Satiety Status Research Articles

Investigating Leptin Gene Variants and Methylation Status in Relation to Breastfeeding and Preventing Obesity

Objective: We investigated whether the results of leptin gene (LEP) 2548G/A (rs7799039) and leptin receptor gene (LEPR) 668 A/G (rs1137101) variants, as well as the methylation analysis of CpG regions at nucleotides −31 and −51 of the LEP gene, showed any differences between breastfed and non-breastfed children in this study. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study included 100 children aged 2–5 years who were attending nursery and kindergarten and had been accepted to the Department of General Paediatrics. Infants who were exclusively breastfed for the first six months after birth constituted the study group, and those who were not only breastfeed constituted the control group. Methylation percentages at CpG islands of the LEP gene were compared between exclusively breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed infants, and the statistical significance was analyzed by looking for changes in LEP −31 and −51 nt methylation and LEP 2548G/A ve LEPR 668 A/G variants. Results: Both groups were compared by feeding, and the association of LEPR and LEP gene polymorphisms and −51 nt and −31 nt methylations were analyzed. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding genotype and allele frequency for the LEPR 668 A/G, LEP 2548 G/A gene variant, −31 nt methylation, and −51 nt methylation status. Similarly, there was no significant difference in genotype and allele frequency for the LEPR 668 A/G gene variant in terms of duration of exclusive breastfeeding, total breastfeeding, body mass index, family obesity, and satiety status. However, maternal support from family elders and physical activity increased the 51 nt methylation, but this methylation was not significantly affected by BMI, age, or satiety status. Conclusions: Maternal support from family elders and physical activity were associated with increased 51 nt methylation, but this methylation was not significantly affected by BMI, age, or satiety status. However, there are not enough studies in this area to reach a definitive conclusion, and further research is needed.

Homeostasis and food craving in obesity: a functional MRI study

ObjectivesFood intake in obesity has been found to be reward-based and less contingent on homeostatic needs. Accordingly, previous studies investigating neural processing of food cues observed aberrant processing in reward- and control-related brain regions in obesity. To further investigate the relation between homeostasis and food intake, this study investigated the influence of glucose metabolism on the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving in participants with obesity.MethodsTwenty-five normal-weight and 25 women with obesity were examined on two occasions after receiving either water or glucose directly into the stomach using a nasogastric tube. Participants were blinded to the type of infusion and were required to refrain from eating for 16 h before each visit. An event-related fMRI paradigm was used to investigate the effect of intestinal glucose load on the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving.ResultsA 2 × 2 mixed-model ANOVA revealed that craving regulation was associated with increased activation in fronto-parietal regions in participants with obesity when compared to healthy controls. However, this effect was observed independently from homeostatic satiety. A regression analysis revealed that the reduction of food craving was related to increased activation in the lingual gyrus in individuals with obesity following the infusion of water.ConclusionsIn participants with obesity, the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving is associated with increased neural cognitive top-down control and increased visual food processing. Since this observation was independent from satiety status, our results indicate a reduced influence of homeostasis on neural processing during food craving in obesity. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.org: NCT03075371.

Effect of satiety on TSH and free thyroxin levels in healthy individuals and patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism

Background:Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine levels may change according to fasting — satiety status. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of satiety on TSH and free thyroxine levels.Methods:This study was conducted in a tertiary hospital. According to previous TSH and thyroxine levels, groups of 30, 30 and 60 participants were designated as subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism, and control groups respectively. To obtain TSH and thyroxine results first phlebotomy was performed at 8 am while participants were in fasting state. Then participants were allowed to have non-standardized breakfast. Second phlebotomy was performed at 10 am while participants were in non-fasting state. Paired t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data.Results:The fasting TSH levels of the participants (2.57 ± 1.84 mlU/L) were significantly higher than the satiety TSH levels (2.04 ± 1.48 mlU/L) (t = 8.566, p < 0.001, d = 0.80). The fasting free thyroxine values (1.31 ± 0.38 mg/dl) of the participants were significantly lower than the satiety free thyroxine values (1.39 ± 0.35 mg/dl) (t = -1.988, p = 0.049, d = 0.20).Conclusion:Knowing how TSH and free thyroxine tests are affected by satiety has the power to affect treatment of many patients. Our study has shown that both TSH and free thyroxine levels changed significantly according to satiety status.

