisions regarding feeding.

Effects of black pepper and turmeric powder on growth performance, gut health, meat quality, and fatty acid profile of Japanese quail.

In poultry production, the search for alternatives to in-feed antibiotics continues unabated. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of black pepper and turmeric powder, separately or in combination, on the growth performance, gastrointestinal microbiota population, intestinal morphology, serum biochemical parameters, meat quality, and meat fatty acid profile in Japanese quails. Five hundred-day-old mixed-sex Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: a control diet (CON); CON +0.2% antibiotic flavomycin as an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP); CON +0.5% turmeric powder (TUP); CON +0.5% black pepper powder (BPP); and CON +0.5% TUP, and 0.5% BPP (MIX). The findings showed that quail chicks fed AGP and TUP throughout the rearing period had better body weight gain (p = 0.007) and feed conversion ratio (p = 0.02) than the other treatments. The TUP, BPP, and MIX feeds reduced (p = 0.005) abdominal fat percentage. The MIX group had a better breast muscle water-holding capacity (p = 0.04) and lightness index (p = 0.02) and lower (p = 0.02) malondialdehyde concentration after 7days of refrigerated storage. Feeding BPP, TUP, and MIX diets decreased (p = 0.001) serum cholesterol concentration. Quail chicks fed the CON diet showed significantly higher coliform counts in the crop and ileum (p < 0.001), whereas the lactic acid bacterial population was lower (p = 0.008) in the ileum. Birds that received the MIX diet exhibited a higher (p = 0.02) villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum compared to the other groups. The tested feed additives increased (p < 0.001) villus height in the jejunum and ileum compared to other groups. Feeding the TUP, BPP, and MIX diets reduced (p < 0.001) total saturated fatty acid content and increased (p = 0.004) total polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration, where the MIX diet had the best results. Overall, the present data indicate that supplementing the basal diet with turmeric powder enhances the growth performance of Japanese quails. In some respects, such as gut health and meat quality, combining turmeric powder and black pepper powder was more effective than using them independently.

Policy interventions, market, and trade considerations with special reference to rapeseed and mustard

Rapeseed and mustard oil is one of the most consumed edible oils in India due to pungency and colour. India needs nearly 15-20 million tonnes of rapeseed and mustard seed to meet its growing demand as against current production of 9-10 million tonnes of seeds. As per WHO standards, mustard oil with low saturated fatty acid content and high mono unsaturated fatty acid content is a healthy oil and therefore needs special importance in domestic edible oil basket. Currently (2022-23), Government of India (GOI) is implementing National Food Security Mission (NFSM) - (Oilseeds &amp; Oil palm) for increasing oilseeds production and area expansion under oil palm. The NFSM (OS&amp;OP) will be dropped and two new Scheme National Mission on Edible oils (NMEO)-Oilseeds and NMEO-Oil Palm will be implemented with the aim to enhance the edible oilseeds production and oils availabilityin the countrybyharnessing oilseeds and palmoil productivityand to reduce import burden on edible oils. Besides, NMEO-OS the private participation in technology demonstration, input supply, procurement of produce, value addition, infrastructure development and honey production are very much essential to increase edible oils production.

Variability in the energy reserves of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) of the southeastern Pacific Ocean: A temporal and intra-individual perspective

The temporal dynamics of energy reserves are associated with the physiological processes (i.e., reproduction) in marine fishes, in which storage organs play a key role for efficient energy investment. We evaluated the temporal (i.e., seasons) and intra-individual (i.e., organs) dynamics of adult female swordfish (Xiphias gladius) during its feeding period off the Chilean coast in the southeastern Pacific Ocean (SEPO). The biochemical composition (i.e., lipids, proteins, and glucose), energy content and fatty acid profile of the muscle, liver and gonad were evaluated during the austral autumn, winter, and spring. Our results showed principally an intra-individual effect in both the muscle and liver in the autumn and spring. Herein, a trend of higher amounts of lipids and total energy were found in the muscle, while the liver showed greater protein and glucose contents. Consequently, the muscle showed a higher saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents than the liver. Although the gonad showed no significant temporal effect in the lipids and proteins contents, an increasing trend of each biochemical constituent, fatty acid group and gonadosomatic index were found from autumn to winter. Consistently, the glucose and total energy content as well Fulton's condition factor were significantly higher in winter. These findings reflect the spatial-temporal physiological dynamic of swordfish based on the storage of energy reserves in different organs during its feeding period. In this way, the products obtained from swordfish could have an added value depending on the season and capture zone, which could benefit the exploitation and regulation measures of this resource under an ecological approach of conservation and sustainability in the SEPO.

Production of partially hydrogenated soybean oil with low trans-fatty acids using surface dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma.

This study examined the feasibility of applying surface dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma (SDBDCP) to partially hydrogenate crude soybean oil. The oil sample was treated for 13 h using SDBDCP at 15 kV with 100% hydrogen gas under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Fatty acid composition, iodine value, refractive index, carotenoid content, melting point, peroxide value, and free fatty acids content (FFA) were investigated during SDBDCP treatment. Analysis of fatty acid composition demonstrated an increase in the content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (from 41.32% to 55.3%) and a decrease in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (from 58.62% to 40.98%), which resulted in a reduction of the iodine value to 98.49 over the treatment time. Also, the fatty acid profile indicated that the total detected level of trans-fatty acids was very low (0.79%). After a 13-h treatment, the samples showed a refractive index of 1.4637, melting point of 10°C, peroxide value of 4.1 meq/kg, and FFA content of 0.8%. In addition, the results revealed a 71% decline in the carotenoid content of the oil sample due to the saturation of their double bonds. Therefore, these findings suggest that SDBDCP can be effectively used for hydrogenation along with bleaching oil.

