Saponin-rich Fraction Research Articles

Effect of saponin fraction from Ficus religiosa on memory deficit, and behavioral and biochemical impairments in pentylenetetrazol kindled mice

In our previous study, the saponin-rich fraction (SRF) of adventitious root extract of Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) was shown to have an anticonvulsant effect in acute animal models of convulsions. The present study was envisaged to study the effect of SRF in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling mouse model and its associated depression and cognition deficit. Treatment with the SRF (1, 2 and 4mg/kg; i.p.) for 15days in kindled mice significantly decreased seizure severity on days 5, 10 and 15 when challenged with PTZ (35mg/kg; i.p.). Marked protection against kindling-associated depression was also observed on days 10 and 15 in the SRF-treated groups when tested using the tail-suspension test. However, the SRF treatment failed to protect kindling-associated learning and memory impairments in the passive shock avoidance paradigm. The observed behavioral effects were corroborated with modulation in the levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, GABA and glutamate in discrete brain regions.

Antiurolithiatic activity of saponin rich fraction from the fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (Solanaceae) against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceA well-known traditional herb Solanum xanthocarpum is widely used in India for the management of different ailments including urolithiasis. This study was designed to rationalize the use of Solanum xanthocarpum in kidney stone and to investigate its mechanism of action. Materials and methodsThe saponin rich fraction prepared from fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum (SXS) was evaluated for antiurolithiatic activity by in vitro and in vivo studies. In ethylene glycol (EG, 0.75% in drinking water for 28 days) induced urolithiasis model, two different experimental doses (20mg/kg and 40mg/kg, p.o., for 28 days) of saponin rich fraction were selected by dose fixation study. After 28 days, various biochemical parameters were measured in urine, serum and kidney homogenate. Kidneys were also subjected to histopathological analysis. ResultsIn vitro calcium oxalate crystal (CaOx) nucleation as well as aggregation was inhibited in artificial urine solution by SXS. The lithogenic treatment caused polyuria, damage renal function and oxidative stress, manifested as increased malondialdehyde, depleted reduced glutathione and decreased antioxidant enzyme catalase activities of the kidneys, which were prevented by simultaneous administration with SXS. Lithogenic treatment also caused crystalluria, hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, hypocitrauria, and hypomagnesaemia. Deposition of CaOx in renal tissue and cellular injury were seen in histopathology. Co-administration of SXS had potential to prevent these pathological changes due to lithogenic treatment. Moreover, SXS raised level of glycosaminoglycan, a stone inhibitor macromolecule found in urine which decreased. ConclusionThe antiurolithiatic activity in Solanum xanthocarpum is mediated possibly through the inhibition of CaOx crystal formation and its effect on the urinary concentration of stone-forming constituents and nephrolithiasis inducing factors and this study rationalizes its medicinal use in urolithiasis.

Saponin-rich fraction from Clematis chinensis Osbeck roots protects rabbit chondrocytes against nitric oxide-induced apoptosis via preventing mitochondria impairment and caspase-3 activation

Our previous study reported that the saponin-rich fraction from Clematis chinensis Osbeck roots (SFC) could effectively alleviate experimental osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate in rats through protecting articular cartilage and inhibiting local inflammation. The present study was performed to investigate the preventive effects of SFC on articular chondrocyte, and explore the underlying mechanisms. Primary rabbit chondrocytes were cultured and exposed to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor. After treatment with different concentrations of SFC (30, 100, 300, 1,000μg/ml) for 24h, nucleic morphology, apoptotic rate, mitochondrial function and caspase-3 activity of chondrocytes were examined. The results showed that SNP induced remarkable apoptosis of rabbit chondrocytes evidenced by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry analysis, and SFC prevented the apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Further studies indicated that SFC could prevent the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm) in SNP-treated chondrocytes and suppress the activation of caspase-3. It can be concluded that the protection of SFC on articular chondrocytes is associated with the anti-apoptosis effects via inhibiting the mitochondrion impairment and caspase-3 activation.

