Sargassum Filipendula Research Articles

Effects of macroalgal host identity and predation on an amphipod assemblage from a subtropical rocky shore

Seaweeds play a key role in the rocky-shore fauna by providing shelter and food for many invertebrate species, which in turn compose the diet of benthic and pelagic predators. This study investigated the effect of the macroalgal host species on an assemblage of associated amphipods, and tested if the host mediates the vulnerability of amphipods to predation. The association of amphipods with the macroalgal hosts Dichotomaria marginata, Padina gymnospora, and Sargassum filipendula was evaluated seasonally for 1 year on a subtropical rocky shore on the southeastern coast of Brazil. The density of amphipods did not vary with season or host. However, the composition of amphipod species was sensitive to the host macroalgal species and varied temporally. A field experiment showed no clear effect of predation on the amphipod assemblage. Also, predation did not explain the spatial or temporal variation of the amphipod assemblage. Our results indicate that the identity of the macroalgal host drove the composition of the associated amphipods, while predation may have a minor role. Therefore, the loss of habitat-forming organisms such as seaweeds is expected to have drastic consequences for the composition of associated fauna, and consequently on the flow of matter and energy in coastal ecosystems.

Testing the importance of predation refuge vs. food quality in determining the use of macroalgal hosts by a generalist marine mesograzer

Bottom-up (e.g. resource quality) and top-down (e.g. predation) factors have strong effects on the fitness and distribution of small herbivores. Herein, we investigated how food quality and refuge offered by macroalgal hosts influence the distribution of a mesograzer. We used the herbivorous amphipod Cymadusa filosa and seasonally evaluated its association with the macroalgal hosts Sargassum filipendula, Padina gymnospora, and Dichotomaria marginata on a subtropical rocky shore from the Brazilian southeastern coast. Feeding experiments were conducted to test the food value of hosts, while predation experiments in the field and laboratory were performed to investigate the refuge value of the macroalgae. Cymadusa occurred on Padina in a density greater than that observed on Dichotomaria and Sargassum, while Dichotomaria harbored more amphipods than Sargassum. Adults of Cymadusa showed a higher consumption of Padina and Sargassum in both choice and no-choice feeding experiments and juveniles had greater growth and reproductive potential when feeding on such macroalgae. In the predation experiment in the field, Padina was a better refuge for Cymadusa than Sargassum. However, no difference in refuge value among hosts was observed in the laboratory assays. The distribution of Cymadusa was explained by a balance between food and refuge values of hosts, with higher abundances being observed in the high-quality food alga that provides refuge against predators (e.g. Padina), while fewer individuals occurred in other high-quality food that was less suitable as refuge (e.g. Sargassum). Therefore, predation may be more of a determinant for distribution of that mesograzer than resource quality.

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of Ni2+ ions biosorption from aqueous solution using Sargassum filipendula

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of Ni2+ ions biosorption from aqueous solution using Sargassum filipendula

Effect of Chopping on the Quality of Fucoidan Extracted from Sargassum filipendula

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brown seaweed chopping on quality of fucoidan extracted. The brown seaweed used was Sargassum filipendula, which was obtained from Binuangeun, Banten and used as the raw material for fucoidan extraction. There were two treatments, in which a batch of Sargassum sp. was chopped directly at the sampling location, whereas the other batch was not chopped. Then, Sargassum sp. was macerated with ethanol for 24 hours and dried. Fucoidan was extracted by using 0.01N HCl and filtrated by using planktonet. Then, CaCl2 was added into the filtrate to separate the alginate from fucoidan. The fucoidan obtained was added by ethanol and dried in freeze dryer. Each treatment was performed by 3 replications. The yield, carbohydrates and sulfate ester content of fucoidan was determined. The result showed that the chopped Sargassum sp. has higher yield and total carbohydrates compared to the unchopped Sargassum filipendula, but there was no significant difference of sulfate contents.

