Risk Of Sarcopenia Research Articles

Comparison of the performance of four screening tools for sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease

ObjectivesEarly identification of sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease is crucial for patient management and prevention of severe complications. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of Ishii score, Strength, Assistance with Walking, Rise from a Chair, Climb Stairs and Falls (SARC-F), SARC-F and Calf Circumference (SARC-CalF), and Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment-7 (MSRA-7) to screen sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. MethodsThis prospective study included patients with chronic liver disease in the infectious department of a tertiary hospital in Sichuan, China. Ishii score, SARC-F, SARC-CalF, and MSRA-7 were used to screen for sarcopenia risk. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the Asian Myometriosis Working Group (AWGS) 2019, which was used as the gold standard to compare the performance of the four screening tools. We completed clinical registration on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registration website (ChiCTR2100043910). ResultsA total of 366 patients with chronic liver disease (22.4% women, mean age 48.96 ± 11.88 years) were evaluated. Based on the AWGS 2019 standard, the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease was 17.5%. Among all participants, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) produced an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 for Ishii score (sensitivity 85.94%, specificity 78.15%), 0.53 for SARC-F (sensitivity 6.25%, specificity 99.34%), 0.64 for SARC-CalF (sensitivity 45.31%, specificity 83.11%), and 0.55 for MSRA-7 (sensitivity 87.50%, specificity 22.85%). Based on AUC, decision curve analysis, and calibration curves, we concluded that Ishii score was the most accurate screening tool and was superior to the other tools. ConclusionsIshii score is more suitable for screening sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease than the SARC-F, SARC-CalF, and MSRA-7, based on the AWGS 2019 criteria. Nursing professionals can use Ishii score as a clinical tool to screen for sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease, providing an indication cue for the final diagnosis of sarcopenia, improving diagnostic efficiency, and enabling early identification and prevention of complications resulting from sarcopenia.

Usefulness of Vitamin D Deficiency Questionnaire for Japanese (VDDQ-J) for Screening of Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Muscle Mass in Relatively Healthy Japanese Anti-Aging Health Checkup Examinees.

The Vitamin D Deficiency Questionnaire for Japanese (VDDQ-J) has been developed as an alternative indicator of the vitamin D nutritional status when serum 25(OH)D measurement is unavailable. In the present study, we compared the usefulness of the VDDQ-J with that of serum 25(OH)D concentration and examined the relationship among vitamin D, DXA-based body composition, and muscle strength in 163 anti-aging health check examinees. The median age, 25(OH)D concentration and VDDQ-J score were 62.0 y, 20.1 ng/mL and 22.0 points, respectively. In total, 47.9% of the subjects had serum 25(OH)D concentrations of <20 ng/mL. The VDDQ-J score was significantly negatively correlated with the serum 25(OH)D concentration, and the positive predictive value for vitamin D deficiency was 86.3%. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 6.1%. Low 25(OH)D levels and high VDDQ-J scores were significantly associated with low muscle mass in both univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The serum 25(OH)D level showed a significant negative correlation with body fat mass. The VDDQ-J score was selected as a significant determinant of low skeletal muscle mass index (<7.0 kg/m2 for men and <5.4 kg/m2 for women) by a multiple logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, the present study showed that a low vitamin D nutritional status as indicated by both low 25(OH)D levels, and high VDDQ-J scores was associated with low muscle mass and the VDDQ-J is considered useful not only for the detection of vitamin D deficiency but also in the screening of individuals with low muscle mass and a high risk of sarcopenia.

