Saturated Fatty Acid Components Research Articles

Effects of coffee and cocoa as fermentation additives on sensory quality and chemical compositions of cigar tobacco leaves

Exogenous additives applied for cigar tobacco leaves fermentation played an important role in sensory quality of cigar. In this study, effects of additives including coffee and cocoa on the quality of cigar tobacco leaves were explored. The changes of sensory quality, conventional chemical components, nonvolatile organic acids, and aroma compositions in tobacco leaves were studied. Results showed that the richness, mellowness and matureness of aroma, as well as the fluentness and sweetness of smoke in cigar were improved with the introduction of coffee or cocoa. According to chemical composition analysis, fermentation with coffee or cocoa increased the contents of alkaloids and sugar in tobacco leaves, which endowed the tobacco a relatively good performance on the sweetness and aroma richness. Besides, the decrease of citric acid, as well as the increase of saturated fatty acid and aroma components were found with additives, which was beneficial to improve the mellowness and aroma richness of cigar. It was suggested that coffee and cocoa exhibited positive effects on the chemical composition, especially increased the contents of sugar, saturated fatty acids and aromatic components, thus improving the sensory quality of tobacco leaves.

Synthesis and Characterization of Chemical Structures, Thermal Decomposition and Biological Properties of Novel Copper (II) Bio- Based Surfactants

Background: Thermal degradation has attracted the attention of scientific community throughout the world due to its multiple applications in environment, energy, waste water treatment, pollution control, green chemistry, etc. Objective: The present work deals with the study of synthesis and characterization of thermal and biological properties of novel copper complex. Methods: Chemical structures of copper (II) sesame 2-amino-6-ethoxy benzothiazole complex were confirmed by IR, NMR, and ESR techniques. Thermal and biological properties were analysed by Thermogravimetry (TGA) and antimicrobial activity determination against Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The TGA study reveals that copper (II) sesame 2-amino-6-ethoxy benzothiazole complex undergoes stepwise thermal degradation of ligand-soap bond of complex and unsaturated and saturated fatty acid components of edible oils. The complex exhibit significant antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: This study provides relevant basic information on the thermal and antimicrobial properties of new copper (II) bio-based surfactants, as well as an explicit relationship structure-biological activity for their potential use as safe and green chemicals.

Cytokines Driven Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Psoriasis Like Efficacies of Nutraceutical Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) Oil.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by circumscribed, red, thickened plaques with overlying silvery white scales. It is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory mediators that lead to the development of edema and distress. Here we show the anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic efficacies of a neutraceutical sea buckthorn oil (SBKT) derived from the fruit pulp of Hippophae rhamnoides. Chemical analysis of the SBKT showed the presence of 16 major saturated, mono-, and polyunsaturated fatty acids components, imparting significant nutritional values. Efficacy of the SBKT in modulating psoriasis and associated inflammation was first tested in vitro using human monocytic (THP-1) cells. SBKT induced cytotoxicity at a dose of ≥25 µl/ml. Treatment of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells with SBKT subdued the enhanced release of intracellular reactive nitrogen species and expression of NF-κB protein, in a concentration-dependent manner. This was accompanied by a reduction in the release of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines: Interleukin-1ß and interleukin-6. Tumor necrosis factor-α released in the stimulated THP-1 cells were also inhibited by SBKT dose of 5 µl/ml. In vivo oral and topical treatment with SBKT in the Carrageenan-stimulated paw edema model, showed a significant decrease in paw volume and edema. In the 12-O tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) stimulated CD-1 mice psoriasis-like model, concurrent oral and tropical SBKT treatments substantially reduced ear edema and ear biopsy weights. Histopathologically, significant reduction in ear epidermal thickness and skin lesion scores was observed in the SBKT-treated animals. In conclusion, SBKT showed anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriasis-like efficacies in healing chemical-induced inflammation and psoriasis. The possible mode of action of SBKT was found through inhibition of reactive nitrogen species, and downregulation of NF-κB protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the present data suggest that Sea buckthorn oil can be used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic nutraceutical.

