Satellite Center Research Articles

Creation of self-aligning multisatellite planetary gears

In this study, we aim to identify shortcomings in the operation of multisatellite planetary gearboxes and to justify improved designs of planetary self-aligning mechanisms, which allow torque to be transmitted through all installed satellites. To that end, we studied a domestic planetary three-satellite MPZ gearbox installed on a magnetic separator, designed for wet separation of strongly magnetic ores and materials into magnetic and non-magnetic products, and a planetary gearbox of a special structure. 3D models of the classical three-satellite and single-sliding self-aligning gearboxes were constructed in the 3D module of the T-Flex CAD software. The performance of the mechanisms was evaluated by structural analysis and Chebyshev’s mobility formula. The constructed 3D models were used to study the engagement process of the classical three-satellite and single-sliding self-aligning gearbox. The latter is distinguished by the presence of two levers, which are introduced additionally to three satellites. During the research, the lateral clearance between the pairs of satellite teeth and center wheels was accepted according to GOST 1643–81. The conducted analysis of contacts at rotation of the central driving wheel by 30°, 110°, 200°, and 310° established further designing of the applied planetary gears to be inexpedient due to impossibility of realization of power transfer simultaneously through all satellites. The main disadvantage of the operation of multisatellite gearboxes was found to be the requirement for the side clearance selection, which should ensure the operability of the transmission at the moment of motion transfer. When designing multi-satellite single-slide selfaligning planetary mechanisms, additional levers should be introduced into the structure, the number of which should be equal to the number of satellites. Hence, the use of self-aligning planetary gears makes it possible to reduce the dimensions due to the uniform distribution of the transmitted torque, since the calculated value of the torque can be reduced by the number of satellites. This allows the gears to be adapted to the working loading conditions, which significantly improves the performance of the entire machine or unit.

Knowledge of Tobacco Cessation among Adult Patients Visiting a Rural Satellite Center: A Cross-Sectional Study

AbstractThe prevalence of all types of tobacco use among men has been reported to be high in most parts of India (generally exceeding 50%). Nearly 95 to 100% of tobacco users develop periodontal diseases that have a diminishing effect on oral health.A structured paper-based self-administered questionnaire comprising 15 close-ended questions was formulated for the purpose of data collection for this cross-sectional survey and a sample size of 323 was estimated. Total enumeration sampling method was followed. A significant gender-wise and socioeconomic-status-wise difference was observed based on the form of tobacco used. In this cross-sectional study, 54 (16.7%) individuals began the habit before the age of 15 years, of which 14.2% of the individuals used the smoked variant and 2.4% of the individuals used the smokeless variant of tobacco.Total 265 (82%) individuals were aware that the habit was injurious to their health, of which 90% males and 86.4% females were aware of the harmful effects of the habit. While the awareness among the upper socioeconomic group was higher, the lower socioeconomic group displayed a lower level of awareness.To advocate effective tobacco cessation programs, understanding the dependence on tobacco habit and their knowledge and attitude toward quitting tobacco plays a major role. Hence the present study was conducted with an objective to assess the knowledge and attitude of the patients toward tobacco cessation.

IJCM_33A: Comprehensive Women’s Wellness and Family Welfare Clinic: A Promising Approach for Holistic Healthcare in PGIMER Satellite Sangrur, Punjab