Role of irisin and myostatin on sarcopenia in malnourished patients diagnosed with GLIM criteria

ObjectivesSarcopenia is characterized by the loss of muscle mass. Skeletal muscle can produce and secrete different molecules called myokines. Irisin and myostatin are antagonistic myokines, and to our knowledge, no studies of both myokines have been conducted in patients with disease-related malnutrition (DRM). This study aimed to investigate the role of circulating irisin and myostatin in sarcopenia in patients with DRM. MethodsThe study included 108 outpatients with DRM according to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria. Participants had a mean age of 67.4 ± 3.4 y. Anthropometric data, muscle mass by ultrasound at the rectus femoris quadriceps (RFQ) level, impedancemetry (skeletal muscle mass [SMM], appendicular SMM [aSMM], and aSMM index [aSMMI]), dynamometry, biochemical parameters, dietary intake, circulating irisin and myostatin levels were determined in all patients. Confirmed sarcopenia was diagnosed as criteria of probable sarcopenia (low muscle strength) plus abnormal aSMMI. ResultsOf the 108 patients, 44 presented sarcopenia (41%); 64 did not present with the disorder (59%). The following parameters were worse in patients with sarcopenia:•Body weight (–6.8 ±2.3 kg; P = 0.01),•Calf circumference (–2 ±0.3 cm; P = 0.02),•Phase angle (–0.6 ±0.1º; P = 0.01),•Reactance (–40.8 ±12.3Ω; P = 0.03),•SMM (–2.4 ±0.3 kg; P = 0.04),•aSMM (–2.2 ±0.2 kg; P = 0.03),•aSMMI (–0.9 ±0.2 kg; P = 0.02),•Dominant muscle area RFQ (–0.9 ±0.2 cm2; P = 0.04),•Dominant Y-axis RFQ (–0.3 ±0.1 cm; P = 0.03),•Dominant X/Y-axis RFQ (0.8 ±0.3 cm; P = 0.04),•Albumin (–0.8 ±0.1 g/dL; P = 0.04), and•Prealbumin (–3.6 ±0.7 mg/dL; P = 0.02).Patients without sarcopenia were stronger than those with the disorder (7.9 ±1.3 kg; P = 0.01). Circulating irisin levels were higher in patients without sarcopenia than those with sarcopenia (651.3 ± 221.3 pg/mL; P =0.01). Myostatin levels were similar in both groups. Finally, logistic regression analysis reported a low risk for sarcopenia (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.19–0.92; P = 0.03) in high irisin median levels as a dichotomic parameter after adjusting for body mass index, sex, energy intake, and age. ConclusionThe present study reported that low levels of serum irisin were closely associated with sarcopenia in patients with DRM.

A path analysis investigation into menopausal osteoporosis, sarcopenia risk, and their impact on sleep quality, depressive symptoms and quality of life

PurposeThe objective was to investigate the relationships among disease characteristics, sarcopenia risk, bone function, sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life in menopausal women. Additionally, we also examined the potential mediating role of coping in the relationship between these factors and health outcomes for individuals with osteoporosis. MethodsIn a cross-sectional approach, 201 participants were referred by a physician from the Family Medicine Department during their outpatient visits at a general hospital in Southern Taiwan. Data collection involved structured one-on-one interviews, and the analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics, along with a structural equation modeling. ResultsThe participants' bone function was strongly positively related to coping, physical and mental quality of life (QOL), and negatively related to sleep quality and depressive symptoms. The duration of osteoporosis was positively related to pain, sarcopenia risk, sleep quality, but negatively related to bone function, physical and mental QOL. This structural framework explains 36% of the variance in depressive symptoms, 25% in sleep disturbances, 54% in mental QOL, and 72% in physical QOL. The best-fit structural equation modeling showed that physical function, exercise, sarcopenia, pain, and coping were significant predictors of depressive symptoms, with coping acting as a mediator in these relationships. ConclusionIndividuals who employed more active coping strategies exhibited fewer depressive symptoms, better sleep quality, and superior physical and mental QOL. Further, individuals with osteoporosis had lower pain levels, less sarcopenia risk, and higher engaged in exercise presentation improved physical and mental QOL. Future longitudinal research holds the promise of providing deeper insights into these complex relationships.

Prevalence of and risk factors for sarcopenia in community-dwelling people: The Vietnam Osteoporosis Study.

