Satin Weave Research Articles

Experimental investigation on low-velocity impact response of carbon/glass hybrid S-shaped foldcore sandwich structure

Hybrid composites offer an effective method of improving toughness and impact properties while reducing the cost of an advanced composite material. This paper aims at experimentally investigating the influences of impact energy, impact position and ply combination on the low-velocity impact responses of carbon/glass hybrid S-shaped foldcore sandwich structures. Carbon/glass hybrid S-shaped foldcore sandwich structures were manufactured using plain weave carbon fabrics and satin weave glass fabrics with epoxy resin. Low-velocity impact tests were carried out to study the impact behavior. The results show that the damage mode of the sandwich panel gradually changed from the local damage of the top face sheet and the foldcore to the complete penetration damage of the sandwich panel with the increase of the impact energy. And the node position has higher load carrying capacity, energy absorption capacity, and resistance to deformation compared with the base position. Although the initial load carrying capacity of carbon/glass hybrid sandwich panels is lower than that of the carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sandwich panels, the addition of glass fabrics can improve energy absorption capacity and perforation threshold of CFRP sandwich panels.

Mechanical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene coated glass fabrics: Influence of weave pattern and coating percentage

The present study reports the mechanical performance of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated fabrics. Glass fabrics with two weave structures, three dimensional plain-woven knitted (3D) and satin weave (SW) were tested. These fabrics were coated with PTFE in different weight percentages (30% and 60%). Mechanical tests included uniaxial tensile, tear (double tongue and pendulum tear), puncture, yarn pull-out and low-velocity impact (LVI) tests. The influence of weave pattern and PTFE coating on these mechanical properties was investigated. In the case of yarn pull-out and tensile tests, 60% PTFE coated glass fabrics exhibited better performance due to the increased adhesive bonding and inter-yarn friction. However, the 30% PTFE coated glass fabrics exhibited better performance for tear, puncture, and LVI tests. The SW fabrics exhibited superior performance to the 3D fabrics in all the mechanical tests performed. Overall, the results indicate that SW fabrics offer better mechanical performance than 3D fabrics under different loading conditions. In terms of coating percentage, 30% PTFE coated fabrics exhibited better mechanical performance than the 60% coated ones.

Three woven structures of reduced graphene oxide conductive silk fabrics prepared by two different methods for electrical setting and sensing

Silk is widely used in flexible electronic equipment and intelligent textiles because of its well mechanical properties and bio-compatibility. Reduced graphene oxide is a two-dimensional carbon material with honeycomb lattice structure atoms and excellent electrical conductivity, which can give fabric a significant electrical conductivity. Herein, three types of RGO/Silk woven fabrics (satin, twill, and backed weaves) and two coating methods (screen printing and impregnating) were provided to explore the electrical properties, pressure sensing property and influence mechanism of silk surface characteristics. The results show the best preparation process of these two methods is five finishing times and 2 h reduction time. And the RGO/silk fabrics obtained by screen printing and impregnation have similar resistivity, but the RGO/silk fabrics obtained by screen printing provide better washing resistance. After nine washing cycles, the resistance of RGO/silk fabrics prepared by screen printing is 2 kΩ less than that obtained by impregnation. In addition, under the two methods, backed weave fabric shows the best conductivity, followed by twill and satin weave. Moreover, the RGO/Silk fabric sensor responds well to human motion, like finger bending and hand-holding objects. This work provides a train of thought and method for flexible conductive silk fabric.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Chitosan and Tea Tree Oil on Plain and Satin Weave Cotton Fabrics.

The paper aimed at enhancing the antimicrobial activity of chitosan by using tea tree essential oil with the purpose of durably finishing cotton fabrics for use in a hospital environment. The influence of crosslinkers and catalysts on the possibility of obtaining stable bonds using hydrothermal in situ synthesis between cellulosic material and chitosan with and without tea tree essential oil was investigated in detail. The morphology of the sample surface before and after the treatment and textile care cycle was investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and indicated the presence of chitosan and a thin film on all treated samples, which showed durability of the treatment. The FTIR spectra obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using attenuated total reflection measurement technique (ATR) analysis, showed that all the samples tested recorded physicochemical changes in the structure. The analysis of the samples on the goniometer proved the hydrophilicity of the materials, with a film forming on the surface of the treated samples, which is extremely beneficial given the end use of dressing samples to promote wound healing. The presence of a significant amount of bound chitosan with tea tree oil was confirmed by measuring the mass per unit area of the samples after the treatment and textile care cycles. The results of antimicrobial efficacy show that the materials treated with chitosan were resistant to bacteria and fungi in most cases, but only the samples treated in Bath I showed a zone of inhibition against the fungus Candida albicans, indicating the positive effect of tea tree essential oil.