Background: Women’s health disparities, often rooted in sociocultural discrimination, prompted the establishment of the ‘Women’s Wellness and Family Welfare Clinic.’ Objective: The objective of this clinic was to address the adolescents and women-related issues, screening, counselling, mental health, diet and nutrition and, family planning services under one roof. Methodology: The initiative was launched in September 2023 with collaborative efforts between the Department of Community Medicine & SPH and the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at the PGIMER satellite center in Sangrur, Punjab. The clinic comprehensively, recorded socio-demographic profiles, clinical histories and various health dimensions, including physical parameters, mental well-being, social factors, NCD risks, and family planning. Positive screening results prompted referrals for further evaluation. Results: A total of 252 participants underwent screening, of whom 98 (38.9%) were aged 30-39, 32 (12.7%) were planning pregnancy, and 146 (57.6%) were using contraception, with tubal ligation being a prevalent choice 64 (43.4%). Beyond gynaecological concerns, participants reported chronic lower backache (59; 23.4%) and numbness of hands or feet (56; 22.2%) as common symptoms. More than one-third, 96 (39.09%), were found to be at risk for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with 19 (7.5%) having hypertension, 10 (3.9%) with pre- diabetes/diabetes, and 5 (2%) presenting with breast lumps. Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) revealed a 1.2% positivity rate among 117 participants. However, 161 (63%) participants had a BMI over 25, and 121 (48%) consumed fried snacks daily. Domestic abuse was reported by a mere 2 (0.4%) participants, shedding light on the clinic’s potential role in uncovering hidden health issues. Conclusion: The success of this initiative underscores the feasibility of the model wellness clinic in an evolving phase of satellite centre. By offering comprehensive health assessments and facilitating timely referrals, the clinic stands as a promising approach to enhance early detection and treatment, contributing to the holistic well-being of women.

AI-Oriented Two-Phase Multifactor Authentication in SAGINs: Prospects and Challenges

Space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs), which have emerged as an expansion of terrestrial networks, provide flexible access, ubiquitous coverage, high-capacity backhaul, and emergency/disaster recovery for mobile users (MUs). While the massive benefits brought by SAGIN may improve the quality of service, unauthorized access to SAGIN entities is potentially dangerous. At present, conventional crypto-based authentication is facing challenges, such as the inability to provide continuous and transparent protection for MUs. In this article, we propose an AI-oriented two-phase multi-factor authentication scheme (ATMAS) by introducing intelligence to authentication. The satellite and network control center collaborate on continuous authentication, while unique spatial-temporal features, including service features and geographic features, are utilized to enhance the system security. Our further security analysis and performance evaluations show that ATMAS has proper security characteristics which can meet various security requirements. Moreover, we shed light on lightweight and efficient authentication mechanism design through a proper combination of spatial-temporal factors.

Prediction and ephemeris fitting of LEO navigation satellites orbits computed at the antenna phase center

Nowadays, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites are proposed to augment the Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) service of the GNSS satellites by directly transmitting navigation signals. In such cases, the users eventually need the orbits at the Antenna Phase Center (APC) of the antenna broadcasting navigation signals toward the Earth instead of those at the satellite Center of Mass (CoM). Using real attitudes of Sentinel satellites and simulated attitudes of different source types with enlarged instabilities, the influences of the attitude instability on the prediction and ephemeris fitting of the APC orbits are studied. It was found that different scenarios of attitude stabilities could lead to prediction degradations with a 3D RMS from a few millimeters to more than 4 cm. The study also showed that the ephemeris fitting errors of the APCs are not significantly impacted, considering both the real attitudes of Sentinel-6A and the simulated attitude instabilities.

A technological approach to "Reaching the Unreached" - Leveraging teleophthalmology services in Rural Gujarat.

Early detection of sight-threatening disorders by technological applications like teleophthalmology and prompt treatment can help decrease visual impairment. This study evaluated the role of teleophthalmology in underserved rural areas along with cost-saving estimates for the end user. A prospective, observational, cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted over 3 months. First 1000 teleconsultations were included. None of the patients denied providing informed consent. The patients were consulted at the eight vision centers and three satellite centers of the hospital in the nearby rural and tribal regions closer to their residential places. These vision and satellite centers were connected to the base hospital like a hub and spoke model with a teleophthalmology network. Cataract (n = 301, 30.1%) and refractive error (n = 290, 29%) were the most common diagnosis. 42.1% of patients were referred to base hospital for further evaluation. Thus, a total of 57.9% of patients were not required to visit the base hospital for initial consultation, saving time and money. Furthermore, 15.1% of patients were provided medical treatment at the vision center and satellite center, which helped in making teleophthalmology cost-saving for the patients. An average of Rs. 621/- were saved per patient for the community in our study. Networked teleophthalmology model can be an affordable and feasible tool for providing eye care delivery services in rural and tribal regions of Gujarat and the whole country, especially for the end user. Thus, it may be a workable model in ophthalmology practice with substantial cost saving to the community.