Sarcopenia is a geriatric disease characterized by the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal lean mass and strength with age. The prevalence of sarcopenia in the Vietnamese population is unknown. This study sought to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for sarcopenia among community-dwelling individuals in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study is part of the ongoing Vietnam Osteoporosis Study project. The study involved 1308 women and 591 men aged 50years and older as at 2015 (study entry). Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the appendicular skeletal lean mass. Anthropometric and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Sarcopenia was defined according to the criteria proposed by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between potential risk factors and sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia in women and men was 14% (n=183) and 16% (n=83), respectively. Age (odds ratio [OR] per 10years=1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-1.48) and being underweight (OR=1.61; 95% CI 1.00-2.58) were independently associated with increased risk of sarcopenia. The combination of low physical activity, being underweight and advancing age accounted for ~27% of sarcopenic patients. However, most of the attributable fraction was due to ageing. Sarcopenia is common in community-dwelling Vietnamese adults, particularly those with advancing age, who are underweight and with low physical activity.

Sarcopenia and Mortality in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.

COVID-19 can manifest as either asymptomatic or progressing to a severe phase in some patients, which may require hospitalization. These patients may experience dyspnea and hypoxia, leading to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Studies have reported an increased risk of severe sarcopenia in COVID-19 patients during and after recovery. This narrative review aimed to summarize and synthesize available studies on the association between sarcopenia and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. A total of 22 studies conducted on hospitalized COVID-19 patients were included in this review. Of those, 17 studies reported a direct association, while 5 studies showed no association between sarcopenia and mortality in severe COVID-19 patients. It is important to maintain muscle quality and quantity in defense against COVID-19. The measurement of lean muscle mass should be included in the risk assessment of severely ill COVID-19 patients as part of the therapy plan.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A RISK PREDICTION MODEL FOR SARCOPENIA IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Reliable identification of older populations at high risk of sarcopenia is essential for initiating targeted preventive measures and follow-up, but no sarcopenia risk prediction model is available. Our objective was to develop and validate a prediction model for calculating the 1-year absolute risk of sarcopenia occurrence for older people in the community. The analytic samples for the prediction model derivation were conducted on data from one prospective population-based cohort. The main outcome was the development of sarcopenia within 1 year (defined by 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia consensus). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine those independent risk factors for sarcopenia and the sarcopenia risk-predicting model was developed using the R software. In the development cohort, 1042 non-sarcopenia residents were enrolled, of whom the mean age was 66.6±5.0 years, 631 participants were women, and 87 participants developed sarcopenia at the 12-month follow-up. The final model contains 7 risk factors-age, gender, BMI, low physical activity, malnutrition, pain, and calf circumference. The model showed excellent discrimination (AUROC 87%, 95% CI 0.83–0.90), calibration capability (slope 0.93) and clinical utility. Internal validation was conducted using 200 times bootstrapping technique and showed a stable discriminative ability (corrected AUROC of 0.85). High risk thresholds of 10% or more were able to identify high-risk individuals of sarcopenia, and low risk thresholds less than 2.5% were useful to rule out the likelihood of sarcopenia. In summary, the sarcopenia risk-predicting model for community-dwelling older people consists of 7 readily available predictors and has an excellent predictive ability.

Higher systemic immune-inflammation index is associated with sarcopenia in individuals aged 18–59 years: a population-based study

The association between the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and the risk of sarcopenia has not yet been revealed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the SII and sarcopenia in individuals aged 18–59 years. All data for this study are from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database, including 7258 participants (age range: 18–59 years). We divided SII values by quartiles (quartiles 1–4: 0.3–3.1, 3.2–4.4, 4.4–6.2, and 6.2–58.5). We constructed a multivariate logistic regression model to assess the association between the SII and the risk of sarcopenia, and an interaction test was run to test the stability of the model and identify high-risk individuals with sarcopenia. Compared to nonsarcopenia participants, sarcopenia patients had a significantly higher SII value (weighted average: 6.65 vs. 5.16) (P = 0.002). Multivariate logistic regression results showed a positive linear relationship between the SII and sarcopenia (OR [odds ratio] = 1.12, 95% CI [confidence interval] 1.03–1.21). Compared to the quartile 1 group, the quartile 4 group was associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia (OR = 3.94, 95% CI 1.42–10.94). Compared with the quartile 1 group, the OR value of the quartile 2 to quartile 4 groups showed an upwards trend (Ptrend < 0.001) as the level of SII increased. Subgroup analysis also indicate that the correlation between higher SII values and the risk of sarcopenia was stable. There was a significant positive linear relationship between SII and sarcopenia, indicating that higher SII values can increase the risk of sarcopenia in individuals aged 18–59 in the United States. The findings of this study will be beneficial in promoting the use of SII alone or in combination with other tools for the risk screening of sarcopenia in communities or large populations.