Comparison of the effect of milk and pistachio snacks (pistacia vera) consumption on satiety status, body fat percent, and macronutrient intake in overweight or obese women: A randomized controlled trial

Aim The aim of this study was to identify the effect of consumption of milk and pistachio as snacks on satiety, body fat percent, and macronutrient intake in overweight or obese women. Methods In this randomized cross-over trial, sixty overweight and obese women with mean age of 24.42 ± 4.2 years participated. Each Intervention lasted two one-month periods with a 6-day washout period. A visual analogue scale was used to score satiety. To calculate energy intake (macronutrient), a food record was obtained. Body fat percentage was calculated using the Deurenberg formula. Results At the end of the study, there was not any statistical difference in energy intake at each snack groups (p-value>0.05). Body fat percent for women in the milk group significantly decreased (p-value = 0.001). There was not any statistical difference in the area under the curve between pistachio and milk snack groups (226.13 ± 54.5 and 225.16 ± 47.48, respectively, p-value = 0.930). Conclusion The consumption of pistachio and milk as a daily mid-morning snack for a month has a similar effect on the maintenance of the satiety status in obese and overweight people but it does not have any beneficial effects on calorie intake.

Different Types of Plant-Based Fiber in a Protein-Containing Meal During Satiety and Hunger States: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Fiber content of a meal is distinctly effective in appetite. There are studies that draw attention to the effects of protein and fiber combined meals on short-term satiety and food intake. This study was performed to examine the effects of different fiber sources in a protein-containing meal during satiety and hunger. The study was carried out once a week on the same day and for three-week duration, with total of 17 randomly selected participants with ages between 18 and 24 years. The test foods containing different vegetable fiber sources (chickpeas and oats) were given to the participants every week as isocaloric, which have been the control food for a week. The satiety status was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) for total of five times as immediately before the test food consumption and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after consumption. Fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels were measured. A 24-hour retrospective food consumption record was obtained the next day. There was no statistically significant difference among the VAS results of the three groups, which were given chickpea + yoghurt (CY), oat + yoghurt (OY), and yoghurt (Y) as control (p> 0.05). No significant difference was observed in ad libitum food intake after the test food and daily energy intake determined by 24-hour food consumption records (p> 0.05). However, the energy and macronutrient intake of the OY group at the ad libitum lunch and the rest of the day were significantly lower than that of CY. The difference between blood glucose levels during hunger and satiety states of CY group was found significant (p <0.05). Collectively, the VAS findings revealed that consumption of fiber-enriched meal has a significant effect on short-term satiety, daily energy intake and blood glucose level control compared to a protein-only meal, however no significant difference was observed between the types of fiber consumed. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT 04601025. Keywords: hunger, fiber, protein, satiety, appetite DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/85-13 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

Kalp Rahatsızlığı Riskinin Korelasyon Matrisi, Rastgele Ağaç ve Permütasyon Öznitelik Seçimi Yöntemleriyle Tespit Edilmesi

Surface EEG measurements that can be performed in hospitals and laboratories have reached a wearable and portable level with the development of today's technologies. Artificial intelligence-assisted brain-computer interface (BCI) systems play an important role in individuals with disabilities to process EEG signals and interact with the outside world. In particular, the research is becoming widespread to meet the basic needs of individuals in need of home care with an increasing population. In this study, it is aimed to design the BCI system that will detect the hunger and satiety status of the people on the computer platform through EEG measurements. In this context, a database was created by recording EEG signals with eyes open and eyes closed by 20 healthy participants in the first stage of the study. The noise of the EEG signal is eliminated by using a low pass, high pass, and notch filters. In the classification, using Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) with Coiflet 1 and Daubechies 4 wavelets, 77.50% accuracy was achieved in eyes closed measurement, and 81% in eyes open measurement.

