Sardine Oil Research Articles

ANALISIS SUMBER DAYA PERIKANAN LEMURU (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853) DI SELAT BALI (Analysis of the Sardine Oil (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853) Resources in Bali Strait)

<p>Sardine oil (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853) is the one of fish target of fishermen from Banyuwangi and Jembrana who fish in Bali strait. An in-depth study on current utilization rates and over 6 year period is required to obtain information on utilization of the sardine oil. . This study can be used as a guideline in formulating a policy in fishery management to promote sustainable sardine oil resources in Bali Strait. The purposes of this research were to calculate catch per unit effort (CPUE) of fishing gears, determine the standard fishing gears, determine of the production function, and determine feeding habits of sardine oil by analysing the stomach contents. Compared to other fishing gears, CPUE of purse seine has the highest average which made up 332.2032 metric ton per unit. Based on the calculation of the production function, the value of Cmsy was 88,358.71 metric ton per years, and the value of Emsy was 414.601 units. The analysis of the stomach contents showed that sardine oil’s food was plankton which consisted of phytoplankton and zooplankton. During the 6 year period, utilization of sardine oil resources was still allowed, because the highest catch did not exceed Cmsy. However, to sustain the resources, management and regulation in the use of fishing gears, especially purse seine was still needed. It can be done by renewing the joint decree between Governor of East Java and Bali in 1992.</p><p><br /><strong>Key words:</strong> resources analysis, sardine oil fisheries, Bali Strait</p>

Inter Annual and Seasonal Dynamics in Amino Acid, Vitamin and Mineral Composition of Sardinella longiceps

Sardinella longiceps were studied for the spatial (south west (SW) and southeast (SE) coast of India), annual (2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011) and seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) variations of protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins. The chlorophyll-a concentration and sea surface temperature of its habitats were taken into account to understand their effect on the nutrient signatures of oil sardine throughout the study period and locations. Mean protein content attained its maximum during pre-monsoon along both SW and SE coasts, with high proportions of essential amino acids. Essential to non-essential amino acid ratio, total aromatic (TArAA) and total sulfated amino acids (TSAA) recorded monsoon maxima along the study locations. Amino acid scores observed monsoon and post-monsoon maxima along the SW and SE coast, respectively. Minerals were significantly higher during monsoon along the SE coast (P<0.05). Significant seasonal variations in vitamin content were observed along the study locations with high vitamin A, D3 and C on SW coast and higher vitamin E and K in SE coast. The present study demonstrated Sardinella longiceps as a valuable source of the protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins. A reasonably good ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids for oil sardines was recorded throughout different study period and locations, and therefore it can be concluded that this low-value species is an excellent source of good balanced proteins with high-biological value to be qualified as a preferred health food for human diet.

MODEL BIOEKONOMI EKSPLOITASI MULTISPESIES SUMBER DAYA PERIKANAN PELAGIS DI PERAIRAN SELAT BALI (Bio-economic Model of Multispecies Exploitation of Pelagic Fishery Resources in the Bali Strait)

&lt;p&gt;Bali Strait has potential abundance of pelagic fishery resources such as Indonesian oil sardine (lemuru), frigate mackerel (tongkol), scad mackerel (layang), short-bodied mackerel (kembung) and others which can be caught mostly using purse seine. Fishery resources are combined and also known asmultispecies; therefore this research aimed to analyze the model of bio-economic multispecies exploitation of pelagic fishery resources in Bali Strait. The analytical methods that used in this research were estimated dynamic model of Walters and Hilborn (1976) and analysis of bio-economic model. The results showed that actual production of exploitation of pelagic fishery resources in Bali Strait, was lower than the rate of sustainable production especially Indonesian oil sardine and short-bodied mackerel. Production and fishing effort were below the actual optimal value. The management of pelagic fishery resources in Bali Strait did not show a good level of economic efficiency. Thus the exploitation of pelagic fishery resources in Bali Strait using purse seine could still be increased.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key words:&lt;/strong&gt; bio-economic, multispecies, optimal&lt;/p&gt;