Early onset age increases the risk of musculoskeletal damage in patients with type 2 diabetes.

It's not clear whether there are differences in musculoskeletal damage and body composition among different age groups of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the difference between early-onset type 2 diabetes (EOT2D) and non-early-onset type 2 diabetes (NOT2D) in musculoskeletal damage. A total of 964 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected by 1:1 propensity score matching, including 534 males and 430 females, with an average age of 52 ± 7 years and an average course of 10 ± 8.5 years. Bone mineral density and body composition were measured, and combined with biochemical tests, linear regression and binary logic regression were used to analyze the relationship between EOT2D, NOT2D and musculoskeletal damage. In addition, 414 patients with T2DM were selected according to whether they were hospitalized twice or not, and the median follow-up period was 44 months. COX survival analysis further elucidates the relationship between EOT2D, NOT2D and musculoskeletal damage. Compared with patients with non-early-onset type 2 diabetes, A/G was negatively correlated with the age of onset, and had statistical significance. EOT2D has a higher risk of sarcopenia, osteoporosis and even musculoskeletal damage. With the prolongation of the course of the disease, the risk of muscle mass and/or bone mineral density decrease in EOT2D increases. EOT2D brings a greater risk of sarcopenia and/or osteoporosis, as well as a higher risk of reduced ASM and BMD. In addition, fat distribution may be more central.

Sarcopenia in Egypt: epidemiology of sarcopenia risk among older adults presenting with fragility fractures—an initiative by the Egyptian Academy of Bone Health

Purpose(1) This was a multi-center, cross-sectional, observational study. Both old men and postmenopausal women over 50 years old who were admitted with an osteoporotic fracture (whether hip fracture or major osteoporosis) were consecutively recruited for this work and managed under the Fracture Liaison Service. All the patients were assessed for their sarcopenia risk (SARC-F), fracture risk (FRAX), and fall risk (FRAS) as well as functional disability (HAQ). The aim was to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia risk among older adult Egyptians presenting with fragility fractures. (2) To identify the relation between sarcopenia risk with the risk of falling as well as sustaining a fragility fracture.ResultsTwo hundred and thirty-six patients (69 males, 167 females) were included in this work. The mean age was 70.1 (SD = 9.2) years. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 69.7%. The sarcopenia risk score was positively correlated with the FRAX score (p = 0.01). The prevalence of high sarcopenia risk was 78% of the patients presenting with a high 10-year probability of major osteoporosis fracture as well as a 10-year probability of hip fracture. The sarcopenia risk score was positively correlated with the increased fall risk (p = 0.01) as scored by the FRAS scale. There was a significant relation (p < 0.05) between the functional disability score and the SARC-F score. This was persistent when assessed in relation to fall risk.ConclusionThis study highlighted the high sarcopenia risk in the patients presenting with fragility fractures. Identification of patients at increased risk of sarcopenia should be a component of the standard practice.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal association between atrial fibrillation and sarcopenia: Findings from the Korean frailty and aging cohort study.

Sarcopenia is commonly observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, studies on the association between sarcopenia and atrial fibrillation and their causal relationships are limited. We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to investigate the association between sarcopenia and atrial fibrillation among community-dwelling older adults. A total of 2225 participants from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS) from 2016 to 2017 were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus. Atrial fibrillation was diagnosed on the basis of electrocardiographic findings. We investigated whether atrial fibrillation increased the risk of incident sarcopenia 2years later and whether sarcopenia, in turn, increased the 2-year risk of developing atrial fibrillation using KFACS data from 2018 to 2019. Of the 2225 participants (54.2% women; mean age 76.0±3.9years), 509 (22.9%) had sarcopenia at baseline. In the cross-sectional analysis, sarcopenia was associated with atrial fibrillation after multivariate adjustment [odd ratio (OR), 2.127; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.240-3.648; P=0.006]. Among the sarcopenia components, low physical performance was associated with atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.872; 95% CI, 1.123-3.120; P=0.016). During the 2-year follow-up period, atrial fibrillation was not associated with new-onset of sarcopenia (OR, 1.483; 95% CI, 0.597-3.685; P=0.396), and sarcopenia also did not significantly increase the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.120; 95% CI, 0.384-3.264; P=0.836). Although we found a significant association between sarcopenia and atrial fibrillation in a cross-sectional analysis, we could not establish a causal relationship between the two based on 2years of follow-up. Further research with long-term follow-up is required to identify causal relationship between atrial fibrillation and sarcopenia.