Antimicrobial activity of saponin‐rich fraction from Camellia oleifera cake and its effect on cell viability of mouse macrophage RAW 264.7

As a by-product of oil production, several million tons of Camellia oleifera cake is discarded every year in China. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a saponin-rich fraction isolated from C. oleifera cake and investigate its effect on the cell viability of RAW 264.7, a macrophage-like cell line present in almost all mouse tissues. The saponin-rich fraction was isolated from C. oleifera cake in several steps and had a saponin content of 95.42 ± 0.10% (w/w). It showed significant inhibitory activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and the fungi Mucor racemosus, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicillium glaucum, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 31.3, 31.3, 62.5, 250, 250, 250, 31.3 and 125 µg ml(-1) respectively. In addition, mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 pretreated with the saponin-rich fraction (80-200 µg mL(-1) ) exhibited a significant loss of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. These results may be useful for the future application of saponins from C. oleifera cake. However, the potential use of the saponin-rich fraction as an antimicrobial agent should be decided according to the target micro-organisms in order to avoid causing harm in humans.

Saponin rich fractions from Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce with more potential hypoglycemic effects

AimsThe root of Polygonatum odoratum (YuZhu), also a medicinal food has long been used for the treatment of diabetes. The objective of the study was to characterize the anti-diabetic active fractions or compounds in this herb. Materials and methodsFractions with a different polarity were prepared by solvent extraction and macroporous absorptive resin (D101) column and their anti-diabetic potentials were evaluated by glucose uptake in HepG2 cells and STZ-induced diabetic rats. In addition, α-glycosidase inhibitory activities of active fractions were measured in vitro and chemical compositions including saponin, total flavonoids and total sugar in the fractions were determined. ResultsThe n-buthanol fraction, a saponin-rich fraction obtained by partitioning the ethanol extract with n-buthanol after petroleum ether and acetic ether showed the highest anti-diabetic potential in glucose uptake in HepG2 cells followed by acetic ether fraction which was rich in flavonoids. Further fractionation the saponin-rich fraction using macroporous resin column (D101), polysaccharide, flavonoid and saponin rich fractions were obtained by elution with water, 40% and 60% ethanol, respectively and their anti-diabetic potentials proved by glucose uptake test in HepG2 cells and STZ-induced diabetic rats were in the order of saponin rich fraction>flavonoid rich fraction>polysaccharide rich fraction. Long-term therapy test (60d) in severe diabetic rats indicated that saponin-rich fraction significantly ameliorated clinical symptoms of diabetes including the elevated blood glucose, body weight loss as well as the increased food and water intake while flavonoid-rich fraction was more potential than saponin-rich fraction to increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) level in rat plasma. Additionally, saponin-rich fraction and flavonoid-rich fraction showed α-glycosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 2.05±0.32 and 3.92±0.65mg/ml, respectively. ConclusionThe results suggested that saponin in this herb was more important than flavonoid in exhibiting anti-diabetic activity and flavonoid contributed more to anti-oxidant activity in vivo.

The Saponin-Rich Fraction of a Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Aqueous Leaf Extract Reduces Cafeteria and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

We examined the antiobesity effect of a saponin-rich fraction of a Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. aqueous leaf extract (SGE) using cafeteria and high-fat diet-induced obese rats for a period of eight weeks. SGE was orally administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight once a day to the treatment group. It significantly decreased the body weight, food consumption, visceral organs weight, and the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, atherogenic index, glucose, and increased the levels of high-density lipoproteins. There was no significant difference with respect to all parameters of the study in case of normal (N) diet and N diet + SGE rats. In vitro, SGE inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity. The present study gave clear evidence that the SGE has a significant antiobese action, supporting its use in traditional medicine, and can be used as a substitute for synthetic drugs.