Equilibrium study of binary mixture biosorption of Cr(III) and Zn(II) by dealginated seaweed waste: investigation of adsorption mechanisms using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.

The alginate extraction residue (RES) from the Brazilian Sargassum filipendula was successfully employed as biosorbent in this binary equilibrium study, revealing a greater affinity and selectivity for Cr(III) than for Zn(II). Experimental results also revealed that the process is of endothermic nature and well adjusted by Langmuir-Freundlich binary model. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that coordination with hydroxyl groups of RES prevailed in Cr removal, followed by carboxyl-metal complexation. As far as Zn(II) is concerned, ion exchange with carboxylate groups of RES was the largest contributor. Nevertheless, scanning electron microscopy coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the participation of sulfate functions in a minor degree.

Cadmium biosorption by alginate extraction waste and process overview in Life Cycle Assessment context

Abstract This work evaluated the cadmium biosorption capacity by the alginate extraction residue from brown seaweed Sargassum filipendula, an industry waste which is often discharged into the sea. The biosorption kinetics and equilibrium were investigated, with further analysis of the process thermodynamics. The Mass Transfer in External Film model best described the kinetic data and the rate controlling step is the diffusion through the boundary layer. The kinetic constant values of the model were 0.129, 0.064 and 0.066 1/min for initial concentrations of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mmoL/L, respectively. The isotherms were obtained at four temperatures (293, 303, 313 and 323 K) and were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The system was better described by Freundlich model, and the Dubinin-Radushkevich model suggested that the cadmium uptake is of physical nature. The maximum biosorption capacity obtained at 293 and 303 K were 0.394 and 0.429 mmoL/g, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the biosorption of cadmium is spontaneous and exothermic. The simplified LCA showed that the use of dealginated residue would lead to lower environmental impacts for Acidification, Climate Change, Eutrophication, Human Toxicity and Photochemical Oxidation.

Efficacy of Sargassum filipendula for the removal of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ ions from aqueous solution: a comparative study

Efficacy of Sargassum filipendula for the removal of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ ions from aqueous solution: a comparative study

Environmental monitoring of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sargassum filipendula and Sargassum vulgare along the eastern coastal waters of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

The presence of two endemic Sargassum spp., Sargassum filipendula and Sargassum vulgare, along the eastern coasts of Trinidad and Tobago were investigated to assess the pollution status of those localities. Heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentrations in these marine organisms were determined. Average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 4.59, 5.05, 744.98, 69.10, 8.33, 8.59, and 24.30 μg g−1 (dry wt.) in S. filipendula and 1.81, 8.82, 114.11, 24.18, 9.84, 7.05, and 119.46 μg g−1 (dry wt.) in S. vulgare, respectively. Metal pollution indices were established for each location. Total PAH concentrations (Σ16 PAHs) ranged from 287.4 ng g−1 in S. filipendula (Mayaro) to 605.1 ng g−1 in S. vulgare (Speyside). The use of PAH diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were used for source identification of PAHs in each of the Sargassum spp. from the various regions. It was concluded that these Sargassum spp. can be utilized as biomarkers for heavy metals and PAHs in the surrounding waters of Trinidad and Tobago.

Dealginated seaweed waste for Zn(II) continuous removal from aqueous solution on fixed‐bed column

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe alginate extraction residue from Brazilian Sargassum filipendula was employed as biosorbent for Zn(II) removal through a fixed‐bed column in order to explore its adsorptive properties and to establish a new use for this waste.RESULTSThe best operating conditions were 0.5 mL min‐1 and 1.0 mmol L‐1 (inlet concentration), providing lower mass transfer zone and higher uptake. Elution percentages of 52 and 73% were obtained for the first and second desorption cycles, respectively, using CaCl2 as eluent. The Yan et al. model was more representative of the experimental data. Characterization revealed that ion exchange is involved between zinc ions and light metals (Ca, Na, K and Mg). A decrease was observed in real and apparent densities of biomass, with an increase in particle porosity of the residue after process.CONCLUSIONThe study revealed that this biomass has potential for Zn removal from aqueous solution, encouraging its application as a biosorbent in future studies involving multicomponent systems. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