Chemosensory function and food perception is affected in COPD, but unrelated to sarcopenia risk

Background & AimsPatients with advanced COPD often have difficulty maintaining sufficient dietary intake. Chemosensory function influences food choice and intake but is often overlooked in dietary assessment and intervention strategies. This study aimed to assess differences in chemosensory function and hedonic evaluation of food between patients with COPD and age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Additionally, a possible association between increased risk of sarcopenia or frailty and chemosensory impairments was explored. MethodsWe recruited 53 COPD patients (34 males, mean age 66.6 ±7.6 years) and 53 controls (25 males, mean age 68.4 ±5.7 years). Chemosensory function was assessed using a smell threshold, smell identification (Sniffin’ Sticks, Burghart) and taste recognition test (Taste Strips, Burghart) and through self-report. Sensory properties (appearance, smell, taste, mouthfeel) of four standardized food products were evaluated on 9-point hedonic rating scales. Sarcopenia risk was assessed with the SARC-F. ResultsThe COPD group scored lower on both the smell (p=.026 for threshold, p=.001 for identification) and taste recognition tests (p≤.001) and also reported more smell and taste impairments (p≤.001) compared to controls. Hedonic evaluation of food items’ appearance (p=.009) and smell (p=.033) was lower in COPD patients. Within the COPD group, risk of sarcopenia was not associated with chemosensory function. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that COPD patients have poorer chemosensory function and experience more impairments compared to controls. COPD patients also tend to evaluate foods less positive than do their controls but within COPD patients, sarcopenia risk is not associated with chemosensory function.

Social network associated with depressed mood and sarcopenia among older adults in Taiwan

Social isolation is increasing in aging societies; however, its relationship with depressed mood and sarcopenia is not well studied. This study aims to examine the influence of social network on depressed mood and sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan. We collected data from a sample of 981 older adults residing in the community. These individuals received government-subsidized preventive healthcare services for adults at a district hospital in Taipei in 2021. The social network of the older adults who participated was assessed using the Lubben Social Network Scale, while depressed mood was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale. The definition of sarcopenia used in this study was based on the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. According to this study, sarcopenia was present in approximately 15% of older adults. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that older adults who had poor social network and did not meet the recommended 150min of regular physical activity per week were more likely to have depressed mood. Additionally, older adults who were older, underweight, did not engage in regular physical activity, and had poor social network were more likely to have sarcopenia. Poor social network was associated with increased risks of depressed mood and sarcopenia among older adults.

Risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia in people attending a primary care dietitian for persistent complaints after COVID-19

Risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia in people attending a primary care dietitian for persistent complaints after COVID-19

Association between physical, cognitive and social activity and incident sarcopenia among older adults with cognitive decline: A 4‐year longitudinal study