Optimization of bleaching conditions for sardine oil

This work studies the influence of the operational conditions (temperature: 90–130°C, activated clay amount: 1–5 wt% and contact time: 20–60min) on the bleaching process of degummed and neutralized sardine oil. The bleached oils were evaluated for free fatty acids, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, totox, oxidation stability (Rancimat) and color (CIELAB coordinates). Such measured variables were statistically modeled by full factorial experimental design and response surface methodology. An individual optimum value for totox of 21.38 (which minimizes oxidation products content) was obtained at 130°C, 5wt% of clay amount and 60min. Regarding the color quality, it was found a maximum value for hue-angle (89.19 at 99.2°C, 5wt% of clay and 56. 6min) and a minimum value for chroma (81.76 at 109.4°C, 5wt% of clay and 49.4min). The conflicting effect of temperature and time on the location of the individual optima motivated the generation of a Pareto front (set of non inferior solutions) employing the weighted-sum multi-objective optimization technique.

Effects of krill oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid form on human brain function: a randomized controlled trial in healthy elderly volunteers

BackgroundKrill oil, rich in n-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) incorporated in phosphatidylcholine, has been reported to have many effects on physiological function. However, there are few studies using psychophysiological methods published that describe the effects of krill oil on brain function. We investigated the influence of ingestion of krill oil on cognitive function in elderly subjects by using near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography.MethodsA randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparative study design was adopted. Forty-five healthy elderly males aged 61–72 years were assigned to receive 12 weeks of treatment with: medium-chain triglycerides as placebo; krill oil, which is rich in n-3 PUFAs incorporated in phosphatidylcholine; or sardine oil, which is abundant in n-3 PUFAs incorporated in triglycerides. Changes in oxyhemoglobin concentrations in the cerebral cortex during memory and calculation tasks were measured. The P300 component of event-related potentials was also measured during a working memory task.ResultsDuring the working memory task, changes in oxyhemoglobin concentrations in the krill oil and sardine oil groups were significantly greater than those in the medium-chain triglyceride group at week 12. The differential value for P300 latency in the krill oil group was significantly lower than that in the medium-chain triglyceride group at week 12. With regard to the calculation task, changes in oxyhemoglobin concentrations in the krill oil group were significantly greater than those in the medium-chain triglyceride group at week 12.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that n-3 PUFAs activate cognitive function in the elderly. This is especially the case with krill oil, in which the majority of n-3 PUFAs are incorporated into phosphatidylcholine, causing it to be more effective than sardine oil, in which n-3 PUFAs are present as triglycerides.

Partial purification, immobilization and preliminary biochemical characterization of lipases from Rhizomucor pusillus

Lipases have important applications in biotechnological processes, motivating us to produce, purify, immobilize and perform a biochemical characterization of the lipase from Rhizomucor pusillus. The fungus was cultivated by solid state fermentation producing lipolytic activity of about 0.5 U/mL(4U/g). A partial purification by gel filtration chromatography in Se-phacryl S-100 allowed obtaining a yield of about 85% and a purification factor of 5.7. Our results revealed that the purified enzyme is very stable with some significant differences in its properties when compared to crude extract. The crude enzyme extract has an optimum pH and temperature of 7.5 ° C and 40 ° C, respectively. After purification, a shift of the optimum pH from 7 to 8 was observed, as well as a rise in optimumtemperature to 60 ° C and an increase in stability. The enzyme was immobilized on CNBr-Agarose and Octyl-Agarose supports, having the highest immobilization yield of 94% in the second resin. The major advantage of immobilization in hydrophobic media such as Octyl is in its hyper activation, which in this case was over 200%, a very interesting finding. Another advantage of this type of immobilization is the possibility of using the derivatives in biotechnological applications, such as in oil enriched with omega-3 as the results obtained in this study display the hydrolysis of 40% EPA and 7% DHA from sardine oil, promising results compared to the literature.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Variable Compression Ratio Engine of Sardine Oil Using Methyl Esters

Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Variable Compression Ratio Engine of Sardine Oil Using Methyl Esters

Reproductive Biology of the Indian Oil Sardine Sardinella longiceps From Al-Seeb Waters off Oman

The objective of this study is to examine the reproductive biology of the Omani-Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps from Al-Seeb area off the Omani waters. During the period January 2004–December 2008, a total of 1592 sardines were sampled. The lengths of the sampled fish ranged from 11.9 to 22 cm with a mean length of 16.5 ± 1.84 cm and modal length of 15.5 cm. Their weights ranged from 14 to 94.6 g with a mean weight of 42.43 ±15.19 g and modal weight of 43.7 g. The length–weight relationship equations analyzed for the combined sex, female, and male sardines were 2.99 W ? 0.009? L , 2.94 W ? 0.011?L , and 2.94 W ? 0.001?L , respectively. The length at 50% maturity for combined sex, female, and male sardines was 16.35, 16.46, and 16.28 cm, respectively. During the study, the Omani sardines were observed to spawn in October, June, and July, September, June, and January and September during the years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. During the sampling period, the relative condition factor Kn varied from one year to another and ranged from 0.36 to 1.46 with a mean of 0.9 ± 0.08. An overall mean sex ratio of 0.68 ± 0.02 proved to be significantly different from the expected theoretical sex ratio of 0.5 (?2 = 200; df = 1; P ? 0.05).

Sex Ratio Variation of the Omani Indian Oil Sardine &lt;i&gt;Sardinella longiceps&lt;/i&gt; (Valenciennes, 1847)

During the period 2004–2008, a total of 1590 (1022 females and 568 males) Omani Indian oil sardines ( Sardinella longiceps ) were randomly sampled from a landing site in Al-Seeb, Sultanate of Oman, to determine sex ratio. The results were compared with the results of a previous sampling study conducted in 1997–1998 in the same area, in which 1799 sardines (905 females and 560 males) were sampled. During the period 2004–2008, the total length of female sardines ranged from 12.8 to 22 cm with a mean of 16.7 ± 1.72 cm and their total weight ranged from 16.8 to 94.6 g with a mean of 43.65 ± 0.46 g. Male sardines ranged from 12.3 to 21.5 cm in length with a mean of 16.42 ± 1.8 cm and their weights range d from 16.32 to 79.8 g with a mean of 41.34 ± 0.57 g. During 1997–1998, female sardines ranged from 10 to 21.3 cm in length with a mean of 16.19 ± 2.16 cm and their weights ranged from 8.21 to 91.0 g with a mean of 38.33 ± 0.52 g. The male sardines ranged from 12 to 20.6 cm in length with a mean of 16.7 ± 1.8 cm and their weights ranged from 16.32 to 79.8 g with a mean of 41.34 ± 0.57 g. The monthly sex ratios fluctuated between 0.45 and 1 with a mean of 0.63 ± 0.04 in 1997–1998 samples and between 0.29 and 0.98 with a mean of 0.68 ± 0.02 in 2004–2008 samples. The overall sex ratios during 1997–1998 and 2004–2008 were 0.62 and 0.64, respectively. Both the sex ratios were different from the expected sex ratio of 0.5 according to the c 2 test (P-value < 0.01). The relationship between sex ratio and length was explained by the power function as (sex ratio=0.002 L 2.03 , r = 0.92) for the period 1997–1998 and by (sex ratio=6.7×10 -6 L 6.84 , r = 0.96) for 2004–2008.

Spawning Pattern of Indian Oil Sardine, Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, 1847 of Oman Sea, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

The spawning seasons of Sardinella longiceps of Indian oil sardine was investigated based on examining gonads along the area of Oman Sea, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. The length at first maturity (L50%) and Gonado-somatic index (GSI) of females were considered. Length at first maturity was estimated as 182 mm (TL). The GSI shows two spawning seasons: the minor one from December to March and the major once from June to September. The maximum GSI at-tained between 5.0 and 5.2 during June and September respectively, suggesting a spawning peak occurred during that period.