Application of the global stability index method to shelf-life prediction and physiochemical characteristics analysis of enteral feeding formula during storage

In this paper, changes in the sensory and physiochemical characteristics of enteral feeding formula stored at 4, 25, 30 and 40 °C for 6 months storage were studied. As the temperature or time increased during storage, sensorial scores decreased, vitamins of A, B1 and C degraded to varying degrees, meanwhile lipid hydroperoxides level and the relative contents of saturated fatty acids gradually increased. Besides, the particle size increased, and the zeta-potential increased initially and then decreased, the most charge was −23.19 at 25 °C after 2 months. In addition, the mathematical model developed based on global stability index (GSI) could describe the dependency of GSI with temperature and storage time. The calculated data of GSI were satisfactorily described by a zero-order kinetic model. The predicted kinetic models could apply to evaluate the quality changes of the enteral feeding formula during storage and transportation.

Fermentation parameters in the rumen of goats supplemented with polyphenol oxidase derived from Gliricidia sepium leaves under in vitro conditions

Abstract. Huda AN, Sabarudin A, Jayanegara A, Soetanto H. 2023. Fermentation parameters in the rumen of goats supplemented with polyphenol oxidase derived from Gliricidia sepium leaves under in vitro conditions. Biodiversitas 24: 3282-3290. The growing demand for healthy foods derived from ruminant products is restricted by the high content of saturated fatty acids in meat or milk due to the process of rumen biohydrogenation. Recent reports from intensive studies using polyphenol oxidase (PPO), an enzyme in plants’ secondary metabolism, as the inhibitor of rumen biohydrogenation cost doubt of ruminant products. PPO is assumed to increase the supply of UFA by reducing the rate of biohydrogenation due to rumen microbes’ activity. Microbes of the rumen, including species of bacteria and protozoa are responsible for rumen biohydrogenation. The present study investigated the effect of adding PPO derived from Gliricidia sepium leaves on fermentation parameters in the rumen, including protozoa density and diversity, fatty acid profile, volatile fatty acid profile, and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis under in vitro conditions. The experiment was carried out through an in vitro rumen fermentation method, consisting of five treatments, i.e., negative control, positive control, the addition of 0.1 ml, 0.3 ml, and 0.5 ml PPO emulsion. The most dominant type of protozoa among all treatments was Entodinium spp. PPO emulsion increases the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and volatile fatty acid concentration. 0.5 ml PPO emulsion increases linoleic acid. In conclusion, this finding poses a question on the role of rumen protozoa in lipid biohydrogenation in the rumen. A further experiment on the benefits of adding PPO regarding rumen biohydrogenation under in vivo conditions is warranted.

Development of healthier and industrially applicable oleogel with low saturated fatty acid content using a small amount of high-melting fat

We aimed to develop a low-saturated fat oleogel with a small amount of high-melting fat and elucidate its gelation mechanism. Fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil rich in behenic acid (FHR-B), fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil rich in stearic acid (FHR-S), fully hydrogenated fish oil extracted from sardines (FHF), fully hydrogenated beef tallow (FHBT), fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHP), and fully hydrogenated hard palm mid-fraction (FHHPMF) were used as oleogelators. The gelation ability, chemical composition, crystal morphology, polymorphism, and melting properties of the prepared samples were evaluated. FHR-B, FHF, FHP, and FHHPMF formed gels with 2 wt% or lower concentrations. High-melting fat with a high gelation ability formed fibrous crystals with a high aspect ratio, that is, whisker crystals, in canola oil. The crystal morphology was affected by the triacylglycerol composition. Moreover, high-temperature storage caused the separation of TAGs, affecting the crystal morphology. Hence, high-melting fats with complex TAG compositions showed different gelation behaviors depending on the storage temperature. We confirmed that FHHPMF exhibited exceptionally high gelation ability, forming a gel at only 0.5 wt%. Therefore, FHHPMF may be a suitable oleogelator for industrial use with a controllable saturated fatty acid content and waxy mouthfeel.

Seasonal differences of feeding ecology of Uroteuthis edulis in the East China Sea based on fatty acid and stable isotope.

Uroteuthis edulis, an important fishery target species, plays an important role in the food web of the East China Sea. We collected U. edulis samples in the East China Sea from September 2020 to January 2021 to examine their feeding differences in autumn and winter based on fatty acid and stable isotope analyses. The results showed that the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the highest, followed by saturated fatty acids (SFA), and the lowest content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in autumn and winter. Results of the similarity ana-lysis showed significant differences in PUFA and MUFA contents but no differences in SFA contents between autumn and winter. Results of non-metric multidimensional scale analysis showed that C18:1n9 could be used as signature fatty acids in autumn samples and C22:6n3 as characteristic fatty acids in winter samples. There was significant difference of δ15N between autumn and winter, but no difference of δ13C. The total area (TA), range of δ15N (NR), standard ellipse area (SEA) and the corrected version of the standard ellipse area (SEAC) in autumn were all smaller than those in winter, but range of δ13C (CR) was on the contrary. Results of the Spearman rank correlation test showed that there were differences between fatty acid content and stable isotope ratio of U. edulis and the dorsal mantle length in autumn and winter. Our results could provide basic data for understanding material and energy flow of the East China Sea food web, which is conducive to the sustainable development and utilization of U. edulis.