Satin Woven Fabrics Research Articles

A two-layered cross-ply laminate model for a single-ply satin woven fabric composite under thermal loads

The dominant fiber direction of a single-ply satin woven fabric is different depending on whether it is the upper or lower side. This affects the thermal distortion of laminates and principal curvature directions. Therefore, we propose a two-layered cross-ply laminate model for a single-ply satin woven fabric composite to consider the dominant fiber directions. To verify our model, we derive analytical solutions of antisymmetric angle-ply laminates under thermal loads for the conventional and proposed models. By comparing the analytical solutions with experimental results of unidirectional and satin woven fabric composites, we confirm that the proposed model accurately predicts the principal curvature direction.

Measurement of the Heat Transfer Properties of Carbon Fabrics via Infrared Thermal Mapping

The aim of this paper is to determine the heat transfer properties of biaxial carbon fabrics of different architectures, including non-crimp stitch bonded fabrics, plain, twill and satin woven fabrics. The specific heat capacity was determined via DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). A novel method of numerical analysis of temperature maps from a video using a high-resolution thermal camera is investigated for the measurement of the in-plane and transverse thermal diffusivity and conductivity. The determined thermal conductivity parallel to the fibers of a non-crimp stitch bonded fabric agrees well with the theoretical value calculated employing the rule of mixtures. The presence of voids due to the yarn crossover regions in woven fabrics leads to a reduced value of transverse thermal conductivity, especially in the single ply measurements of this study.

Numerical and experimental study of buckling behavior of delaminated plate in glass woven fabric composite laminates

In the present study, the buckling behavior of delaminated plate in woven fabric composite laminates was studied. For this purpose, at first, the structure of woven fabrics was defined as shape functions. Then, the continuous analysis was used to study the bucking of delaminated plates. Based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method, the related formulations were developed to predict the critical buckling load of composite laminates. Three types of woven fabrics (viz. Plain, Twill, and Satin architecture) were used as reinforcements for polyester composites. The 8-ply laminated composites were fabricated using Vacuum Infusion Process (VIP). The results of buckling test showed that the critical buckling loads of laminates reinforced with Plain, Twill, and Satin woven fabrics are 1.35, 1.12, and 1.48 kN, respectively. Also, the results of analytical method are compared with experimental results and those achieved by the finite element method of analysis using ABAQUS software. Compared with experimental results, the maximum error of analytical and FE models is about 17% and 10%, respectively.

Nondestructive Quantitative Evaluation of Yarns and Fabrics and Determination of Contact Area of Fabrics Using the X-ray Microcomputed Tomography System for Skin-Textile Friction Analysis.

In different mechanical conditions, repetitive friction in combination with pressure, shear, temperature, and moisture leads to skin discomfort and imposes the risks of developing skin injuries such as blisters and pressure ulcers, frequently reported in athletes, military personnel, and in people with compromised skin conditions and/or immobility. Textiles next to skin govern the skin microclimate, have the potential to influence the mechanical contact with skin, and contribute to skin comfort and health. The adhesion-friction theory suggests that contact area is a critical factor to influence adhesion, and therefore, friction force. Friction being a surface phenomenon, most of the studies concentrated on the surface profile or topographic analysis of textiles. This study investigated both the surface profiles and the inner construction of the fabrics through X-ray microcomputed tomographic three-dimensional image analysis. A novel nondestructive method to evaluate yarn and fabric structural details quantitatively and calculate contact area (in fiber area %) experimentally has been reported in this paper. Plain and satin-woven fabrics with different thread densities and made from 100% cotton ring-spun yarns with two different linear densities (40 and 60 Ne) were investigated in this study. The measurements from the tomographic images (pixel size: 1.13 μm) and the fiber area % analysis were in good agreement to comprehend and compare the yarn and fabric properties reported. The fiber area % as reported in this paper can be used to evaluate the skin-textile interfaces and quantitatively determine the contact area under different physical, mechanical, and microclimatic conditions to understand the actual skin-textile interaction during any physical activity or sports. The proposed method can be helpful in engineering textiles to enhance skin comfort and prevent injuries, such as blisters and pressure ulcers, in diversified application areas, including but not limited to, sports and healthcare apparel, military apparel, and firefighter's protective clothing. In addition, the images were capable of precisely evaluating yarn diameters, crimp %, and packing factor as well as fabric thickness, volumetric densities, and cover factors as compared with those obtained from theoretical evaluation and existing classical test methods. All these findings suggest that the proposed new method can reliably be used to quantify the yarn and fabric characteristics, compare their functionality, and understand the structural impacts in an objective and nondestructive way.

Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of carbon yarn-based woven fabrics

In this study, hybrid and 100% carbon woven fabrics have been investigated for their electromagnetic shielding performance in the frequencies, ranging from 700 MHz to 3 GHz. The shielding effectiveness of plain, twill, and satin woven fabrics was assessed by free space measurement technique. The experimental results showed that carbon-based woven fabrics have an optimum electromagnetic shielding efficiency at different measured frequencies. As expected, the shielding effectiveness of the structure improved with the amount of carbon yarn in the fabric structure. Analyses of the different weave types revealed that twill 2/1 fabric construction showed the best performance compared to the others due to the large number of intersection points of yarns in the fabric structure.