Correcting widespread misidentifications of the highly abundant and commercially important sardine species Sardinella lemuru , Bleeker, 1853 in the Philippines

Morphology, meristics, and molecular genetics tools were used to determine the species level identification of the most commonly landed sardine species in the Philippines. Results from this study indicated that the historical and widely applied nomenclature of the Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps, is incorrect and that this species is instead the Bali sardinella Sardinella lemuru. Developing an effective strategy for managing one of the Philippines most important commodity sardine species first requires accurate identification of this species. Results of this study provide needed information that is now being applied to emerging management policies.

English

&nbsp; The intestinal bacterial flora of the fish Oreochromis mossambicus and optimization of alkaline protease production was carried out in this study. The fish, tilapia were collected from the Buckingham canal and were segregated into four size groups namely, 5 to 8, 9 to 12, 13 to 16 and 17 to 20 cm. The maximum number of gut bacteria (2.5&times;106 Cfu/g ml-1) was enumerated in 5-8 cm group of fish and minimum (4.9&times;105 Cfu/g ml-1) in 17 to 20 cm. The isolated strains were identified as Virgibacillus pantothenticus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Enterococcus faecalis and Virgibacillus alginolyticus. Among the isolated bacteria, V. pantothenticus gave the maximum yield of alkaline protease at pH of 9.5 and 40&deg;C temperature. It is also inferred from the study that the seaweed, Sargassum tenerrimum and oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps fish waste were found as good carbon and nitrogen sources respectively for the production of alkaline protease. The studies on fish gut microflora are very much needed for the management both in aquaculture and public health. The result of alkaline protease production by V. pantothenticus is encouraging and it can be applied for bioconversion of fish waste and sea weed from aquafeed formulation and subsequent reduction in feed related waste outputs. &nbsp; Key words: Intestinal bacterial flora, Oreochromis mossambicus, alkaline protease, Virgibacillus pantothenticus

Fish oil replacement by different microalgal products in microdiets for early weaning of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.)

The aim of this study was to determine if algal products rich in DHA or ARA are able to completely replace fish oil in microdiets for marine fish larvae, gilthead seabream and if extra supplementation with EPA may further enhance larval performance. For that purpose, 20 day-old gilthead seabream larvae of 5.97 ± 0.4 mm mean total length and 0.12 ± 0.001 mg mean dry body weight were fed with five microdiets tested by triplicate: a control diet based on sardine oil; a diet containing AquaGrow® DHA (diet DHA) to completely substitute the sardine oil; a diet containing AquaGrow® ARA (diet ARA); a diet containing both products, AquaGrow® DHA and AquaGrow® ARA to completely substitute the fish oil; and, a diet containing both products, AquaGrow® DHA and AquaGrow® ARA, together with an EPA source. Temperature, air and salinity activity tests were also performed to detect larval resistance to stress. At the end of the experiment, final survivals did not differ among groups. The microorganism produced DHA was able to completely replace fish oil in weaning diets for gilthead seabream without affecting survival, growth or stress resistance, whereas the inclusion of microorganism produced ARA did not improve larval performance. Moreover, addition of EPA to diets with total replacement of fish oil by microorganism produced DHA and ARA, significantly improved growth in terms of body weight and total length. The results of this study denoted the good nutritional value of microorganisms produced DHA as a replacement of fish oil in weaning diets for gilthead seabream, without a complementary addition of ARA. However, dietary supplementation of EPA seems to be necessary to further promote larval performance.