Atmospheric correction under cloud edge effects for Geostationary Ocean Color Imager through deep learning

The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) is widely employed in tracking diurnal dynamics of oceanic conditions. However, the current atmospheric correction (AC) algorithms for GOCI often mask pixels around cloud edges to exclude pixels contaminated by cloud edge effects (CEEs; including stray light, cloud shadows, and cloud adjacent effects (AEs)), which results in massive data loss. In this paper, we propose a novel AC algorithm to correct these CEE-affected pixels based on deep learning (namely, DLACC) to achieve a comparable quality level to those pixels far away from cloud edges. We used the standard near-infrared iterative AC algorithm in SeaDAS (namely, NIR) to obtain Rayleigh-corrected reflectance (Rrc) and remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Then, high-quality Rrs values were extracted using a quality assurance (QA) algorithm. Next, we obtained 2,821,668 matchups by matching CEE-free noontime Rrs values with CEE-affected Rrc values in a time window of 1 h. These matchups were used to develop DLACC. Validations using in situ data from Aerosol Robotic Network-Ocean Color (AERONET-OC) stations showed that more matchups were obtained with the DLACC model than with the NIR algorithm and Korea Ocean Satellite Center standard AC algorithm in GDPS 2.0 (KOSC), and the accuracies were similar. More importantly, the DLACC algorithm is more tolerant of AEs and reduces AEs in a 2-pixel distance from cloud edges by 10% in the blue bands and by 50% in the green band. As a result, more valid observations are obtained with the DLACC algorithm, with the daily percentage of valid observations (DPVOs) increasing by 71% and 62% over those with the NIR algorithm and the KOSC algorithm, respectively. These increases in valid observations could further result in more consistent patterns in terms of space and time. Our DLACC algorithm can not only be used to process GOCI images but also provide an open framework to develop corresponding deep-learning models for other geostationary satellites.

Organising free health camp: insight into the approach of public and private sectors hospitals

Background: World Health Organization in the year 2019, World Health Day has focused on Universal Health Coverage, with the theme Health for all - everyone, everywhere. It is essential to provide basic primary care to every stratum of society. This article discussed organizing a mega health camp by an institute of national importance in eastern India and the insight into the approaches. Methods: Community-based mega health camp organized at the satellite center to address the medical and surgical problems and their effective management. The organizers are interviewed based on structured questionnaires. A few Marketing personnel were interviewed, and a focused group discussion was made for the beneficiaries to understand their feedback. Results: Total number of patients who availed of the consultation is 2485. The maximum number of patients reported to the specialties like Dermatology (487), Neurology (332), General Medicine (273), Orthopaedics (270), Eye (266), Endocrinology (191), Gastroenterology (188), ENT (153). Conclusions: Meticulous planning within a brief span of time, statutory compliance, event awareness, support of opinion leaders, collaborative efforts, and community involvement are some of the crucial factors contributing to the massive success of a camp. A divergent approach towards health camps by public and private sector hospitals is essential.

THE CROWD OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME IN A RURAL EMERGENCY ROOM OF PAKISTAN: DISTRIBUTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL, AND ANGIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Objectives: Data are available regarding pattern of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in urban areas of Southeast Asia. We conducted a study to assess the demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics and management strategies in patient presenting with ACS arriving in emergency room (ER) of satellite center located in rural area. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study done at tertiary cardiac care center located in rural area of Pakistan. In February to March 2021, 355 patients with ACS were included in this study. Patients were categorized into STEMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction), NSTEMI (Non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction), and USA (unstable angina). Results: A total number of 4210 patients visited the ER out of which 355 patients were with ACS. Mean age was 56±10 years and 43% of patients were <60 years of age, 80.6% of patients were male and presentation with symptoms duration of ranging from 1 hour to 7 days range. Hypertension was prevalent in (52.7%) followed by diabetes in 33% and smoking (29%). STEMI and NSTEMI were the predominant types of ACS (50.4% and 33.5%). Primary PCI was done in 97% of eligible patient presenting within window period and percutaneous revascularization was performed in 69% of ACS patients. In-hospital mortality was noted in 1.1%. Conclusion: STEMI and NSTEMI were the predominant type of ACS. Majority of patients were male and hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor followed by diabetes and smoking. Significant improvement has been achieved in the management of ACS with in-hospital mortality remain 1.1%.