Applicability of mode II interlaminar fracture toughness testing methods for characterization of thermoplastic laminates with woven fabric reinforcements

The scope of both existing standardized methods for the determination of quasistatic mode II interlaminar fracture toughness, ASTM D7905/D7905M – 14 and ISO 15114:2014, is limited to testing laminates with unidirectional reinforcement. Furthermore the precision round-robins conducted as a part of the development of these procedures focused mainly on laminated with epoxy resin matrix. This paper compares the testing methods for quasistatic mode II interlaminar fracture toughness with the focus on their applicability to testing thermoplastic laminates with woven fabric reinforcement.Two standardized testing methods were used to determine the mode II fracture toughness of a laminate made of polyether ether ketone matrix reinforced with T300 carbon fibers in the form of 5 harness satin woven fabric. The testing methods were compared in terms of the set-up complexity, testing efficiency, the data reduction methods, the type of properties determined, the results scatter and the applicability to testing thermoplastic-based laminates with woven fabric reinforcement. The methods produced similar and consistent results. Both of them can be successfully applied to testing thermoplastic laminates with woven fabric reinforcement after including modifications discussed in the paper.

Effect of structural parameters on thermal protective performance and comfort characteristic of fabrics

In an attempt to understand the influence of basic structural parameters of fabrics on thermal protection and comfort, present study mainly focuses on analyzing effect of fabric weaving pattern and fabric weight. Fabric samples of three basic weaving patterns (plain, twill, and satin) and three different weights were prepared. Air permeability of the developed fabric samples was measured. Thermal protective performance of fabrics against radiant heat and flame exposures of two different intensities were measured. Spectral transmission behavior of fabrics was also studied. It was observed that for same fabric weight, protective performance and air permeability of satin woven fabrics were better as compared to the fabrics of other patterns. Protective performance increased and air permeability decreased as fabric weight increased for each type of woven structure included in this study. A new structural parameter is proposed which primarily influences the protective performance of fabrics exposed to either radiant heat, flame, or combined convective/radiant heat exposure.

Stick-slip properties of single and multiple yarn pull-out in dry and softening treated polyester satin woven fabrics in boundary region

Purpose – The aim of this study was to understand the stick-slip properties of single and multiple yarn pull-out in dry and treated polyester satin woven fabric in boundary regions. Design/methodology/approach – Polyester satin pattern woven fabric was used to conduct the pull-out tests in order to examining the kinetic region of the force-displacement curve. Data generated from this research help the authors to obtain stick-slip force and accumulative retraction force. Findings – It was found that stick-slip force and accumulative retraction force depend on the number of pulled ends in the fabric, fabric sample dimensions and softening treatments. Stick-slip forces of polyester satin fabric in the multiple yarn pull-out test were higher than those of the single yarn pull-out test. Stick-slip force in single and multiple yarn pull-out tests in the dry polyester satin fabric was generally higher than those of the softening treated polyester satin fabric. In addition, the warp directional single and multiple yarn stick-slip and accumulative retraction forces in the dry and softening treated polyester fabrics were generally higher than those in the weft direction in the fabric edges due to fabric density. On the other hand, the amount of stick-slip force was related to the number of interlacement points in the fabric, whereas the amount of accumulative retraction force was related to fabric structural response. Originality/value – The mechanism of stick-slip and accumulative retraction force of dry-treated polyester satin pattern woven fabrics were explained. This research could be valuable for development of multifunctional fabrics in technical textiles and ballistic.

Effect of weaving process on tensile characterization of single and multiple ends of air-entangled textured polyester yarns

The tensile properties of air-entangled textured polyester single and multiple yarn ends before and after weaving were analyzed. The effects of weaving process considering fabric unit cell interlacement and number of yarn ends were evaluated by regression model. For this purpose, plain, ribs and satin woven fabrics were produced. The yarns were raveled from fabrics, and the tensile tests were applied to these yarns. The developed regression model showed that the number of interlacement and crimp ratio on the warp and weft yarns influence their tensile strength. Tensile strength of raveled yarns decreased compared to that of the bobbin yarn due to the effect of weaving process. This property degradation on the ravel yarns considered process degradation. Generally, when the number of warp and weft yarn ends increases, the warp and weft yarn tensile strengths for each fabric type decrease, whereas the warp and weft yarn tensile elongations slightly increase. The results from regression model were compared with the measured values. This study confirmed that the method in the study can be a viable and reliable tool. The research finding could be useful those who work on preform fabrication.