Effect of Weaving Pattern on the Mechanical Properties of 2D Interwoven Kevlar-Jute Hybrid Laminates

ABSTRACT Hybrid laminates were produced using epoxy resin and interwoven fibers of kevlar and jute. In this study, different weaving patterns, i.e.,, plain weave, basket weave, twill weave, and satin weave were considered. Mechanical properties like hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, and impact strength were experimentally measured. The hybrid laminate having the plain weave and basket weave patterns were observed to have equally spaced pockets of matrix element, which facilitated the isotropic distribution of applied load during the testing of the mechanical properties. The twill weave pattern in the reinforcement exhibited augmented mechanical properties as well as superior elasticity. Its elongation percentage was 32%, while the satin weave pattern exhibited only 21.5%. The satin weave pattern revealed microcracks within the matrix, whereas the twill weave pattern exhibited superior bonding between the matrix and the reinforcement fibers. The twill weave pattern showed anisotropic load transfer during the mechanical test. Thus, the applied load was distributed along the warp direction that contained kevlar fibers. Hence, it exhibited the tensile strength of 6.77 GPa, the flexural strength of 3.4 GPa, the compressive strength of 105.6 MPa, an absorbed maximum impact load of 89 J, and shore-D hardness of 72.2, respectively.

Measurement of the Heat Transfer Properties of Carbon Fabrics via Infrared Thermal Mapping

The aim of this paper is to determine the heat transfer properties of biaxial carbon fabrics of different architectures, including non-crimp stitch bonded fabrics, plain, twill and satin woven fabrics. The specific heat capacity was determined via DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). A novel method of numerical analysis of temperature maps from a video using a high-resolution thermal camera is investigated for the measurement of the in-plane and transverse thermal diffusivity and conductivity. The determined thermal conductivity parallel to the fibers of a non-crimp stitch bonded fabric agrees well with the theoretical value calculated employing the rule of mixtures. The presence of voids due to the yarn crossover regions in woven fabrics leads to a reduced value of transverse thermal conductivity, especially in the single ply measurements of this study.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Progressive Damage of SiCf/SiC Composite under Three-Point Bending

Satin SiCf/SiC composite has a wide range of applications; it is necessary to study its mechanical properties. The progressive failure of five-harness five-layer satin weave SiCf/SiC plate composites was explored experimentally and numerically in this research. The bending properties were derived and elucidated at ambient temperature through a three-point bending experiment. The generation and progression of damage was observed by CCD camera. For quantitative analysis of the strain field evolution, DIC (digital image correlation) was adopted, while the microscopic analyses were performed for the description of the derived failure markings. With the aid of ABAQUS/Explicit, the experiment was subjected to 3D finite element modeling for the reproduction of the material behavioral, where the VUMAT subroutine was used to implement a 3D-altered criterion of the Hashin damage initiation and the progression law of its complementary damage. Intra-deformation interface failure was simulated with a composite interlayer cohesive zone element. The experimentally derived DIC-based strain fields were well-consistent with the numerical outcomes. Deeper investigation was made into the superiority of the 3D modeling, which is ascribed to the predictability for distribution of complex field variables like the free-edge effect and progressive failure accumulation within the critical sample section. The damage mechanism of the satin weave composite was explored in depth and it provides useful guidance for the practical application of the composite.

Investigation of the Effects of Elastic Sewing Thread on Seam Performance Properties of Stretch Denim Fabrics

It is seen that stretch denim fabrics manufactured by adding elastane fiber are fashionable and highly preferred by consumers. In this study, comparison of seam performance propeties of elastic and regular polyester sewing threads on stretch denim fabrics was investigated that has not been studied before. As the test material, four denim fabrics were used in twill and satin weave structures and containing 2% elastane with different mixing ratios. Elastane core spun polyester and polyester core spun polyester sewing threads were used in sewing processes. The samples were sewn with lock and chain stitches at the stitch densities of 3 and 4 stitches/cm in both warp and weft directions. The results revealed that the elasticity of the sewing thread has an effect on increasing the seam strength but the strength of the sewing thread is more effective on seam strength and seam efficiency property. Higher seam performance values are obtained in weft directions with chain stitches and at 4 stitches/cm.