Thermal resistance of Pacific white shrimp fed Sargassum filipendula: A MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry approach

Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is a tropical species known to be intolerant to cold. In our earlier work, increased thermal shock resistance caused by Sargassum filipendula raised unanswered questions about the mechanisms responsible for this resistance. Therefore, in the present work, we used MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) to assess protein and lipid profiles of intact and lysed hemocytes from Pacific white shrimp fed 0.5% of S. filipendula and submitted to thermal shock. To accomplish this, shrimp (13.0±0.4g) were reared during 15days in 800L tanks (35 shrimps tank−1), in duplicate, under constant aeration and temperature (28.5°C), 100% of daily water exchange and feeding four times day−1. At day 16, animals were submitted to thermal shock by passing from seawater at 28.5°C to 11.5°C, where they remained for 1h, and then returning to 28.5°C. Mortality was monitored during 24h. Hemolymph of 10 animals per treatment (control and 0.5% S. filipendula) was collected before and 15min after thermal shock for MALDI-TOF MS analyses. Hemocytes were processed in both intact and lysed cells. Samples were mixed (1:1) with 2,5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid matrix for lipid analysis and sinapinic acid for protein. Shrimp fed 0.5% S. filipendula showed higher signal intensity of phosphatidylcholines with unsaturated fatty acids and lower signal intensity of lysophosphatidylcholines, after thermal shock. For proteins, S. filipendula increased signals that could be associated with antimicrobial peptides and histone H2A, whereas reduced signals were related to Cytochrome c oxidase subunits. Based on these results, it can be concluded that S. filipendula increased membrane fluidity and antimicrobial defense, diminished apoptotic signaling, and modulated DNA regulation, lipid and energy metabolism of shrimp hemocytes. These mechanisms could explain, at least in part, the higher thermal shock resistance of these shrimp fed a diet with 0.5% S. filipendula.

Biosorption of toxic metals using the alginate extraction residue from the brown algae Sargassum filipendula as a natural ion-exchanger

In order to aggregate extra value to dealginated seaweed waste (RES1 and RES2) and to establish a new usage for the process waste, this study evaluated the use of this biomass in the removal of toxic metals from contaminated wastewater. Both residues showed similar affinity for almost all metallic ions studied, and the comparison revealed that the largest reduction in the percentage removal was found for cadmium. It was identified a behavior typical of ion exchange, where sodium was the most released ion, mainly in the presence of Cr and Cd. The kinetic study also showed a maximum adsorption peak of nickel and zinc and this uncommon behavior may be related to the properties of each metal ion, such as strength of ionic bonds and diffusivity. The Boyd model fits indicated that the removal of chromium and cadmium is predominantly controlled by the internal diffusion, while the External Mass Transfer Resistance model showed that the Ni and Zn uptake are mainly controlled by the external diffusion. In relation to the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second model, the first better describes Ni and Zn experimental data, whereas the last one is more representative to Cd and Cr data.

Immunomodulatory effects and antimicrobial activity of heterofucans from Sargassum filipendula