Hydrocarbon fuel from brown grease: Effects of reaction temperature profile on yields and product distribution

Pyrolysis of brown grease has been shown to produce kerosene-like hydrocarbons as well as ketones. The process involves several different chemical reactions of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid components. The yields and product distributions are dependent on the reaction temperature profile, a factor that must be considered in reactor and process design. In this paper we investigated the parameters of reaction temperature and time as brown grease was preheated and held at a set of temperatures before distillation of the kerosene-like hydrocarbons. It was found that the heating and temperature profile has a significant effect on the relative yields of reaction products.

Variability of the chemical compositions of fatty acids, tocopherols and lipids antioxidant activities, obtained from the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. growing in Algeria

BACKGROUND: One of the objectives of food industry is to seek new resources of oil that preferably presents nutritional values. For human health, fats and particularly vegetable oils are considered as an important source of energy when glucose is not available. In addition, the search for effective, natural compounds with antioxidant activity has been intensified in recent years to replace the synthetic products. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present work was to determine the fatty acids profile (and variability) of the lipid fractions extracted from five different populations of the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. growing in Algeria. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the lipidic fractions were also determined. METHODS: The chemical compositions of tocopherols were also analyzed by HPLC for the first time for this plant part. The chemical percentage variability (presence of two main distinguished clusters) of the fatty acids was discussed using statistical analysis methods (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering “AHC” and principal component analysis “PCA”). The antioxidant activity of the dewaxed lipid fractions were investigated in vitro using two different assays: DPPH (1,1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching test. RESULTS: For the overall samples, the main saturated fatty acids components were capric acid (C10:0 = 2.49–13.88%), myristic acid (C14:0 = 4.71–9.12%) and palmitic acid (C16:0 = 5.31–9.03%). Alternatively, the main unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid (C18:1w9 = 3.42–4.85%), linoleic acid (C18:2w6 = 10.94–16.99%) and most importantly α-linolenic acid (C18:3w3 = 20.92–48.92%), which is known for its multiple dietary, pharmaceutical and clinical benefits. CONCLUSION: The results of fatty acids methyl esters identification using GC and GC-MS showed a clear variability in the composition of fatty acids. The main result of this study illustrate the nutritional potential (richness in MUFA such as C18:1w9, presence of essential fatty acids such as C18:2w6 at all the stages of maturation, richness in omega-3 fatty acids such as C18:3w3. of the oil of P. lentiscus leaves, which can provide opportunities for rational exploitation for medicinal purposes and in the food industries. Regarding tocopherols HPLC analysis, the samples were rich in α-tocopherol (58.51–89.17% of the total tocopherols identified). Finally, and for antioxidant activity measured by β-carotene assay, the obtained values suggested good antioxidant activities when compared with antioxidants of reference.

Dietary omega-6 fatty acid replacement selectively impairs cardiac functional recovery after ischemia in female (but not male) rats.

A definitive understanding of the role of dietary lipids in determining cardioprotection (or cardiodetriment) has been elusive. Randomized trial findings have been variable and sex specificity of dietary interventions has not been determined. In this investigation the sex-selective cardiac functional effects of three diets enriched by omega-3 or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or enriched to an equivalent extent in saturated fatty acid components were examined in rats after an 8-wk treatment period. In females the myocardial membrane omega-6:omega-3 PUFA ratio was twofold higher than males in the omega-6 diet replacement group. In diets specified to be high in omega-3 PUFA or in saturated fat, this sex difference was not apparent. Isolated cardiomyocyte and heart Langendorff perfusion experiments were performed, and molecular measures of cell viability were assessed. Under basal conditions the contractile performance of omega-6 fed female cardiomyocytes and hearts was reduced compared with males. Omega-6 fed females exhibited impaired systolic resilience after ischemic insult. This response was associated with increased postischemia necrotic cell damage evaluated by coronary lactate dehydrogenase during reperfusion in omega-6 fed females. Cardiac and myocyte functional parameters were not different between omega-3 and saturated fat dietary groups and within these groups there were no discernible sex differences. Our data provide evidence at both the cardiac and cardiomyocyte levels that dietary saturated fatty acid intake replacement with an omega-6 (but not omega-3) enriched diet has selective adverse cardiac effect in females. This finding has potential relevance in relation to women, cardiac risk, and dietary management.