Gözler Açık ve Kapalı iken Alınan EEG Sinyallerinden Açlık Tokluk Durumunun Tespiti

Surface EEG measurements that can be performed in hospitals and laboratories have reached a wearable and portable level with the development of today's technologies. Artificial intelligence-assisted brain-computer interface (BCI) systems play an important role in individuals with disabilities to process EEG signals and interact with the outside world. In particular, the research is becoming widespread to meet the basic needs of individuals in need of home care with an increasing population. In this study, it is aimed to design the BCI system that will detect the hunger and satiety status of the people on the computer platform through EEG measurements. In this context, a database was created by recording EEG signals with eyes open and eyes closed by 20 healthy participants in the first stage of the study. The noise of the EEG signal is eliminated by using a low pass, high pass, and notch filters. In the classification, using Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) with Coiflet 1 and Daubechies 4 wavelets, 77.50% accuracy was achieved in eyes closed measurement, and 81% in eyes open measurement.

Excitability of Neural Activity is Enhanced, but Neural Discrimination of Odors is Slightly Decreased, in the Olfactory Bulb of Fasted Mice.

Olfaction and satiety status influence each other: cues from the olfactory system modulate eating behavior, and satiety affects olfactory abilities. However, the neural mechanisms governing the interactions between olfaction and satiety are unknown. Here, we investigate how an animal’s nutritional state modulates neural activity and odor representation in the mitral/tufted cells of the olfactory bulb, a key olfactory center that plays important roles in odor processing and representation. At the single-cell level, we found that the spontaneous firing rate of mitral/tufted cells and the number of cells showing an excitatory response both increased when mice were in a fasted state. However, the neural discrimination of odors slightly decreased. Although ongoing baseline and odor-evoked beta oscillations in the local field potential in the olfactory bulb were unchanged with fasting, the amplitude of odor-evoked gamma oscillations significantly decreased in a fasted state. These neural changes in the olfactory bulb were independent of the sniffing pattern, since both sniffing frequency and mean inhalation duration did not change with fasting. These results provide new information toward understanding the neural circuit mechanisms by which olfaction is modulated by nutritional status.

Behavioral and Physiological Evidence for Palp Detection of the Male-Specific Attractant Cuelure in the Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni).

The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, is considered one of the worst horticultural pests in Australia attacking a large variety of fruit crops. To defeat pest insects, olfactory attractants have been developed and widely used in lure and kill strategies. Male B. tryoni are strongly attracted to the compound raspberry ketone and its synthetic analog, cuelure. Despite the strong behavioral response, a recent study failed to show any activation of antennal receptors to cuelure. Therefore, we hypothesized that cuelure may be detected by an accessory olfactory organ, the maxillary palp. Combining behavioral and physiological experiments we clearly demonstrate that male flies, but not female flies, primarily use the maxillary palps and not the antennae to detect and respond to cuelure. Furthermore, regardless of satiety status, male flies always preferred cuelure over a sugar rich source, unless the maxillary palps were excised.

The Effect of Serotonin on Leptin and Grelin Hormones Concentrations in Female Rats

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship of hyperserotoninemia on the adipose tissues performance and satiety status on thirty six female rats. Randomly divided into four groups that individually housed. The first group of six females as a short-term study were given daily serotonin (25 mg/kg) for a week and six controls received saline subcutaneously. Long-term treatment study included 12 females given daily serotonin injections for 3 months vs. 12 controls given saline. The results show significantly decreased in body weights after 7 days and 3 months serotonin injection with mean (200 ± 9.31 g vs. controls 224 ± 11.9 g, p = 0.003 and 234 ± 7.12 g vs. controls 246 ± 14.8 g, p = 0.025 respectively). Plasma leptin were significantly decreased in the rats syringe with serotonin after short-term (133±32.0 vs. controls 208±58.4 pg/ml; p = 0.029) and long-term treatment (172 ± 35.6 vs. controls: 234 ± 60.5 pg/ml; p = 0.007), whereas ghrelin concentrations were unaffected. Consequently, hyperserotoninemia results in low concentrations of plasma leptin with unaffected ghrelin concentrations that may explains a direct serotonin influence on adipose tissues with a significant reduction in body weights of rats vs. controls

Modulation of Spontaneous and Odorant-Evoked Activity of Rat Olfactory Sensory Neurons by Two Anorectic Peptides, Insulin and Leptin