Parasitic diseases are a human health problem mainly in low-income areas. The drugs available for the treatment of these diseases are far from satisfactory due to high costs, toxicity, and drug resistance. Sulfated polysaccharides are a complex group of bioactive polymers and can be obtained from seaweeds. The heterofucans from Sargassum filipendula (SF) present strong antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. However, their immunomodulatory and antimicrobial capacity have not been evaluated until now. In this study, five sulfated fucose-rich fractions were isolated (named SF0.5V, SF0.7V, SF1.0V, SF1.5V, and SF2.0V). The chemical composition showed slight differences among polysaccharides and, consequently, biological activity of these polymers. Three fractions (SF0.5V, SF0.7V, and SF1.0V) showed a strong immunomodulatory activity enhancing the release of nitric oxide (NO) by murine macrophages (RAW 264.7), though only SF0.5V was able to induce interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TNF-α release from RAW cells. The sugar to sulfate ratio was not correlated with these activities. Meanwhile, the contents of xylose (P = 0.98 for NO; P = 0.98 for IL-6; P = 0.96 for TNF-α) and glucuronic acid (P = 0.91 for NO; P = 0.9190 for IL-6; P = 0.79 for TNF-α) were strongly positively correlated. SF0.7V and SF1.0V inhibited biofilm formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.2 and 6.8%, respectively), whereas SF0.5V showed inhibitory effect (~50%) on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Furthermore, SF0.7V and SF1.0V showed high inhibition capacity on the survival of the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. The sugar to sulfate ratio was positively correlated (P = 0.60) with this activity. The results demonstrate the spectrum of action of these sulfated polysaccharides obtained from SF and show their potential as immunomodulatory and microbicidal agents.

Phytoelicitor activity of three Caribbean seaweed species on suppression of pathogenic infections in tomato plants

Seaweed extracts are commonly used as phytoelicitors to promote crop growth and yield, worldwide. However, extracts of some seaweed species are known to induce defence processes in plants and may have potential for use as plant protection agents in the management of crop diseases. Most of the research on seaweed extracts as elicitors of plant defences have been on temperate seaweed species. Caribbean islands have an abundance of tropical seaweed species along their coasts, but their potential for use in agriculture has not been explored yet. The aim of this study was to determine the phytoelicitor potential of extracts of three seaweeds abundantly found in Trinidad and the southern Caribbean. The efficacy of the seaweed extracts in suppressing Alternaria solani and Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria infections in tomato was analysed. Alkaline extracts of Ulva lactuca, Sargassum filipendula and Gelidium serrulatum were applied to tomato plants which were inoculated with the pathogens. The plants were then monitored over time for development of disease, activity of defence enzymes and expression levels of key marker genes of various plant defence pathways. Plants treated with the seaweed extracts showed reduced disease severity which was coupled with elevated rates of activities of defence enzymes. Seaweed extract-treated plants also had increased expression levels of marker genes for defence signalling pathways. The extracts of U. lactuca and S. filipendula induced jasmonate signalling defence systems. However, G. serrulatum extract was able to sequentially induce both salicylic acid and jasmonate signalling pathways and, consequently found to be very effective in controlling the intensity of both diseases. The results of this study indicate that extracts made from tropical seaweeds found locally in the southern Caribbean could be used in tomato as phytoelicitors. Local seaweed extracts therefore present a good, potentially environmentally friendly, alternative for farmers of the Southern Caribbean to manage diseases caused by A. solani and X. vesicatoria in tomato.

Abundance, performance, and feeding preference of herbivorous amphipods associated with a host alga-epiphyte system