Large Scale Topographic Mapping Using Stereo Pair Imagery from CAS500-1 Satellite

A CAS500-1 (Compact Advanced Satellite) is a high-resolution Earth-observing satellite launched in Mar 2021 and being operated by National Land Satellite Center at NGII (National Geographic Information Institute). The mission of the satellite is the periodic monitoring of the land for efficient managements. Having completed the calibration and validation processes, CAS500-1 has been acquiring land images to generate the basic geospatial information that are topographic maps, orthorectified images, and DEM (Digital Elevation Model). Using satellite data has a lot of advantages over aerial images in terms of repeatability, coverage, and accessibility. However, the spatial resolution is relatively lower than that of aerial images. This prohibits the large scale topographic mapping from the satellite data. Therefore, we conducted 1:5,000 large scale topographic mappings using CAS500-1 stereo data and assessed the accuracy. Two test areas were selected including accessible and inaccessible areas. Overlapping CAS500-1 data were automatically processed with GCP (Ground Control Points) chips for better positional accuracy. Then they are used for the epipolar resampled images that can be used for stereo-plotting. Through the stereo display quality assessment, we selected the optimal stereo set for each site. The accuracy of the resulted topographic maps was checked using ground truth data such as GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)-surveyed points over the accessible area and GCP chips in the inaccessible area, respectively. The experimental results showed the accuracy successfully met the requirement of 1:5,000 topographic map in Korea. We concluded that CAS500-1 data will have more potential for large scale mapping considering that CAS500-2 is scheduled to be launched in 2022 and cooperate with CAS500-1.

Integration of satellite data processing technologies of external providers into Roscosmos information system on example of the Satellite Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

On an example of a service for merged SST charts computing, the problems of integrating a sophisticated technology of external provider into the Roscosmos State Information System for the Operational Delivery of Earth Remote Sensing Data (SIS OD ERS) are considered. The main goal of the SIS OD ERS is the implementation of a simple and uniform access to satellite data of both Russian and worldwide archives, as well as to high-level processing products in a required thematic area. External provider gets access to satellite data archives and computing resources of SIS OD ERS. The key issue is minimizing the cost of processing data from both Roscosmos and external providers. The Multiple Access Center for Regional Satellite Monitoring of the Environment of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences deploy its services to SIS OD ERS. The options for arranging the exchange of data and services between a provider and SIS OD ERS are proposed. A REST web services are made, with its support in the Python environment. As a result of the integration, daily merged SST charts are built that preserve the structure of thermal fronts for any water area and with the accuracy that corresponds the international standards. The service is distributed. Both the resources and data of Roscosmos and the Satellite Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the data from the foreign information systems are used.

Impact of Satellite Attitude on Altimetry Calibration with Microwave Transponders

Satellite altimetry plays a key role in monitoring changes in sea level and climate change. The quality of satellite altimetry products is commonly ensured through dedicated calibration. One such calibration is with microwave transponders acting as ground reference point targets. It is common practice that satellite ranges between the transponder phase center and the satellite center of gravity (CoG) are compared against the true geometric ranges to determine bias. Transponder ranges are, however, realized by the two phase centers of the altimeter and the ground transponder. So, to make this comparison feasible, the space origin of the measured range is transferred from the altimeter phase center (APC) to the satellite CoG by applying a constant offset, usually referred to as “CoG correction”. Instead of a fixed “CoG correction”, this work introduces the actual vector between APC and CoG in space, by examining the satellite attitude. Thus, the observed and geometric distances to the transponder are both referred to the APC. The case of Jason-3 and Sentinel-6A Michael Freilich (Sentinel-6A MF) with two transponders on Crete (CDN1) and Gavdos (GVD1) islands is examined. At first, the attitude of Jason-3 is determined by its quaternions. Then, analysis reveals that the transponder bias is correlated with the Jason-3 satellite attitude. The revised calibration brings about bias changes which fluctuate from about −2 mm to 1 mm in range and from −110μs to +110 μs in datation for Jason-3. Spectral analysis on the bias differences between the revised and conventional transponder calibrations reveals constituents with periods of 117, 39 and 23 days. Finally, the revised methodology on crossover calibrations over the GVD1 transponder results in an improvement between the mean bias of the ascending and descending orbits by 12% for Jason-3 and by 14% (preliminary) for Sentinel-6A MF.