A combined method for analyzing the effective thermal conductivity evolution of satin weave thermoset prepregs during preforming process

The macro effective thermal conductivity of satin weave thermoset prepregs evolves dynamically in the preforming and demonstrates itself as in function of yarn angle and temperature. Accurate knowledge of it is fundamental for the high-fidelity heat transfer and deformation analysis in the preforming simulation. In this paper, a method combing virtual deformation modeling and multiscale thermal homogenization was proposed to analyze the macro effective thermal conductivity evolution of satin weave thermoset prepregs during preforming. The virtual deformation modeling based on the transverse Neo-Hookean hyper-elastic material law was used to acquire yarn geometry in the meso thermal homogenization analysis. Predicted yarn shapes were validated with the X-ray μCT images. The macro effective thermal conductivities at different temperatures and yarn angles were computed with the Macro/Meso thermal homogenization. It shows that the in-plane macro effective thermal conductivities evolve nonlinearly and greatly with respect to both temperature and yarn angle variation, while the transverse macro effective thermal conductivities evolve almost only with temperature variation. The predicted thermal conductivities were compared with specifically designed thermal experiments. Good agreement is noted, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. This work provides a new alternative way for predicting thermal conductivities of woven thermoset prepregs.

Thermal oxidative aging of satin weave and thin‐ply polyimide composites

AbstractThe weight loss and damage development of satin weave and thin‐ply carbon fiber‐reinforced polyimide composites are studied during high temperature (288 and 320°C) aging in air. Two distinct regions are identified in the weight loss measurements—a rapid initial desorption and a subsequent slower weight loss, which is attributed to matrix degradation. The initial desorption stage is modeled by combining material constitutive properties from literature, micro‐mechanics and a one‐dimensional Fickian diffusion model. Two different damage patterns are observed by using optical microscopy and X‐ray computed tomography on specimens before and after aging. Crack clusters form a network in satin weave composites, while edge delaminations are observed in thin‐ply laminates, which are known for their enhanced resistance to matrix cracking.

Experimental and multiscale numerical investigation on failure behavior of satin woven carbon/carbon composites subjected to pin-loading

Composite mechanical joints are extensively used and becoming crucial components for primary and secondary structures in industry. Considerable efforts have been contributed to the failure behavior of resin matrix laminate composite bolt joint, but few ones refer to carbon matrix woven composites. In current work, a comprehensive experimental and numerical research on the failure behavior for satin woven carbon/carbon composites under pin-loading, which is the typical loading case for mechanical joint, was presented. Seven types of specimens with different configuration were tested to evaluate the influence of the geometry on the failure modes. The testing results stated that, with the increasing of width-to-hole diameter ratio (W/D) and edge distance-to-hole diameter ratio (E/D), the net tension and shear out failure transformed into the bearing failure respectively, while hole diameter-to-thickness ratio (D/t) hardly affect the failure mode. For a further exploration for damage mechanism of the acceptable bearing failure in engineering, damage accumulation and evolution were assessed combining numerical simulation and acoustic emission monitoring. In view of the complexity of satin woven framework, the hierarchical multiscale numerical strategy from micro- to macro-level was proposed to obtain the material mechanical performance. In order to acquire reliable prediction and consider the effects of the uncertainty sources on composite properties, the model geometry reconstruction was performed using X-ray tomography. Meanwhile, the fiber and void random distributions were determined via the Random Sequential Adsorption algorithm. The Murakami-Ohno damage theory was adopted to characterize the damage propagation. It is concluded that, the numerical prediction agreed with the testing results reasonably well, and the main damage mechanism during the bearing failure included matrix cracking, yarns pulling-out and yarns fracture matching various amplitude ranges of acoustic emission signals.

Effect of weave pattern on high strain rate performance of glass/polytetrafluoroethylene composites

AbstractAn investigation of the effect of strain rate on the dynamic compressive behavior of glass/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite is presented. Experimental studies were carried out on two dimensional (2D), satin weave (SW) and three dimensional (3D) woven glass/PTFE composites using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. Commercial grades of glass/PTFE fabrics were autoclaved to prepare the composite laminates and circular specimens were cut out using a high‐pressure water jet. High strain rate studies confirmed the rate‐dependent behavior of all the woven composite systems under consideration. The highest rates of loading were attained by 3D woven specimens for identical incident energies. The highest peak stress attained by 3D woven specimens was 501 MPa, which was trailed by 2D woven specimens with 482 MPa stress. The advantage of satin weave was not reflected in the small specimens as the peak stress attained for identical loading was limited to 405 MPa. Similarly, the highest strain and toughness were recorded for 3D woven composites. However, the SW pattern unlocked a new possibility of controlling the primary damage axis. Furthermore, an analytical method is presented based on variable rate power law to predict the dynamic compressive stress of glass/PTFE.

