Sapporo Agricultural College Research Articles

Boys, be ambitious: William Smith Clark and the westernisation of Japanese agricultural extension in the Meiji era

This article examines the historiography related to the 1876 founding of Sapporo Agricultural College, the first institution of its kind in Japan. Focusing specifically on the involvement of William Smith Clark, who previously served as the president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, it argues that the nascent imperial ambitions harboured by both the United States and Japan are essential to a full understanding of Sapporo’s founding, curriculum and subsequent history. Drawing on both primary and secondary sources as well as theoretical perspectives on empire, this article depicts Sapporo as one small part of a larger campaign of westernisation.

The Theory of Colonial Policy by Minoru Togo : The Theory of Agricultural Colonization & ‘Anti-Assimilationism’

This article is to study the theory of colonial policy suggested by Minoru Togo, who worked for 18 years as the officer of the Government-General of Taiwan, on the basis of his intellectual and official experiences. His theory of colonial policy includes two points; one is the theory of agricultural colonization which is derived from the colonial studies in Sapporo Agricultural College and the other is ‘anti-assimilationism’.<BR> Initially the theory of agricultural colonization was suggested as the solution of overpopulation in J apan and the means to realize overseas expansion. The theory has gradually been settled as the policy to prepare for ‘racial self-awareness’ of the colonial people. More importantly, the evasion of assimilation policy was taken into consideration as preparation for racial self-awareness of the colonial people. He thought assimilation policy had the possibility of the opposite effect of stimulating the colonial people to have racial self-awareness. His ‘anti-assimilationism’ has been reinforced by theoretical basis of ethnopsychology. Togo expresses his anti-assimilationism with the catch-phrase such as “disparity, that is, equality”. It must be noticed that anti-assimilationism of Togo has the premise of unevenness that the colony is inferior to the mother country.

E3 Program and Its Role in International Cooperation in Engineering Education

Hokkaido University started out in 1876 as Sapporo Agricultural College with foreign professors teaching agriculture and civil engineering to Japanese students in English. Since then HU has expanded to cover various disciplines and changed its medium of instruction to Japanese. In 2000, HU School of Engineering launched a graduate program with English as a medium of instruction. It is a complete reverse from a century ago because this time professors are Japanese while students are mainly international students from overseas. The main objective is to disseminate advanced knowledge Japan has accumulated through international students and at the same time “internationalize” our educational system.The “English Engineering Education program” or e3 started in October 2000 with a limited number of fields. As of 2010 it has expanded to cover all fields offered by the School of Engineering. At present close to 100 graduate students from 27 countries enrolled in the program. 114 courses are offered in English, out of which 47 are regular courses, in other words, attended by both Japanese and e3 students. This paper introduces the e3 program and its practices. Its role on international cooperation in engineering education and on engineering education itself is described.

How I became a biochemist

How I became a biochemist

Nitobe Inazō and the Sapporo Band: Reflections on the Dawn of Protestant Christianity in Early Meiji Japan

This paper focuses on the famous prewar internationalist Nitobe Inazo, and inquires into the origins of his Christian faith. Born 1862 Morioka the last years of the Tokugawa period, he imbibed Christianity while attending the Sapporo Agricultural College. That institution's unique historical environment, and the spiritual legacy implanted there by its charismatic founding president, William S. Clark, is described, and it is demonstrated how Inazo and his classmates were profoundly influenced by New England puritan values their early exposure to Protestant Christianity. It follows Inazo on his six-and-a-half years of study abroad, and traces his inward struggles to attain a genuine Christian faith free from the taint of foreign culture. His academic studies the United States and Germany is described detail. Special attention is paid to his Quaker religious experiences, since these left indelible marks upon his later life and career. Peculiar tenets of his faith and mentioned, and one particular-the doctrine of pacifism-is highlighted; one which many people who have studied Nitobe's career feel he failed to resolve adequately. Finally, there are some remarks about the legacy of the Sapporo Band, of whom Sato Shosuke, Oshima Masatake, Uchimura Kanzo, Miyabe Kingo, and Nitobe stand out most notably today. KEYWORDS: Nitobe Inazo - Meiji Protestant Christianity - Uchimura Kanzo - Sapporo Agricultural School - Japanese Quakers (ProQuest-CSA LLC: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.) Nitobe Inazo ... (1862-1933) has been the subject of much attention Japan over the last two decades. Though one of the best internationally known Japanese his day, he had been largely forgotten the years after his death. This dramatically changed the 1980s when Nitobe was rediscovered. The renewed interest Nitobe resulted mainly from his portrait appearing on the five thousand yen bill from 1984 until the end of 2005, when it was replaced by a new bill that featured the Meiji novelist Higuchi Ichiyo. Two years ago, symposiums were held Tokyo (at the United Nations University) and Hokkaido, to ensure that Nitobe's legacy not be forgotten.1 Nitobe is remembered today as the author of Bushido, the Soul of Japan, which has been a long-seller since its publication 1900. Two years ago, Bushido made the bestseller, top-ten list at a Tokyo bookstore, thanks large part to the Hollywood movie, The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise. The movie was but one factor that contributed to the resurgence of Bushido. The moral lessons embedded the concept of bushido continue to fascinate people today. Perhaps because this conception is an intrinsic part of-indeed many feel that it is what gives backbone to-a unique Japanese identity; an identity which some feel is increasingly threatened by globalization. Thus, nostalgia and romanticism go far to explain the lingering popularity of Bushido images contemporary Japan.2 Perceptive readers of Bushido quickly realize that Nitobe's depiction of the bushi mentality and lifestyle are uniquely his own. Since the appearance of the book over a hundred years ago, many critics have attacked his portrait of the samurai as being overly idealistic and too tinged with Christian virtues. Tessa Morris-Suzuki has remarked that In his writings, the samurai...is above all a gentleman, and Bushido itself is not so much an esoteric philosophy as a mildly exoticised version of the British public school ethos (Morris-Suzuki 1998, 68).3 Indeed, perusing the book, one immediately senses that Nitobe's intended audience were educated readers the West. It was his aim to show in a comparative light the commonalities that traditional Japanese culture possessed with occidental cultures. Nitobe's Christian biases are plainly evident the book, for which he did not apologize. The aim of this paper is to explore the roots and development of Nitobe's Christian faith, beginning with his early experiences Sapporo, followed by a consideration of how it was shaped through study overseas the United States and Europe. …