War Related Building Damage Assessment in Kyiv, Ukraine, Using Sentinel-1 Radar and Sentinel-2 Optical Images

Natural and anthropogenic disasters can cause significant damage to urban infrastructure, landscape, and loss of human life. Satellite based remote sensing plays a key role in rapid damage assessment, post-disaster reconnaissance and recovery. In this study, we aim to assess the performance of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data for building damage assessment in Kyiv, the capital city of Ukraine, due to the ongoing war with Russia. For damage assessment, we employ a simple and robust SAR log ratio of intensity for the Sentinel-1, and a texture analysis for the Sentinel-2. To suppress changes from other features and landcover types not related to urban areas, we construct a mask of the built-up area using the OpenStreetMap building footprints and World Settlement Footprint (WSF), respectively. As it is difficult to get ground truth data in the ongoing war zone, a qualitative accuracy assessment with the very high-resolution optical images and a quantitative assessment with the United Nations Satellite Center (UNOSAT) damage assessment map was conducted. The results indicated that the damaged buildings are mainly concentrated in the northwestern part of the study area, wherein Irpin, and the neighboring towns of Bucha and Hostomel are located. The detected building damages show a good match with the reference WorldView images. Compared with the damage assessment map by UNOSAT, 58% of the damaged buildings were correctly classified. The results of this study highlight the potential offered by publicly available medium resolution satellite imagery for rapid mapping damage to provide initial reference data immediately after a disaster.

Prospective Analysis of a Deep Learning Auto-Contouring Model for Definitive Radiation of Localized Prostate Cancer

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> To analyze the prospective use of a deep learning auto contouring model for patients with localized prostate cancer with or without insertion of a radiopaque hydrogel spacer. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> The model was initially trained with patients from an academic center. It was implemented for prospective clinical use at a satellite center by three experienced radiation oncologists. The model auto contours prostate, proximal seminal vesicles (SVs), bladder, rectum, femurs, penile bulb and spacer (when existing). The auto contours (ACs) were reviewed and edited by treating physician. The ACs were compared to the approved planning contours (PCs) for the initial 23 patients to evaluate the extent of physician editing required. Each AC was compared to the final PC by one physician using a qualitative 4-point system: 1 (minor discrepancy with significant efficiency gain), 2 (moderate discrepancy with substantial gain), 3 (significant discrepancy with meaningful gain), and 4 (rejected for gross error or no efficiency gain). A composite score was calculated by averaging the score of each structure. A Turing test was performed to see if the physician can differentiate AC vs. PC. Quantitatively, the geometric differences between each AC and PC were analyzed using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean distance to agreement (MDA). <h3>Results</h3> As shown in Table 1, the mean score was ≤1.4 for all structures except for SVs, and 1.26 for the composite, indicating overall significant efficiency gain. In 97.8% of cases, the ACs led to an efficiency gain. While the passing rate of the Turing test was not high, the failure was frequently due to very minor differences. The DSC was close to 1 for femurs, bladder and spacer, and >0.9 for prostate and rectum. The MDA was <2 mm for all structures except SVs. All quantitative measures except for the SVs were within the tolerance recommended by AAPM TG 132 (DSC ≥ 0.8, MDA ≤ 3 mm). On average, treating physicians estimated 17 minutes were saved for each patient. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Overall, the model can accurately auto contour targets, organs, and spacer with significant efficiency gain. A majority of ACs qualitatively evaluated by a physician had only mild discrepancies. Quantitative analysis demonstrated ACs for most organs had only minor geometric differences, unlikely to result in any significant dose-volume impact.

Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Recovery after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients Under 40 Years of Age

Context: The context of this study was acute coronary syndrome. Aims: The purpose of the study was to evaluate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) recovery in postprimary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) patients under the age of 40 years. Settings and Design: Observational study, Hyderabad Satellite Center of National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD), Pakistan. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted on 104 patients at “NICVD, Hyderabad Satellite Center.” ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients of both genders, between 18 and 40 years of age, and those who underwent coronary angiography were included in this study. LVEF of post-PPCI patients was assessed at admission, 40 and 90 days post-PPCI. Statistical Analysis Used: The McNemar–Bowker test was conducted to assess the variations in the distribution of LVEF at 40 and 90 days as compared to the baseline. Results: A total of 104 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 34.84 ± 4.82 years. The most common risk factors were hypertension 38.5% (40) and smoking 18.3% (19). At 6 weeks, 18.3% of patient's EF was 40%–50%. At 90 days, 23.1% EF was at 40%–50%. Maximum improvement in EF was seen in patients who timely underwent PPCI. Conclusion: A significant improvement in LVEF was observed in young STEMI patients after 40 and 90 days of PPCI. Timely intervention by PPCI not only preserves LV function at baseline but is also associated with better improvement in the short term in premature STEMI patients.

Perception towards clinical exposure of public health dentistry postgraduate student in Indian dental colleges – A qualitative research

Introduction- Public Health Dentistry (PHD) is a very vast branch and it majorly focuses on research, extension activity and field trips reaching out to the community creating oral health awareness. A PHD professional is trained in providing preventive treatments but might lack confidence in performing restorative or surgical or rehabilitative treatments. Hence this questionnaire study was planned to evaluate perception of PHD post graduate students towards clinical exposure. Material and Methods- A questionnaire survey was conducted among 2nd and 3rd -year PHD PG students all across India. A 13-item questionnaire was shared and validated by the selected Heads of PHD departments all across India. Results- It was seen that 63% of respondents planned to start their own private practice, 47% chose this department as they were interested in Public Health Dentistry and 27% chose this department just for the sake of MDS. Nearly 51% of respondents felt that there was insufficient clinical exposure provided. Discussion- PHD branch is generally considered non-clinical as the syllabus focuses majorly on preventive treatments, but if given the opportunity, a public health dentist can carry out numerous clinical procedures in an outreach setting, or a satellite center if provided with proper clinical exposure. &#x0D;

The methodology of design of satellite working mechanism of positive displacement machine

In this paper is described a methodology of design of satellite mechanism consisting of two non-circular gears (externally toothed rotor and internally toothed curvature) and circular gears (satellites). In the presented methodology is assumed that the rotor pitch line is known, and the curvature pitch line is necessary to designate. The presented methodology applies to mechanisms for which the number of the curvature humps is at least one greater than the number of rotor humps. The selection of the number of gears and the number of teeth in gear and rotor and curvature is also presented. The methodology of calculating the position of the satellite center and the angle of its rotation in order to shape the teeth on the rotor and curvature is presented. The article is also showed different types of satellite mechanisms—satellite mechanisms with the different numbers of humps on the rotor and curvature. The technical parameters of the mechanism for the rotor pitch line described by the cosine function are also presented.

Clinical Manifestation and Short-Term Outcome of Emergency Percutaneous Revascularization of Patient with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction at a Rural Satellite Center