Mesograzers can benefit their host macrophytes by selectively grazing on epiphytic algae, such as well documented for seagrass meadows and other systems where hosts seem to be less palatable than epiphytes. However, where both host and epiphytes are algae and are likely to be palatable, the predictions about the feeding preferences of mesograzers and, thus, their potential ability in controlling the epiphyte biomass are unclear. Also, the performance consequences of feeding on host algae versus epiphytes, what can explain the feeding preferences of mesograzers, have been rarely tested. The food value of the host alga Sargassum filipendula and two of its common epiphytic algae, Hypnea musciformis and Dictyota cervicornis, for mesograzers was contrasted by investigating the abundance, performance, feeding preference, and feeding rates of the herbivorous amphipods Cymadusa filosa and Sunamphitoe pelagica. Sampling was carried out seasonally between January and November 2012 in a subtropical shore from the Brazilian south-eastern coast (23°32′S, 45°10′W). The abundance of both herbivores was positively correlated with S. filipendula biomass. However, only C. filosa had a positive relationship with H. musciformis biomass during the season of lower S. filipendula abundance. Juveniles of S. pelagica were able to survive only when consuming S. filipendula. In contrast, C. filosa survived at similar rates on epiphytes and S. filipendula, but long-term feeding on epiphytes resulted in lower growth and reproduction. Both herbivores preferred to consume S. filipendula in choice assays, but only C. filosa was able to feed on epiphytes at similar rates as it did on S. filipendula in no-choice assays. These mesograzer species may differ from each other in the mechanisms determining their association with S. filipendula. For C. filosa, epiphytes should be an alternative source of food, mainly in periods of lower host availability. Thus, the role of epiphytes on mesograzer-Sargassum interaction seems to vary temporally and among herbivores. Overall, these results contrast with the general patterns about mesograzer preferences towards epiphytes reported for other systems. Therefore, the feeding preferences of mesograzers in host-epiphyte systems and, thus, their potential impact may depend on the identity of hosts and epiphytes.

Biosorption of lead ions from the aqueous solution by Sargassum filipendula: Equilibrium and kinetic studies

The removal of Pb+2 ions by Sargassum filipendula was studied using batch process. The biosorbent characterization was carried out by FESEM-EDX and FTIR techniques. Central composite design was used to optimize Pb+2 ions biosorption process by varying four different independent process parameters (temperature, pH, biosorbent dosage, and initial concentration of Pb+2 ions). The adequacy of response surface model was checked by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum process parameters for the removal of Pb+2 ions were found as temperature (34.8°C), pH (4.99), initial concentration (152.10mg/L) and biosorbent dosage (0.49g/L) at which 96% of removal were achieved. The predictive capabilities of six types of kinetic models and six types of adsorption isotherm models were examined for S. filipendula. For this study, Fritz isotherm model and Bangham kinetic model were found as best fitted models for the biosorption of Pb+2 ions. Desorption studies showed that after four consecutive biosorption-desorption cycles 77.53% and 90.84% of desorption and biosorption efficiency were achieved, respectively. The studied thermodynamic parameters showed that biosorption of Pb+2 ions on S. filipendula were feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic in nature. Thus, in view of experimental observations it can be concluded that S. filipendula can be used as an efficient biosorbent for Pb+2 ions biosorption from the aqueous solution.

Characterization of the Residue from Double Alginate Extraction from Sargassum Filipendula Seaweed

Residue of alginate extraction from Sargassum filipendula brown seaweed shows high potential to be applied as bioadsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated wastewater, since it contains some constituents of the raw algae. Consequently the waste of the extraction process could be also employed as bioadsorbent, valorising the residue from alginate extraction and making the metal sorption more economically attractive. In front of this, the alginate extraction was carried out twice to verify if after the double extraction the residue presents the same constituents and the same potential to remove toxic metals. Furthermore, the double extraction was used in order to verify if the alginate extraction yield increases and if it preserves the characteristics of the residue as bioadsorbent. The yield (w/w) of alginate and residue in the first extraction was 24 ± 5.00 % and 52 ± 2.51 %, respectively. With the second extraction, the yield obtained represented 11± 1.88 % of alginate and 76 ± 3.84 % of residue. The high amount of residue encourages its use as biosorbent adding value to a waste of the process. The SEM-EDX results indicate that the materials’ surface is mainly composed by Si, Na, Mg, Al, S, K, Ca and Fe, being that the presence and reduction of some elements concentration is due the diatoms shells. The spectra obtained from FTIR of first and second residues were similar, indicating that the main functional groups involved in adsorption phenomenon are not totally removed. It suggests that even after extracting more alginate it is possible to use the residue as bioadsorbent.