Anti hyperglycemic Effect of Meryta denhamii Seem. Fruits and Phytochemical study of its Saponin Content

In this study Meryta denhamii Seem. fruits (Araliaceae) were tested for the antihyperglycemic effect against alloxan induced hyperglycemia in rats using metformin as standard drug. The alcoholic extract and n-butanol fraction (saponins rich fraction) of the fruits exhibited significant antihyperglycemic effect (42.8 and 38.4 % of change, respectively, comparing to 67.1% for metformin). The n-butanol fraction was subjected to chemical study which resulted in isolation of four monodesmosidic oleanane saponins. Their structures were established based on their MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral data as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl] oleanolic acid, 3-O-[α-D-glucuronopyranosyl] oleanolic acid, 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-α-Larabinofuranosyl] oleanolic acid and 3-O-[α-Larabinofuranosyl-(1-4)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl] oleanolic acid.

Saponins from the traditional medicinal plant Momordica charantia stimulate insulin secretion in vitro

The antidiabetic activity of Momordica charantia (L.), Cucurbitaceae, a widely-used treatment for diabetes in a number of traditional medicine systems, was investigated in vitro. Antidiabetic activity has been reported for certain saponins isolated from M. charantia. In this study insulin secretion was measured in MIN6 β-cells incubated with an ethanol extract, saponin-rich fraction, and five purified saponins and cucurbitane triterpenoids from M. charantia, 3 β,7 β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23( E)-dien-19-al (1), momordicine I (2), momordicine II (3), 3-hydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al-7,23-di- O- β-glucopyranoside (4), and kuguaglycoside G (5). Treatments were compared to incubation with high glucose (27 mM) and the insulin secretagogue, glipizide (50 μM). At 125 μg/ml, an LC–ToF-MS characterized saponin-rich fraction stimulated insulin secretion significantly more than the DMSO vehicle, p = 0.02. At concentrations 10 and 25 μg/ml, compounds 3 and 5 also significantly stimulated insulin secretion as compared to the vehicle, p ≤ 0.007, and p = 0.002, respectively. This is the first report of a saponin-rich fraction, and isolated compounds from M. charantia, stimulating insulin secretion in an in vitro, static incubation assay.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Aqueous Extract from Radix Liriope muscari and Its Major Active Fraction and Component

Aim To investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract from Liriope muscari (Decne.) Bailey (Lm-a), its crude saponin fraction (Lm-s) and one major component (Lm-3), and to provide some pharmacological evidence for its clinical use in inflammatory diseases. Methods The anti-inflammatory activities of Lm-a, Lm-s and Lm-3 were evaluated by xylene-induced ear swelling and paw edema induced by carrageenan or histamine in mice. Meanwhile, the activity of Lm-3 was also determined by assaying the adhesion of human pro-myelocytic leukemia cell strain (HL-60) to human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (ECV304) induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) in vitro. Results Lm-a significantly inhibited ear swelling caused by xylene and paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice when given orally once at doses of 336 and 672 mg·kg −1. Meanwhile, Lm-s and Lm-3 possessed similar remarkable anti-inflammatory effects in such two animal models at a single oral dose of 23.2 or 4.6 mg·kg −1 (relevant to Lm-a 672 mg·kg −1), respectively. Moreover, Lm-3 markedly suppressed acute paw edema induced by histamine in mice when given orally once at the dose of 4.6 mg·kg −1, whose potency was similar to that of Lm-a or Lm-s at a single oral dose of 672 or 23.2 mg·kg −1. Lm-3 also significantly inhibited the adhesion of HL-60 to ECV304 cells induced by TNF-α or PMA at the concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μmol·L −1 in vitro, which suggested the involved role of protein kinase C etc. Conclusion Lm-a, Lm-s and Lm-3 have the anti-inflammatory activities, which offers pharmacological supports to the ethnomedical use of the roots of L. muscari in inflammatory diseases and reveals the major attribution of saponins-rich fraction including Lm-3.