Hyperelastic and Elastic-Plastic Approaches for Modelling Uniaxial Tensile Performance of Woven Fabrics

This article presents the findings of experimental and finite element simulation warp direction uniaxial tensile testing of plain 1/1, 2/2 twill and 8 ends satin woven fabrics with respect to a woven fabric model developed in IGES using UniverFilter. Woven fabrics have been specifically configured as a balanced weave thereby allowing systematic investigation of the effect of uniaxial tensile stress on the weave. Static automatic incrementation of large representative volume elements has enabled characterisation of the response of two-dimensional woven fabrics under uniaxial tensile stress with respect to hyperelastic and elastic-plastic material properties. Plain 1/1 and 8 ends satin woven fabrics were well-described by the hyperelastic model and the elastic-plastic model predicted extended strain percentages. The modelling indicates that satin woven fabric possesses the lowest strain distribution and compression stress in the unloaded weft direction compared to plain and twill woven fabrics.

Hyperelastic and Elastic-Plastic Approaches for Modelling Uniaxial Tensile Performance of Woven Fabrics

This article presents thefindings ofexperimental andfinite element simulation warp direction uniaxial tensile testing ofplain 1/1, 2/2 twill and 8 ends satin woven fabrics with respect to a wovenfabric model developed in IGES using UniverFilter. Woven fabrics have been specifically configured as a balanced weave thereby allowing systematic investigation of the effect of uniaxial tensile stress on the weave. Static automatic incrementation of large representative volume elements has enabled characterisation ofthe response oftwo-dimensional woven fabrics under uniaxial tensile stress with respect to hyperelastic and elastic-plastic material properties. Plain 1/1 and 8 ends satin woven fabrics were well-described by the hyperelastic model and the elastic-plastic model predicted extended strain percentages. The modelling indicates that satin woven fabric possesses the lowest strain distribution and compression stress in the unloaded weft direction compared to plain and twill woven fabrics.

Analysis and off-axis tensile characterization of air-entangled textured polyester woven fabrics depending on unit cell interlacing frequency

The aim of this study is to analyze and determine the off-axis tensile properties of air-entangled textured polyester fabrics based on unit cell interlacing frequency. For this purpose, continuous filament polyester air-entangled textured yarn was used to produce plain, ribs and satin woven fabrics. The fabrics were cut from the warp direction (0°) to weft direction (90°) at every 15° increment, and tensile tests were applied to those of the off-axis samples. The strength and elongation results were introduced to the statistical model developed, and regression analyses were carried out. Hence, the effects of off-axis loading and interlacement on the directional tensile properties of the fabric were investigated. The regression model showed that off-axis loading influences fabric tensile strength. On the other hand, interlacement frequency is the most important factor for fabric tensile elongation. The results from the regression model were compared with the measured values. This study confirmed that the method used in this study as can be a viable and reliable tool. Future research will concentrate on multiaxially directional fabric and the probability that it will result in homogeneous in-plane fabric properties.

Mode II fatigue crack growth from delamination in unidirectional tape and satin-woven fabric laminates of high strength GFRP

The mode II fatigue crack growth behavior from delamination was investigated with UD laminates (made of unidirectional tape laminate) and C laminates (made of unidirectional tape laminate and satin-woven fabric laminate) of high strength glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP). Fatigue crack growth tests were carried out with end-notched-flexure specimens at the stress-ratios of R = 0.3, 0.1, −0.5, and −1. In UD laminates, the threshold of energy release rate range, Δ G II th , of fatigue crack growth was independent of the stress-ratio. In C laminates, the Δ G II th value at negative stress-ratios was about four times of that at positive stress-ratios. In C laminates, a fatigue crack propagated along the interface of the unidirectional tape at positive stress-ratios, while along the interface of the satin-woven fabric at negative stress-ratios. When the stress-ratio was negative, the fracture surface of C laminates was rough because of the resin rich area of fabric intersection, and this roughness gave rise to the constraint of the plastic deformation near the crack tip. Thus the crack growth resistance of C laminates at negative stress-ratios was much higher than that at positive stress-ratios.

Deformation of laminated epoxy composites reinforced with high-strength fibers

We study the elastic deformation behavior of laminated epoxy composites reinforced with unidirectional carbon fibers and satin-woven glass fabric. The efficiency of various experimental procedures of determination of averaged elastic characteristics of laminates is analyzed. The effect of decreasing the test temperature to 77 K on the mechanical behavior of the above-mentioned materials is studied. The possibility of predicting stiffness and compliance parameters of unidirectional or satin-woven fabric composites is discussed.

Automatic Recognition of Fabric Weave Patterns by a Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Method

A new robust recognition algorithm is proposed for fabric weave pattern recognition. The gray-level images of solid woven fabrics are captured by a color scanner and converted into digital files, then enhanced images are obtained by a gray-level morpho logical operation. Based on the interstices of yarns, warp and weft crossed areas are located, and four texture features of these areas are obtained by first-order and second- order statistics. Unsupervised decision rules for recognizing warp and weft floats are developed using a fuzzy c-means clustering method. The experimental materials include plain, twill, and satin woven fabrics. Experimental results demonstrate that three basic weave patterns can be clearly identified.