Hokkaido Railway Construction in the Meiji Era and Railway Engineering Education of Sapporo Agricultural College

The civil engineering education at Sapporo Agricultural College, predecessor of Hokkaido Univ.; S.A.C., has begun for the purpose of the training for the reclamation engineer of Hokkaido. But it had been once abolished from the policy of Ministry of Education in the Meiji 20's latter. We had studied the history on civil engineering education of S.A.C., and recognized that there exist of strong connection between S.A.C. and railway organization of Hokkaido. In this study, the linkage of railway operation and S.A.C. is followed as a model of the individualization and survivor of civil engineering educational institute.

Dr. MIKISHI ABE and Early Days of Elevated Railway Viaducts in Japan

Introduction of reinforced concrete was a very important turning point in the history of elevated railway viaducts in Japan. Dr. Mikishi Abe (1883-1965) was one of the key persons to spread this technology. He entered Government Railways after graduating from the Department of Civil Engineering, Sapporo Agricultural College, in 1905, and went to lllinois University to study the newest technology about reinforced concrete. He returned to Government Railways from the U. S. in 1914, and designed the widest span arch bridge made by reinforced concrete in Japan. But his name was well known only in the architectural field before he became independent as an architect in 1920. Therefore, this report describes his achievement in the civil engineering field and his role as a civil engineer. From the results of this study, it is clear that he made an important contribution to the development of elevated railway viaducts.

Hokkaido Government Railway and Railway Engineers of Sapporo Agricultural College

Hokkaido Government Railway and Railway Engineers of Sapporo Agricultural College

Traditional Learning, Western Thought, and the Sapporo Agricultural College: A Case Study of Acculturation in Early Meiji Japan

In the late nineteenth century the Japanese embarked upon a swift ideological transition that enabled them to accept a considerable influx of Western ideas and systems. A key to their successful adoption of the values of ostensibly different cultures has often been attributed by observers of Japan to the receptivity and adaptability of the Japanese to new, alien elements. Yet, the receptivity of the Japanese to alien elements as the key is inherently connected to their recognition of affinities found in different cultures. Valuable insights on the process of Meiji acculturation will be gathered from a case study based on the examination of the early years of the Sapporo Agricultural College, established to accelerate modernization, and the impact on the students of the values inculcated by the New Englander staff. A study of their interaction suggests that it was the affinities the Japanese found between Japanese syncretic, revisionist, thought development and values of different cultures that formed the foundation for successful assimilation of elements of Western culture, a process that also helped the Japanese to reinvestigate and remould their own cultural tradition.

Military Drill in Sapporo Agricultural College

Military Drill in Sapporo Agricultural College

The Middle Rank Civil Engineer Education at the Governmental Special Schools in the Ancient order

In the second decade of Meiji Era, the higher education of civil engineer was systematized in the College of Engineering, Imperial University under the Ministry of Education. Nevertheless, the industrial world requested more quantity of the engineer, so the higher education of civil engineering was started in the organizations but the Imperial University. Those of first were the Faculty of Engineering of High school in the ancient order and the Department of Civil Engineering of Sapporo Agricultural College. The difference of these system from Imperial University was the curriculum of higher civil engineering without preparatory course.

Education of Civil Engineering at Sapporo Agricultural College

abstract: Sapporo Agricultural College was one of the organs of higher education by the government office at early Meiji Era. In there, foreign professor instructed the young in Civil Engineering. After a while, the graduates took the place of the foreigner, and made the curriculum of Civil Engineering Education. It was one of the origin of system to teach civil engineering by Japanese. Isarni Hiroi was the chief of Dept. of Engineering S. A. C. and made its curriculum.In order to describe Civil Engineering Education of Dept. of Eng. S. A. C., this paper explains the lecture of Civil Engineering at S. A. C. that Hiroi was attended.