AbstractBackgroundCognitive decline and sarcopenia are associated with each other among older adults. However, it is unclear that the prospective association of older adults with cognitive decline with incident sarcopenia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine longitudinal association between physical, cognitive and social activities and incident sarcopenia among older adults with cognitive decline.MethodAmong older adults with cognitive decline (MMSE score range: 18 to 27) aged 65 years or older who participated in the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 1440 participants (mean age: 71.6 ± 4.9, man: 53.3%) were included after excluding those who meet the exclusion criteria. The participants were asked about the status of implementation concerning physical (PA), cognitive (CA) and social activity (SA), respectively. The participants were categorized to high/low‐PA, high/low‐CA and high/low‐SA group. Sarcopenia was defined by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People2, and participants were classified as robust or sarcopenia.ResultDuring 4 years, 361 (25.1%) participants developed sarcopenia. After adjusting for covariates (age, sex, education level, medication, current smoking and alcohol), the logistic regression analysis model showed that low‐PA group (OR 1.77, 95%CI 1.23‐2.56) and low‐SA group (OR 1.40, 95%CI 1.05‐1.85) had a significantly higher risk of incident sarcopenia compared with each high group. Low‐CA group had no significant association with incident sarcopenia.ConclusionIn older adults with cognitive decline, low physical and social activity in daily life influences the future incidence of sarcopenia. On the other hand, cognitive activity might not be effective in preventing incident sarcopenia, especially among older adults with cognitive decline.

Determinants of Poor Diet Quality among Elderly with Low Socioeconomic Status

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors that contribute to the elderly with low socioeconomic status eating poor-quality diets. Two hundreds and ninety three (293) senior citizens, including 136 men and 157 women, were sought out from five districts in Kelantan. Data on socio-demography, medical history, empty nest, depressive symptoms and diet history were obtained through an interview-administered method. Anthropometry measurement including height, weight and circumferences (waist, hip, calf and mid-upper arm) were measured. Body composition were measured using body composition monitor to obtain muscle mass and fat mass. Blood pressure were measured using blood pressure monitor. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) algorithm was used to determine the diagnosis of sarcopenia. 48.8% of the participants were underweight. The majority of participants fell short of the suggested daily calorie consumption. 42% of the participants had poor diet quality according to Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score. Hypercholesterolemia and poor Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score were found to be risk factors of poor diet quality. Therefore, nutrition interventions are important to help low-income families especially with older adults to improve their nutritional status for reducing risk of sarcopenia and chronic diseases.

Sarcopenia and risk of malnutrition as risk factors for complications from COVID-19

Purpose: This study aimed to associate nutritional and sarcopenia risk with clinical outcomes in elderly patients with COVID-19. Methods: This is a longitudinal retrospective cohort study. Hospitalized elderly individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 were included in the study. Nutritional risk was assessed using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), and Sarcopenia risk was assessed using the SARC-F. Associations were assessed throughmultivariable logistic models. Results: In total, 127 patients (mean age: 71.25 ±8.06 years) were followed up until the clinical outcome. Sarcopenia risk was diagnosed in 63.8% of the sample, whereas nutritional risk was observed in 72%. Hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) was required in 48.8% of the sample, 38.6% required mechanicalventilation, and 32.3% died. Elderly individuals with sarcopenia risk were more likely to be hospitalized inICUs (OR: 5.62; 95%CI: 2.2-14.3), require mechanical ventilation (OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 1.5-10.2), and die (OR: 5.06; 95% CI: 1.7-14.2). The risk of malnutrition assessed through MUST was an important risk factor for death (OR = 30.15; 95% CI: 3.6-245.8; p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: Sarcopenia risk was a risk factor for death, hospitalization in ICU, and mechanical ventilation, while nutritional risk was a risk factor for death.

Functional capacity and its associated factors in older adults in the rural area in Brazil

Background &amp; Aim: Aging leads to bodily changes and impairment of functional capacity in older adults. The objective was to analyze the association between socio-demographic and health data, cognitive impairment, and risk of sarcopenia with functional capacity in older adults enrolled in the Family Health Strategies in the rural area of the municipality of Picos, Piauí, Brazil.&#x0D; Methods &amp; Materials: This is a quantitative and cross-sectional study that was developed with 320 older adults attending the Family Health Strategies located in the rural area of Picos, Piauí, Brazil. The participants were people 60 years old, registered in the Family Health Strategies, and living in a rural area. Data was collected in the older adults’ homes using the following instruments: Demographic profile, Self-reported illnesses, Mini-Mental State Examination, Barthel Index, Lawton and Brody Scale, and SARC-F.&#x0D; Results: It was found that 70% had cognitive impairment, 53.8% were at risk of sarcopenia, with a mean of 93.72 (SD=11.84) points for basic activities daily living, and 77.8% with partial dependence for instrumental activities daily living with a mean of 16.79 (SD=3.79) points. In the multivariate multiple regression, it was identified that there was an association between Basic Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living with age (p&lt;0.001), number of children (p=0,025), education (p=0.003), monthly income (p=0.018), number of diseases (p&lt;0.001), sarcopenia (p&lt;0.001) and cognitive status (p&lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: A high prevalence of functional disability was identified in elderly people living in the rural area of ​​Picos, Piauí, Brazil. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to factors associated with dependence on daily activities.