Respiratory fabric sensor based on the side luminescence and photosensitivity mechanism of polymer optical fibers.

It is significant to monitor respiration conveniently and in real time for people suffering from respiratory diseases. Polymer optical fibers (POFs) have the advantages of flexibility and light weight, which is highly desirable for wearable respiratory monitoring. However, in most current applications, the POFs are stitched on the textile substrates in the form of macro-bending. This method is complex to fix the bending with certain curvatures and uncomfortable compared with the POF sensors woven into the textile. In this paper, a respiratory fabric sensor based on the side luminescence and photosensitivity mechanism of POF is proposed and demonstrated. The 750µm-diameter POFs were woven into a fabric as warp and laser marking was performed at their designed positions to make them release or couple light. The spacing change between the POFs caused by the respiratory movement accordingly makes the light intensity change in the photosensitive fiber. We chose four fabric widths (10cm, 8cm, 6cm and 4cm) and four fabric weaves (plain weave, honeycomb weave, 1/3 right twill weave and 8/3 warp satin weave) to implement the full-factor experiment for exploring the measurement effect of the respiratory fabric sensor. The result is that the fabric with width of 4cm and weave of 8/3 warp satin is optimal. The calm and deep respiratory tests of the human chest and abdomen in sitting and standing posture were carried out and the test performance of the fabric sensor is almost comparable to that of the medical monitor. The proposed respiratory fabric sensor is comfortable, easily woven and high in precision, which is expected to realize industrialized scale production.

Numerical and experimental study of buckling behavior of delaminated plate in glass woven fabric composite laminates

In the present study, the buckling behavior of delaminated plate in woven fabric composite laminates was studied. For this purpose, at first, the structure of woven fabrics was defined as shape functions. Then, the continuous analysis was used to study the bucking of delaminated plates. Based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method, the related formulations were developed to predict the critical buckling load of composite laminates. Three types of woven fabrics (viz. Plain, Twill, and Satin architecture) were used as reinforcements for polyester composites. The 8-ply laminated composites were fabricated using Vacuum Infusion Process (VIP). The results of buckling test showed that the critical buckling loads of laminates reinforced with Plain, Twill, and Satin woven fabrics are 1.35, 1.12, and 1.48 kN, respectively. Also, the results of analytical method are compared with experimental results and those achieved by the finite element method of analysis using ABAQUS software. Compared with experimental results, the maximum error of analytical and FE models is about 17% and 10%, respectively.

Weaving and mechanical properties test of polylactic acid/ramie composite fabric

In view of the weak mechanical properties of polylactic acid fiber, the excellent mechanical properties of ramie fiber are selected to enhance the performance of polylactic acid fiber, thereby forming a composite fabric, and weaving plain weave fabric, twill weave fabric, satin weave fabric and square plain fabric by weaving method., Twill change fabric and satin change fabric six kinds of fabrics. Electronic thickness meter, electronic strength meter, and electronic bursting tester were used to test the thickness, tensile fracture and burst performance of 6 kinds of fabrics, and the reasons for the differences between the fabrics were discussed. The research results show that the mechanical properties of composite fabrics are better than those of pure polylactic acid fabrics. In addition, in terms of tensile fracture performance, the satin weave fabric is the strongest, and the satin weave is the strongest in burst performance. In terms of fabric thickness, the lowest thickness value is plain weave, but the thickness value, tensile breaking and bursting properties of square flat fabrics are ranked second, so the overall performance is always the strongest.

Performance Evaluation of Upholstery Fabric Developed from Recycled Fibres

The aim of this work was to investigate the properties of upholstery fabric produced from recycled hard waste of coloured fabric clippings. Mélange yarns were formed with the combination of red, green, black and yellow in different ratios. Five yarn samples of 5 Nec linear density were produced from each blend ratio using the rotor spinning technique. These yarns were used to develop fabric samples in a satin weave. These yarn and fabric samples were investigated for different quality parameters, especially the abrasion resistance, pilling resistance, absorbency and light fastness of the fabrics as per standard test methods. The abrasion test is important for the durability and longer-lasting performance of upholstery fabric. From the analysis of test results, it is concluded that all the serviceability properties are in a good range, and these fabrics can be used for waiting room area upholstery fabric

Influence of Plain, Twill, and Satin Weave Structures on the Optimum Colorfastness Properties of Reactive Dyes