Education of Civil Engineering at S. A. C. and establishment of Japanese Bridge Engineerig

Civil engineering as well as Agriculture was instructed Sapporo Agricultural College at early Meiji Era. The contents of 'Civil Engineering' was Bridge engineering Structural dynamics. One of the graduates of S. A. C., Isami Hiroi, went abroad for study of pragmatic bridge construction in America, and ofthe theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials in Germany. Afterward he published a lot of paper of bridge engineering and two books from Van Nostrand.This paper explainethe theory of bridge engineering of Hiroi hrom the lecture of Civil Engineering at S. A. C. and his books.

0n “Boys, Be Ambitious”

At Shimamatsu, William Smith Clark parted from his students of Sapporo Agricultural College, saying “Boys be ambitious”. Now a tall monument was built there to memorize him. Now that I live in Hiroshima, I would like you to visit this memorable place, and at the same time I would like totell you that the original message is“Boys be ambitious like this old man. ”

Foreign Employees in Nineteenth-Century Japan

Part 1 The Yatoi phenomenon: The Yatoi phenomenon - An early experiment in technical assistance, Ardath W Burks live machines revisited, Hazel J Jones. Part 2 Case studies - North American views: William Elliot Griffis - the Tokyo years, 1872-1874, E R Beauchamp science and civilization in early Meiji Japan - the autobiographical notes of Thomas C Mendenhall, Richard Rubinger William Smith Clark, Yatoi, 1826-1886, John M Maki encounters with an alien culture - americans employed by the Kaitakushi, Fujita Fumiko westernizing influences in the early modernization of Japanese women's education, Dorothy Robins-Mowry principles and pragmatism - the Yatoi in the field of art, Ellen P Conant Edward Warren Clark and the formation of the Shizuoka and Koishikawa Christian bands (1871-1879), A Hamish Ion. Part 3 Case studies - Japanese views: Contributions of Edward S Morse to developing Yopung Japan, Isono Naohide Margaret C Griffis and the education of women in early Meiji Japan, Usui Chizuko american professors in the development of Hokkaido - the case of the Sapporo agricultural college (SAC), Akizuki Toshiyuki engineering and technical Yatoi in the Public Works Department of Meiji Japan, Imatsu Kenji William Elliot Griffis' lecture notes on chemistry, Uchida Takane, Oki Hisaya, Sakan Fujio, Isa Kimio, Nakata Ryuji Frederic Marshall as an employee of the Japanese legation in Paris, Yokoyama Toshio. Part 4 Archival resources: primary manuscript and printed sources for studying the Yatoi - the William Elliot Griffis papers and related special collection at Rutgers University, Clark L Beck Jnr.

Foreign Employees in Nineteenth-Century Japan

Part 1 The Yatoi phenomenon: The Yatoi phenomenon - An early experiment in technical assistance, Ardath W Burks live machines revisited, Hazel J Jones. Part 2 Case studies - North American views: William Elliot Griffis - the Tokyo years, 1872-1874, E R Beauchamp science and civilization in early Meiji Japan - the autobiographical notes of Thomas C Mendenhall, Richard Rubinger William Smith Clark, Yatoi, 1826-1886, John M Maki encounters with an alien culture - americans employed by the Kaitakushi, Fujita Fumiko westernizing influences in the early modernization of Japanese women's education, Dorothy Robins-Mowry principles and pragmatism - the Yatoi in the field of art, Ellen P Conant Edward Warren Clark and the formation of the Shizuoka and Koishikawa Christian bands (1871-1879), A Hamish Ion. Part 3 Case studies - Japanese views: Contributions of Edward S Morse to developing Yopung Japan, Isono Naohide Margaret C Griffis and the education of women in early Meiji Japan, Usui Chizuko american professors in the development of Hokkaido - the case of the Sapporo agricultural college (SAC), Akizuki Toshiyuki engineering and technical Yatoi in the Public Works Department of Meiji Japan, Imatsu Kenji William Elliot Griffis' lecture notes on chemistry, Uchida Takane, Oki Hisaya, Sakan Fujio, Isa Kimio, Nakata Ryuji Frederic Marshall as an employee of the Japanese legation in Paris, Yokoyama Toshio. Part 4 Archival resources: primary manuscript and printed sources for studying the Yatoi - the William Elliot Griffis papers and related special collection at Rutgers University, Clark L Beck Jnr.

3. クラーク博士にゆかりの札幌農学校旧蔵化学書(化学風土記 : わが街の化学史跡)

3. クラーク博士にゆかりの札幌農学校旧蔵化学書(化学風土記 : わが街の化学史跡)

札幌農学校におけるランドスケ-プガーデニング

札幌農学校におけるランドスケ-プガーデニング

Physics Education at the Sapporo Agricultural College, Appended with the List of Foreign Books on Physics Accumulated in the College Library

Physics Education at the Sapporo Agricultural College, Appended with the List of Foreign Books on Physics Accumulated in the College Library

Sapporo Agricultural College and Its Collection of Foreign Books on Physics

Sapporo Agricultural College and Its Collection of Foreign Books on Physics