Background: In Pakistan, the prevalence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients is among the highest in the world. A patient's rate of morbidity and mortality depends greatly on the time that passes during ACS, especially in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients (STEMI). Objectives: This research aimed to assess the spectrum of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and factors leading to delay in presentation and treatment to evaluate its impact on the short-term outcome in patients presenting to a rural satellite center of NICVD at Khairpur, Pakistan. Material &amp; Methods: This observational study was conducted on 400 patients at the Department of Adult Cardiology at Kharipur Satellite Center of National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Pakistan for six months. All patients presenting to ER with ACS whose age was ≥18 years were included. Participants' informed consents were obtained verbally and confidentiality was maintained in regards to their participation in and publication of findings from the study. Consecutive patients presenting with ACS to the satellite center of NICVD at Khairpur, Pakistan were included in this research. Baseline characteristics were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 25). Results: A total of 400 (295 males and 105 females) patients with ACS were included. The mean age was 63.3 ± 11.5 (range 40-70) years, 42.5% had low SES, 35.0% had mid-SES, and 22.5% had high SES.159 (39.8%) patients were from the urban area and 241(60.2%) were from a rural region. However, age, smokers, hypertension, dyslipidemia, area of residence, obesity, diabetic Mellitus, and atrial fibrillation were found to be significant factors associated with socioeconomic status for the acute coronary syndrome. (p-value = &lt;0.05) The epicardial coronary disease was significantly less common in individuals with a high SES compared to those with a mid or low SES. We observed that mode of transport may be a significant cause of death (p-value = &lt;0.0001) because of late arrival to the hospital. In our research, we showed 7.8% 30-day mortality out of total samples. Area of residence, mode of transport, 30-day mortality, OS-ECG (in min), and inferior and anterior STEMI were found to be significantly associated factors (p-value = &lt;0.05). Conclusion: Even though the low-SES STEMI patients at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Khairpur show more adverse clinical and cardiovascular risk factors than patients from urban areas with higher SES. The 30-day mortality for these patients is comparable to the higher-SES patients. Keywords: Clinical manifestation, short-term outcome, percutaneous revascularization, STEMI, myocardial infarction, rural areas.

Outcomes of Standard Operating Procedures Instituted for Non-COVID Outpatient Department During COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural India.

COVID-19 has emerged as a major health care problem during 2020. The risk of infection and transmission led to imposition of a severe lockdown by the government. The diversion of health care machinery towards the control of transmission, treatment of the infected individuals led to a compromise in delivery of care towards non-COVID ailments. This is truer in rural and unapproachable areas where the health facilities were already in jeopardy. A prospective observational study was conducted from May 2020 to November 2020 at PGIMER satellite center, Sangrur. Standard operating procedures (SOP) were instituted for physical consultation during the COVID-19 pandemic at PGIMER satellite center, Sangrur, a branch of PGIMER, Chandigarh. These were approved by the committee constituted for this purpose. The effectiveness of these SOPs was reported as percentage of healthcare workers who contracted infection for non-COVID OPD. A total of 9963 patients attended the Out Patient Department (OPD). Male to female ratio of the patients was 1.2:1. Maximum (6141) consultations were sought for general physician followed by ophthalmologist (1464). Majority of the consultation were for benign non-communicable disorders. Seventy patients who visited the OPD were referred for COVID-19 testing as they had symptoms of infection. A total of 5 (3.8%) incidents of COVID-19 infection were reported among the healthcare workers at the center. The SOPs proved effective in the delivery of physical care with low occupational hazard to the healthcare workers (HCW).

국내 우주환경 자료 보유 현황: 태양·행성간 공간

The Solar and Space Environment Division of the Korean Space Science Society investigated the use and possession of ground and satellite observations and models of solar and planetary data operated by domestic research institutes and universities. Based on the findings, we would like to introduce observational instruments, data, and models in solar and interplanetary fields in this paper to improve understanding and use of each data and explore opportunities for interdisciplinary research. The ground and satellite observations, which require a lot of investment, were mainly held by research institutes (National Meteorological Satellite Center, Polar Research Institute, Korean Space Weather, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and KAIST Satellite Research Institute), and model development was overwhelmingly carried out at Kyung Hee University. In solar and interplanetary fields, we introduce Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph (FISS), neutron monitors, and the analysis models [for the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA) and Hinode/X-Ray Telescope (XRT) obser-vations] in nonequilibrium ionization state as representatives. Survey on solar and interplanetary fields can be downloaded from the website of the Korean Space Science Society (http://ksss.or.kr/). The paper makes know the importance of long-term and continuous management of space science-related materials, and hopes to contribute to enhancing the status of domestic space science data by utilizing locally produced data by various personnel participating in space science research.