The objective of this work is to study the influence of the plain, twill and satin weave structures on the colorfastness properties of reactive dyes. From the results, it can be concluded that plain weave fabric showed the optimum colorfastness properties due to its compact interlacement structure compared to twill and satin weave fabrics. Three types of plain, twill, and satin weave fabrics of different weave structures and weights (g/m2) were used in this research. The dyes, auxiliaries, and chemicals were applied, and the colorfastness tests were carried out in accordance with the test methods provided by ASTM and AATCC standards. Color strength (K/S) values were obtained using a reflectance spectrophotometer. A projection microscope was used to take cross sectional diagrams of the yarns for assessment. FTIR instrument transmitted infrared radiation to the dyed samples of up to a few microns to measure the spectroscopy within the visible spectral province with the maximum infrared ray (IR) peak values. The peak values of the FTIR device assured the presence of colorant or chromophore existing in the dyestuffs which were liable to expose the best colorfastness properties. This research is experimentally-based, and the findings are useful to personnel involved in cellulose fabric dyeing with reactive dyes and to the control of color properties. This research opens potential ways for scholars to advance study in this field.

Abrasive wear performance of hygrothermally aged glass/PTFE composites

In the present study, abrasive wear tests were conducted to investigate the effect of hygrothermal ageing on the friction and wear resistance of glass/Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites. Non-hybrid and hybrid composites were manufactured with PTFE coated two-dimensional plain weave (2D), three-dimensional knitted (3D), satin weave (SW) fabrics and a steel metal mesh (MM). Hybrid composites were manufactured with PTFE coated glass fabrics and MM by placing it on the top and bottom of the laminate. Specimens were aged in a distilled water at a temperature of 35 °C for 60 days. Abrasive wear tests were performed with 120 μm grit silicon carbide (SiC) paper using a plate on plate apparatus with loads ranging between 10 N and 50 N. Water absorption and kinetic parameters were determined and Fickian diffusion behaviour was observed. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the crystallinity was sensitive to the hygrothermal ageing and decreased with an increase in water uptake. Hygrothermal ageing reduced the abrasive wear resistance of both the non-hybrid and hybrid composites as compared to the non-aged ones. For the same ageing conditions, the inclusion of MM improved the wear resistance of non-hybrid composites.

Influence of fabric structure on electrical resistance of graphene-coated textiles

Coating is a technique widely used in the textile industry for different purposes, mainly in coloring and functional finishes. Graphene is usually applied to fabrics using coating techniques to provide such fabrics with properties like thermal or electrical conductivity. All woven fabrics have peaks and valleys in their structure, generated by the warp and weft threads interlacing. When spreading the graphene coating, the paste is placed in the fabric’s interstices, and the connection between conductive particles is only produced when the height of the coating is sufficient to connect the different areas where it is deposited. This article analyzes three types of satin weave with three interlacing coefficients (ICs) (0.4, 0.25, 0.17) and two sets of weft yarns each (20 and 71.43 tex). For a blade gap of 1.5 mm, the electrical resistance of samples with weft yarn count of 20 tex and IC of 0.4 is 534.33 Ω, while for IC = 0.25 electrical resistance is 36.8% higher and for IC = 0.17 this parameter increases 249.3%. For samples with weft yarn count of 71.43, the sample with IC = 0.40 exhibits an electrical resistance of 1053 Ω, for IC = 0.25 this value rises to 33.9% and for IC = 0.17 the electrical resistance value increases a total of 78.9%. This finding can be of interest for coatings where continuity is crucial, and for the application of substances that need to be protected from external factors, for which fabrics with deep interstices can be designed to house said products.

Runoff erosion control performance of structurally modified coir geomeshes on different soil type and slope angle

ABSTRACT Geomeshes made up of coir fibers are a possible great alternative before vegetation establishes itself, and provides immediate soil erosion control on different types of slopes. In this study, coir geomeshes structure has been modified for better erosion over different soils. Different structurally modified coir geomeshes are tested for runoff erosion control, culmination discharge over loamy sand, silt loam, and silty clay loam soil at different slope angles. Lowest erosion control is observed over loamy sand due to higher amount of sand percentage. To know the overall effect of geomeshes, germination tests are also performed. It is observed that twill weave of coir geomeshes provides better erosion control due to the higher float length at the backside which reduces the water velocity. Twill weave geomeshes also provide better germination than plain and satin woven geomeshes. Overall, twill weave geomesh is preferred over loamy sand, silt loam, and silty clay loam at lower and medium slope angles.