Decreased Follistatin Levels as a Risk of Acute Sarcopenia Marker in Elderly

Background: Acute sarcopenia is an acute muscle loss that has been associated to the frailty and vulnerability of the elderly. Follistatin has been known as a significant marker for sarcopenia, however, studies of follistatin in humans have shown varying results and there have been no studies to date regarding the relationship between follistatin and acute sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to determine changes in follistatin levels as a risk of acute sarcopenia in elderly.Materials and methods: This study was a prospective observational study involving hospitalized elderly. The follistatin level was examined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Meanwhile the determination of acute sarcopenia was done through the measurement of changes in hand grip strength and calf circumference parameters. The data obtained was descriptively analyzed, followed by bivariate and multivariate analysis. A p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.Results: There were 66 subjects in this study. A total of 10 subjects (15.2%) had acute sarcopenia on the 7th day of hospitalization. The cut-off point of decreased follistatin levels was 4.870 with a sensitivity of 82.1% and a specificity of 60%. There was an association between decreased follistatin levels and acute sarcopenia (p=0.01; RR: 6.90; 95% CI: 1.638-29.069). Multivariate analysis results showed that decreased follistatin levels was a significant factor that might influence the occurrence of acute sarcopenia.Conclusion: Since this study showed that decreased follistatin levels might be a risk of acute sarcopenia in the elderly, thus it could be used as a marker of acute sarcopenia, which should be further investigated.Keywords: decreased follistatin levels, acute sarcopenia, elderly

LOADING OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY REDUCES RISK OF SARCOPENIA IN MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate whether mechanical loading induced by physical activity can reduce risk of sarcopenia in middle-aged adults.MethodsThis was a longitudinal study based on a subset of UK Biobank data consisting of 1,918 participants (902 men and 1,016 women, mean age 56 years) who had no sarcopenia at baseline (assessed between 2006 and 2010). The participants were assessed again after 6 years at follow-up, and were categorized into no sarcopenia, probable sarcopenia, or sarcopenia according to the definition and algorithm developed in 2018 by European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). Physical activity was assessed at a time between baseline and follow-up using 7-day acceleration data obtained from wrist worn accelerometers. Raw acceleration data were then analysed to study the mechanical loading of physical activity at different intensities (i.e. very light, light, moderate-to-vigorous). Multinominal logistic regression was employed to examine the association between the incidence of sarcopenia and physical activity loading, between baseline and follow up, controlled for other factors at baseline including age, gender, BMI, smoking status, intake of alcohol, vitamin D and calcium, history of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, secondary osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes.ResultsAmong the 1918 participants with no sarcopenia at baseline, 230 (69 men and 161 women) developed probable sarcopenia and 37 (14 men and 23 women) developed sarcopenia at follow-up. Physical activity loading at moderate-to-vigorous intensity was higher in men (p&lt;0.05), while women had higher physical activity loading at very light intensity (p&lt;0.05). No significant difference was found in physical activity loading at light intensity between men and women (p&gt;0.05). Logistic regression models showed that increase in physical activity loading at moderate-to-vigorous intensity significantly reduced the risk of sarcopenia (odds ratio = 0.368, p&lt;0.05), but not probable sarcopenia (odds ratio = 0.974, p&gt;0.05), while loading at light or very light activity intensity were not associated with the risk of sarcopenia or probable sarcopenia (p&gt;0.05).ConclusionLoading of physical activity at moderate-to-vigorous intensity could reduce risk of sarcopenia in middle-aged adults.Declaration of Interest(b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project.