Utilization of wasted sardine oil as co-substrate with pig slurry for biogas production – A pilot experience of decentralized industrial organic waste management in a Portuguese pig farm

This work aimed to demonstrate in a pig farm and in real conditions, the possibilities to co-digest wasted sardine oil (WSO) and pig slurry (PS) at farm scale. A biogas mobile pilot plant, was set up in the farm and operated in real conditions during 4months. Dynamic mesophilic (35–37°C) continuous pilot trials were performed during four different periods of time. In each period a different organic loading rate (OLR) based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was operated sequentially, with pig slurry (PS) (OLR=1.6kg COD/m3d−1) and with mixtures of WSO:PS with a volumetric composition (% v/v) of 2:98 (OLR=3.0kg COD/m3d−1), 3:97 (OLR=3.7kg COD/m3d−1) and 5:95 (OLR=5.2kg COD/m3d−1). Biomass adapted very fast in metabolise the WSO and biogas productivity was raised substantially for different compositions of WSO:PS. Process stability indicators pH and Total volatile fatty acids/bicarbonate alkalinity (T-VFA/BA) ratio, suggests that the co-digestion process was robust. It was concluded that WSO could be easily co-digested in farm scale biogas plants.

Potential Function of a Novel Protective Culture Enterococcus faecium-MC13 Isolated From the Gut of Mughil cephalus: Safety Assessment and its Custom as Biopreservative

The effects of protective culture Enterococcus faecium MC-13 on the shelf life of beheaded, scaled and gutted oil sardines (Sardinella longiceps) and tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) during refrigerated storage were examined. The control and the treated samples were analyzed periodically for chemical (PV, TVB-N), microbiological (total viable count), and sensory characteristics. The in vivo safety following oral administration to wistar rats was investigated before its usage as a biopreservative. By the end of the experiment, the lowest total volatile base microbial load was observed in E. faecium inoculated seafood samples and the highest in controls. Addition of protective culture to the artificially contaminated food sample in the assayed storage condition inhibited Listeria monocytogenes by 1.3 and 1.17 log CFU/g in Penaeus monodon and Sardinella longiceps, respectively. Our preliminary results validate the feasibility of using Enterococcus faecium as a possible candidate for use as a starter culture in increasing the quality and nutritive value in seafood.

Effects of adding vitamin E to diets supplemented with sardine oil on the production of laying hens and fatty- egg acid composition

The aim of this study was to know the effect of adding vitamin E (VE) (100 and 200 mg/kg) to diets supplemented with sardine oil (SO) on egg fatty-acids (FA) composition. 240 Bovans hens were grouped into four treatments: T1- basal diet (BD), T2-BD+2.5% SO, T3-BD+2.5% SO+100 mg/kg VE, and T4-BD+2.5% SO+200 mg/kg VE. After four weeks, eggs were collected from each treatment, and analyzed FA content using gas chromatography. Results: a) 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 20:5n3, 22:6n3 and 22:6n3 content were higher in eggs from treatments with SO (T2) and n6:n3 ratio was better (11:1 vs 2:1) than the control group (T1) (P 0.05); c) T4 had a reduction on the concentration of saturated and polyunsaturated FA in eggs (P<0.05). The productive parameters were no affected, only egg yolk color increased when SO was added to the diets (P<0.05). It is concluded that adding SO to laying hens diet increases n3 FA in eggs, and that adding large quantities (100 or 200 mg/kg) of VE to diets supplemented with SO reduce the concentration of the polyunsaturated FA. Key words: Vitamin E, sardine oil, egg fatty acid, laying hen, egg composition, egg lipids.