The Use of Alginate in Lemon Extract Effervescent Powder Production

<p>Study on the use of alginate in lemon (Citrus medica var lemon) extract effervescent<br />powder production has conducted. The aims of the research are to determine the optimum<br />concentration of alginate used in lemon extract effervescent powder to produced best<br />product and acceptance consumen.The lemon extract effervescent powder formula<br />consisted of lemon extract powder, sucrose, aspartame, salt and effervescent mix (citric<br />acid-tartrat acid-sodium bicarbonat). The alginate used in this study was extracted from<br />Sargassum filipendula sea weed. The concentration of alginate used in lemon effervescent<br />powder production was varied from 1; 2; 3 and 4%. The parameters observed to see the<br />quality of the product were moisture content, ash content, pH, viscosity and organoleptic </p><p>of dietary fiber, sugar content, vitamin C content, total titratable acids, TPC and E.Coli<br />to the best product. The result showed that the higher the concentration of alginate used<br />in lemon effervescent powder production, the higher viscousness and the lower the<br />organoleptic value. The optimum concentration of alginate used in the lemon extract<br />effervescent powder processing was 1%. The characteristic this product 7.60% moisture<br />content, 0.86% insoluble dietary fiber , 7.92% soluble dietary fiber, 3.74% sugar content,<br />55,26 mg/100 g vitamin C, 134.15 mL 0.1 NaOH/100 mL total titratable acids, 20 cPs<br />viscosity, <2.5x102 coloni/mL TPC and E.Coli negative.<br />Keywords: Alginate, characteristic, effervescent powder, lemon extract</p>

Sargassum filipendula alginate from Brazil: Seasonal influence and characteristics

The aim of this work is focused on the extraction and characterization of the Brazilian seaweed Sargassum filipendula alginate. Alginates obtained at different seasons were characterized by liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The alginate extraction efficiency was about 20%. Different seasons of the year and different stages in the life cycle of Sargassum sp. in southeastern Brazil influenced the M/G and, consequently, the technological properties of extracted alginates.

Biosorption of chromium by alginate extraction products from Sargassum filipendula: investigation of adsorption mechanisms using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.

The alginate extraction products from Brazilian brown seaweed Sargassum filipendula were studied for chromium biosorption. Batch experiments were conducted at pH 2 and 3 and 20°C to determine the sorption capacity of this biosorbents for chromium (VI) and (III). The biomass was characterized before and after metal binding by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in order to determine the mechanisms of chromium biosorption. The residue has a high adsorption capacity, close the value obtained with seaweed and higher than that of alginate for both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). XPS analysis of the biosorbents revealed that carboxyl, amino and sulfonate groups are responsible for the binding of the metal ions. The analysis also indicated that the Cr(VI) bound to the biomass was reduced to Cr(III).

Biosorption study of Ni2+ and Cr3+ by Sargassum filipendula: kinetics and equilibrium

In this work, the biosorption of Cr3+ and Ni2+ by Sargassum filipendula pre-treated with CaCl2 was studied. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments were carried out for mono- and multi-component solutions in a batch reactor at pH 3.0 and 30 oC. The results from the kinetic experiments showed that Cr3+ adsorbs slower than Ni2+. This behavior was explained by means of a mechanistic analysis, which showed that Cr3+ uptake presented three adsorption stages, whereas Ni2+ adsorption presents only two. The mono-component equilibrium data, along with binary kinetic data obtained from mono-component experiments, showed that, although the kinetics for Cr3+ removal are slower, the biomass had a stronger affinity for this ion. Almost all Ni2+ is desorbed from the biomass as Cr3+ adsorbs. The binary equilibrium data also presented this behavior. The binary data was also modeled by using modified forms of the Langmuir, Jain and Snoeyink, and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherms. However, the prediction obtained presented low accuracy. An alternative modeling with artificial neural networks was presented and the results showed that this technique could be a promising tool to represent binary equilibrium data. The main contribution of this work was to obtain experimental data for Cr3+/Ni2+ adsorption, which is a system rarely found in the literature and that provides information that could be used in process modeling and simulation.