Crystallinity and crystalline phase orientation of poly(1,4-cis-isoprene) fromHevea brasiliensisandTaraxacum kok-saghyz

Crystallization is studied for poly(isoprene-1,4-cis) from Hevea brasiliensis (natural rubber [NR]) and from taraxacum kok-saghyz, mainly by collecting wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns after processing and stretching. Although rubber samples before stretching are generally fully amorphous, crystallization can be induced in NR samples by processing at room temperature under moderate pressure. This phenomenon is possibly associated with nucleation by saturated fatty acid components. For rubber samples being fully amorphous in the undeformed state, strain-induced crystallization occurs only at high strain ratios (α > 4), leading to high degrees of crystalline phase orientation (fc > 0.9 for α = 5). Rubber samples presenting some crystallinity already in the unstretched state, on the contrary, reach much lower degrees of axial orientation, even for high strain ratios (fc < 0.7 for α = 5). These differences in crystallinity and in crystalline phase orientations produce large differences in stress–strain behavior of the rubber. By room temperature processing, the considered NR samples can also develop an unreported disordered crystalline modification, with low intensity of 120 and 121 reflections. This disordered crystalline modification, which is also maintained after axial stretching procedures, can rationalized by a structural disorder along the b axis, possibly associated with statistical sequences of A+TA− or A−T A+ conformations for poly(isoprene-1,4-cis) chains. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Reaction efficiency of organic alkalis with various classes of lipids during thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation

Reaction efficiencies of two organic alkalis, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH), with lipids during thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) were examined focusing on (1) the types of lipids and (2) degree of unsaturation of fatty acid moieties. Different types of lipids such as triglycerides, phospholipids, free fatty acids and cholesteryl esters containing saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) residues were subjected to THM-gas chromatography (GC) in the presence of TMAH or TMSH. The obtained results revealed that the THM reaction using TMAH allowed almost quantitative methylation of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid components independently of the classes of lipids. However, strong alkalinity of TMAH brought about isomerization and/or degradation of PUFA components. In contrast, the use of TMSH was effective to highly sensitive detection of PUFA as well as saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid components contained in triglycerides, phospholipids (phosphatidylcholines) and free fatty acids. On the other hand, TMSH was proved to react hardly with any kind of fatty acid residues in cholesteryl esters due to their steric hindrance.

Metabolism of ingested lipids by North Atlantic right whales

North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis feed predominantly on Calanus fin- marchicus Stage V copepods. Calanus possesses 2 classes of storage lipids, triacylglycerols (TAG) and wax esters (WE), the latter comprising 94% of total lipids. Most mammals are incapable of metabolizing WE and thus eliminate it in their feces. The objective of this study was to determine whether right whales are capable of metabolizing both TAG and WE. We compared the lipid compo- sition of copepods collected during plankton tows (n = 64) over 2 summers (2006 and 2007) with the lipid composition of 24 right whale fecal samples collected synoptically in the Bay of Fundy. Using ingestion and defecation models, we estimated that an average right whale (40 000 kg) ingests ~58 000 g of WE d -1 but eliminates only 250 g of WE, implying that right whales are assimilating over 99% (57 765 g) of dietary WE. Lipids in the feces differed significantly from those of the diet. Cope- pod lipids were dominated by saturated fatty acid (FA) components 14:0 (14.73 ± 0.32 wt%) and 16:0 (8.99 ± 0.20 wt%), with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated components comprising the remain- der. Long chain monounsaturated 20:1n-9 and 22:1n-11 dominated the fatty alcohol composition of copepods. Fecal lipid composition consisted primarily of saturated FA, many of which were absent in the copepods. These data suggest that right whales have evolved an unusual metabolic capability, such as specialized enzymatic machinery or a gut symbiont, which, unlike other mammals, enables them to utilize most of their WE-rich diet.