In mammals, the sense of smell is modulated by the status of satiety, which is mainly signaled by blood-circulating peptide hormones. However, the underlying mechanisms linking olfaction and food intake are poorly understood. Here we investigated the effects of two anorectic peptides, insulin and leptin, on the functional properties of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Using patch-clamp recordings, we analyzed the spontaneous activity of rat OSNs in an in vitro intact epithelium preparation. Bath perfusion of insulin and leptin significantly increased the spontaneous firing frequency in 91.7% (n = 24) and 75.0% (n = 24) of the cells, respectively. When the activity was electrically evoked, both peptides shortened the latency to the first action potential by approximately 25% and decreased the interspike intervals by approximately 13%. While insulin and leptin enhanced the electrical excitability of OSNs in the absence of odorants, they surprisingly reduced the odorant-induced activity in the olfactory epithelium. Insulin and leptin decreased the peak amplitudes of isoamyl acetate-induced electroolfactogram (EOG) signals to 46 and 38%, respectively. When measured in individual cells by patch-clamp recordings, insulin and leptin decreased odorant-induced transduction currents and receptor potentials. Therefore by increasing the spontaneous activity but reducing the odorant-induced activity of OSNs, an elevated insulin and leptin level (such as after a meal) may result in a decreased global signal-to-noise ratio in the olfactory epithelium, which matches the smell ability to the satiety status.

A cluster of gustducin-expressing cells in the mouse stomach associated with two distinct populations of enteroendocrine cells

In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a variety of digestive processes are continually adapted to the changing composition of ingested foods, which requires a precise chemosensory monitoring of luminal contents. Gustducin-expressing brush cells scattered throughout the GI mucosa are considered candidate sensory cells for accomplishing this task. In this study, we have investigated a large cluster of gustducin-positive cells which is located exactly at the boundary between the fundic and the oxyntic mucosa of the mouse stomach, at the so-called "limiting ridge". In close association with the candidate chemosensory cluster, we found two populations of enteroendocrine cells: one population containing the satiety regulating hormone ghrelin, the other population comprising serotonin-secreting enterochromaffin cells. The particular arrangement of gustducin-expressing cells and enteroendocrine cells at the limiting ridge suggests a direct interplay between these cell types with immediate implications, not only for digestive processes in the stomach, but also for parameters controlling the satiety status.

Development of a mechanistic model of intake and chewing activities of sheep.

A mechanistic model of intake and chewing activities was developed using data from confined sheep in order to integrate the relationships between feeding behavior and digestive processes. The model consists of two interconnected submodels. The ruminal digestion submodel describes flows of nutrients and is based on differential equations to simulate the dynamic evolution of particulate matter and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the reticulorumen. The diet is characterized by cell wall content and its potential digestibility, by the proportion of large particles (LP) retained on a 1-mm mesh sieve, and by an index of palatability. Particle comminution occurs during eating and ruminating. Intake is determined from attributes of the diet, animal live weight, and satiety status. Particulate outflow is calculated from a description of the activity of the reticulo-omasal orifice. Microbial digestion rates vary with lag phase, chemical fraction, size of particles, and ruminal pH. The VFA are aggregated into one compartment. The feeding decision submodel distinguishes among eating, ruminating, and resting. The choice among these activities is decided at each minute of simulation according to the relative values of functions of intake motivation (FMI) and of satiety (FSAT). The FMI function is based on diet palatability, energy balance, and the diurnal cycle. The FSAT function is determined by rumen load signals and energy balance. When the animal does not eat, the decision between ruminating and resting is related to the proportion of long particles in the rumen. Sensitivity analysis and validations indicate that the overall behavior of the model is adequate.

Cannabinoids and appetite stimulation

Appetite stimulation by cannabinoids is highly variable. Four within-subject design studies explored the effects of age, gender, satiety status, route of drug administration, and dose on intake. One study involved a single oral administration of active drug (15 mg males, 10 mg females) or placebo to an age and gender stratified sample of 57 healthy, adult light marijuana users. Eleven subjects received single doses by oral, sublingual, and inhaled routes in a second study. In the third study, 10 subjects ingested a single oral dose in fasted and fed states. A 2.5 mg dose was administered b.i.d. for 3 days by oral and rectal suppository routes in the fourth study. Mean daily energy intake was significantly elevated following chronic dosing by rectal suppository, but not oral capsule, relative to all acute dosing regimens except inhalation. Total daily energy intake was comparable on fed and fasted days, suggesting satiety mechanisms were not impaired by the drug. Subject age, gender, reported “high”, and plasma drug level were not significantly associated with drug effects on food intake.