N-3 Fatty acid content in eggs laid by hens fed with marine algae and sardine oil and stored at different times and temperatures

Inclusion of sardine oil (SO) in diets for laying hens significantly increases the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the egg, but these are more sensitive to oxidation, so the storage time and temperature can cause a decrease in their concentration. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of algae Macrocystis pyrifera, Enteromorpha spp., and Sargassum sinicola on n-3 PUFA contents in eggs from laying hens fed diets supplemented with sardine oil and stored for different times (0, 15, and 30 days) and temperatures (20°C and 4°C), for 8 weeks. One hundred and twenty hens were divided into four treatments: T1 (commercial diet), T2 (2% SO + 10% M. pyrifera), T3 (2% SO + 10% Enteromorpha), and T4 (2% SO + 10% S. sinicola). At the end, 50 eggs per treatment were collected to quantify total lipids and egg n-3 PUFAs at different times (0, 15, and 30 days) and temperatures (20°C and 4°C) of storage. The results were analyzed using a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial design, and Tukey test to compare means (P < 0.05). The results show that M. pyrifera and S. sinicola had a better effect on eicosapentaenoic acid, while Enteromorpha was better for docosahexaenoic acid. In relation to time and temperature, the content of the fractions analyzed in the three treatments at 15 days/4°C had a lower loss compared with eggs analyzed at day 0/20°C.

Effect of Dietary Administration of Sardine Oil on Growth, Survival, and Enzymatic activity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Five test diets were formulated using locally available feed ingredients:fishmeal, groundnut cake, rice bran, tapioca flour, and vitamin/mineral premix. Diets contained 35% crude protein with graded lipid levels. Sardine oil was incorporated at four dietary levels: 2.07%, 4.07%, 6.07%, or 8.07%, with corresponding total lipid levels of 8.11%, 10.24%, 12.28%, and 14.33%. A diet without sardine oil (6.05% total lipid) served as control. The diets were fed to giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, for 112 days. A significantly higher weight gain was recorded in the treatment with 6.07% sardine oil and the specific growth rate, food conversion rate, and protein efficiency ratios were best in this treatment. The diet containing 8.07% sardine oil produced the highest RNA: DNA ratio in the prawn muscle, significantly similar to the ratio in prawns fed the 6.07% diet and significantly higher than in prawns fed the other diets. Digestive enzyme analyses in the digestive tract and midgut gland showed the greatest activity in prawns fed the 8.07% diet.

Calcium and phosphorus determination in bones of low value fishes, Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes) and Trichiurus savala (Cuvier), from Parangipettai, Southeast Coast of India

ObjectiveTo investigate calcium and phosphorus levels in the bones of low value fishes Sardinella longiceps (oil sardine) and Trichiurus savala (ribbon fish). MethodsBones and skeletal remains were subjected to alkaline-alcohol treatment for specified period of time and were then dried and pulverized. Calcium and phosphorus levels were determined by both volumetric and instrumental methods using atomic absorption spectroscopy. ResultsVolumetric analysis of calcium and phosphorus were 28.98% and 14.2% in oil sardine; 24.2% and 11.6% in ribbon fish respectively. Atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis of calcium and phosphorus were 32.73% and 17.2% for oil sardine and 27.17% and 10.83% for ribbon fish respectively. Protein level was 4.82% in oil sardine and 3.97% in ribbon fishes. ConclusionsThe findings of the present study revealed that sardine bones are rich in calcium and will be utilized for the production of calcium powder to treat osteoporosis.

Oxidative stability of glyceroglycolipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The oxidative stability of glyceroglycolipids (GLs) from spinach or brown edible seaweed (Laminaria japonica) was compared with those of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) from salmon roe and triacyglycerols (TAGs) from soybean oil or sardine oil. All the lipids were subjected to autoxidation after removing oxidants and/or antioxidants such as chlorophylls, tocopherols, and carotenoids. The oxidative stability of the lipids decreased with increasing number of bisallylic positions in the molecule. Due to the higher mean number of bisallylic positions, salmon roe PC and sardine oil TAG were oxidized more rapidly than soybean oil TAG. Spinach GL and brown edible seaweed GL showed the same oxidative stability as that found in soybean oil TAG, although the mean number of bisallylic positions of both GLs was much higher than that of soybean oil TAG and approached the number found in sardine oil TAG and salmon roe PC. The present study indicates the important effect of galactosyl and sulfoquinovosyl moieties on the oxidative stability of GL.