Elimination of Saturated Fatty Acids, Toxic Cyclic nonapeptide and Cyanogen Glycoside Components from Flax Seed Oil

Flax seed (Linseed, Linum usitatissimum L.) and its oil, a richest source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (ω-3), contain saturated fatty acids, neurotoxic cyanogen glycosides and immuno-suppressive cyc1ic-nonapeptides. Present paper describes the development of two chemical processes, Process-A and -B, to remove saturated fatty acids and to destroy cyclic nonapeptides and cyanogen glycosides from flax seed oil. Process-A consists of three major steps, i.e., extraction of fatty acid mixture by alkaline saponification, removal of saturated fatty acid by urea-complexation, and triglyceride reconstruction of unsaturated fatty acid via fatty acyl-chloride activation using oxalyl chloride. Process-B consists of preparation of fatty acid ethyl ester by transesterification, elimination of saturated fatty acid ester by urea-complexation, and reconstruction of triglyceride by interesterification with glycerol-triacetate (triacetin). The destruction of lipophilic cyclic nonapeptide during saponification or transesterification processes could be demonstrated indirectly by the disappearance of antibacterial activity of bacitracin, an analogous cyclic-decapeptide. The cyanogen glycosides were found only in the dregs after hexane extraction, but not in the flax seed oil. The reconstructed triglyceride of flax seed oil, obtained by these two different pathways after elimination of saturated fatty acid and toxic components, showed agreeable properties as edible oil in terms of taste, acid value, iodine and peroxide value, glycerine content, and antioxidant activity.

Chemometric modeling to relate antioxidants, neutral lipid fatty acids, and flavor components in chicken breasts

Relationships among quality factors in retailed free-range, corn-fed, organic, and conventional chicken breasts (9) were modeled using chemometric approaches. Use of principal component analysis (PCA) to neutral lipid composition data explained the majority (93%) of variability (variance) in fatty acid contents in 2 significant multivariate factors. PCA explained 88 and 75% variance in 3 factors for, respectively, flame ionization detection (FID) and nitrogen phosphorus (NPD) components in chromatographic flavor data from cooked chicken after simultaneous distillation extraction. Relationships to tissue antioxidant contents were modeled. Partial least square regression (PLS2), interrelating total data matrices, provided no useful models. By using single antioxidants as Y variables in PLS (1), good models (r2 values > 0.9) were obtained for alpha-tocopherol, glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and reductase and FID flavor components and among the variables total mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids and subsets of FID, and saturated fatty acid and NPD components. Alpha-tocopherol had a modest (r2 = 0.63) relationship with neutral lipid n-3 fatty acid content. Such factors thus relate to flavor development and quality in chicken breast meat.

Synthesis of unsaturated phosphatidyl inositol‐3,4,5‐trisphosphate

AbstractPhosphatidylinositol polyphosphate (PIPx) are related with tyrosine kinase activation and cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. PIPx is an important target compound for synthetic organic chemist. PIPx having saturated fatty acid components have been reported. Recently we have succeeded in the synthesis of phosphatydylinositol‐3,4,5‐trisphosphate with unsaturated fatty acid component by the reaction of diethyl chlorophosphite with 1,2‐di‐O‐cyclohexylidene‐3,4‐0‐(tetraisopropyldisiloxane 1,3‐diyl)‐6‐O‐(4‐oxopentanoyl)‐myo‐inositol.

Tissue specific differences in the fatty acid composition of the marmoset monkey ( Callithrix jacchus)

1. 1. The possible relationship between the fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue of the marmoset monkey ( Callithrix jacchus) and its dietary lipid intake was examined after a long-term feeding trial. 2. 2. Only the proportions of stearic and linoleic acid in the adipose tissue were similar to those in the diet. The proportions of all other saturated and unsaturated fatty acid components were significantly different thus greatly reducing the potential value of this relationship in the marmoset. 3. 3. The phospholipid fatty acid profiles of cardiac and skeletal muscle, aortae, kidney, liver, lung and brain were also compared to those of the plasma, platelets or red blood cells. 4. 4. With the exception of the liver where the fatty acid profile is similar to that of the plasma, no clear relationships were found between the fatty acid profiles of these tissues and the components of the blood. 5. 5. The fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle was very similar to that of the cardiac muscle of the marmoset, suggesting that muscle biopsy might be useful as an index of cardiac muscle composition.

Sterol and phospholipid acyl chain alterations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion mutants as a function of temperature stress.

Analyses of free sterol, steryl ester and fatty acid components from yeast secretion mutants indicated that free and esterified sterol remained relatively constant over a growth range of 24 C to 34 C. The saturated fatty acid components (16:0 and 18:0) increased while the unsaturated fatty acids (16:1 and 18:1) decreased as the growth temperature increased. In secretory mutants, fatty acid composition changes are more pronounced than in the wild-type strain. A shift toward increased saturated and decreased unsaturated fatty acid was observed when cells were subjected to a 2-hr temperature upshift to 37 C. Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy data indicated that modifications to the lipid component of yeast plasma membrane produced lipid thermotropic transitions that were 3 C to 6 C higher in yeast cells subjected to thermal stress.

Contrasting effects of anoxia on rhizome lipids in Iris species

A 14-day period of anoxia resulted in losses of polar lipids, particularly their saturated fatty acid components, from the anoxia-tolerant species Iris pseudacorus. By complete contrast, the anoxia-intolerant, closely related species I. germanica, although possessing a highly similar lipid profile, exhibited no changes in lipid composition in response to anoxia. The consequences of the lipid alterations in I. pseudacorus for membrane function and their possible role in adaptation to anoxia are discussed.

Cryochromatography: A method for the separation of lung phosphoglycerides according to the number and length of saturated fatty acid components

A thin-layer chromatographic method utilizing ultracold temperatures has been developed to separate phosphoglycerides containing only long-chain saturated fatty acids from phosphoglycerides containing fatty acids with any degree of unsaturation. The method is direct, nondiluting, and nondestructive. Since the surface-active lipids found in lung surfactant contain only long-chain, saturated fatty acids, the method should be particularly useful to those in lung lipid research. Studies on the uptake of labeled precursors into the lung surfactant lipids, as well as work on quantitation of surfactant lecithins in the lung, can be facilitated by this method.

Development of Breinlia sergenti (Dipetalonematidae) in the fat-body of mosquitoes. I. Fatty acid composition of the fat body.

The 4 main fatty acids of the fat-body of the mosquito Aedes logoi are palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. In the fat-body of the mosquitoes infected with the slow loris filaria, Breinlia sergenti, a pronounced increase in the saturated fatty acid components, palmitic and stearic acids accompanied by a decrease in the unsaturated fatty acid components, palmitic and stearic acids, was observed on the twelfth day after the infecting blood meal. This coincided with the time of most active development of the filarial larvae within the fat-body—from the second larval to the infective third larval stage. As these changes were not observed in the fat-body of uninfected mosquitoes of the same age, they are interpreted as being related to the nutritional and energy requirements of the developing larvae within the fat-body.

Branched-chain fatty acids of four fresh-water fish oils

1. 1. The methyl esters of the total fatty acids from four frest-water fish oils have been hydrogenated and examined in detail by open-tubular gas-liquid chromatography for minor saturated fatty acid components. 2. 2. Iso and anteiso, and normal branched-chain fatty acids with odd carbon numbers are present in number and proportions similar to those observed in marine oils and lipids. 3. 3. Three isoprenoid fatty acids, respectively 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoic, pristanic and phytanic, also occur in proportions and diastereoisomer ratios similar to those occurring in marine oils.

The Effect of Long Chain Fatty Acid Isomers on Growth, Fatty Acid Composition and Osmotic Fragility of Mycoplasma laidlawii A

SUMMARY: Growth of Mycoplasma laidlawii a in a tryptose medium, with lipid pre-extracted, containing charcoal-treated bovine plasma albumin, occurred only after addition of long-chain fatty acids. Of the long-chain fatty acids tested, positional as well as geometrical isomers of octadecenoic acids were effective in growth promotion; trans isomers were more effective in promoting growth and in lowering osmotic fragility than their corresponding cis isomers. Tetra-decenoic or hexadecenoic acids did not replace the growth requirement for an octadecenoic acid. Although fatty acids containing cyclopropane-rings promoted growth, a greater toxicity and lower growth response was observed. No fatty acid isomerization by this mycoplasma was detected and the octadecenoic acids added to the growth medium were recovered from membrane polar lipids unchanged. Fatty acid analyses revealed that myristic and palmitic acids were the major saturated fatty acid components of the membrane polar lipids. No differences were found in the fatty acid content or composition of membrane polar lipids from mycoplasmas grown at 25° and 37°. Major differences in the fatty acid composition between glycolipids and phospholipids were not apparent.