Anticonvulsant properties of saponins from Ficus platyphylla stem bark

Preparations of Ficus platyphylla have been used in Nigerian traditional medicine for the management of epilepsy for many years and their efficacy is widely acclaimed among the Hausa communities of northern Nigeria. The anticonvulsant properties of the saponin rich fraction (SFG) obtained from the methanol extract of F. platyphylla stem bark were studied on pentylenetetrazole-, strychnine- and maximal electroshock seizures in mice. Effects of SFG were also examined in murine models for neurological disease and on relevant in vitro targets for anticonvulsant drugs. SFG protected mice against pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizures; and significantly delayed the onset of myoclonic jerks and tonic seizures. SFG failed to protect mice against maximal electroshock seizures at doses tested. SFG neither abolished the spontaneous discharges induced by 4-aminopyridine in a neonatal rat brain slice model of tonic–clonic epilepsy nor could it modulate chloride currents through GABA A receptor channel complex in cultured cortical cells. However, it was able to non-selectively suppress excitatory and inhibitory synaptic traffic, blocked sustained repetitive firing (SRF) and spontaneous action potential firing in these cultured cells. Our results provide scientific evidence that F. platyphylla stem bark may contain psychoactive principles with potential anticonvulsant properties. SFG impaired membrane excitability; a property shared by most anticonvulsants particularly the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blocking drugs, thus supporting the isolation and development of the saponin components of this plant as anticonvulsant agents.

Psychopharmacological properties of the saponin fraction of <i>Ficus platyphylla</i> stem bark

The psychopharmacological effects of a saponin-rich fraction (SFG) obtained from crude methanolic extract of Ficus platyphylla stem bark were studied on spontaneous motor activity (SMA), pentobarbitalinduced sleep, motor coordination, amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour, catalepsy, forced swim and tail suspension tests in rodents. SFG reduced SMA dose dependently, suggesting that it may contain psychoactive principles with sedative effects. The fraction shortened the onset and prolonged the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep, which confirmed its sedative properties. The fraction diminished immobility time in forced swim and tail suspension tests, which is indicative of antidepressant properties. It attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour, induced catalepsy and exacerbated haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rodents, but had no effect on motor coordination in the treadmill experiment at the doses tested. These effects were similar to those of classical neuroleptics and antidepressants. Our study provides scientific evidence of psychopharmacological effects of the saponin fraction of Ficus platyphylla stem bark and therefore supports further development of its psychoactive components as antipsychotics and antidepressants. Keywords: Ficus platyphylla, depression, psychosis, sedation, spontaneous motor activity, stereotyped behaviour. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. Vol. 2 (3) 2008: pp. 239-248

Effects of Sesbania sesban and Carduus pycnocephalus leaves and Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and their extracts on partitioning of nutrients from roughage- and concentrate-based feeds to methane

The leaves of Carduus and Sesbania and seeds of Fenugreek and their extracts in water, methanol/water (1:1 and 0.95:0.05, v/v) were evaluated for their effects on methane production and partitioning of nutrients in hay or concentrate-hay (68:32)-based diets. When incubated alone, all the three test plants had higher (P<0.05) partitioning factor (PF), expressed as mg truly degraded substrate/ml gas produced (from 3.35 to 4.86) compared to the basal substrate hay (PF = 3.11) or concentrate-hay mixture (PF = 3.16), indicating increased efficiency of microbial mass production. The lowest net methane production of 0.120 ml/ml of net gas and 0.0283 ml/mg on truly degraded substrate basis was obtained for Carduus when rumen liquor was taken from hay fed animal; and when rumen liquor was taken from concentrate fed animal these values for Carduus were 0.116 ml/ml of net gas and 0.0253 ml/mg truly degraded substrate. These values were lower when compared for hay or concentrate-hay mixture as a substrate (0.176–0.185 ml/ml of net gas and 0.0565–0.0587 ml/mg truly degraded substrate) (P<0.05). These values for Fenugreek and Sesbania were intermediate between those for hay and Carduus. On supplementation to the basal diets, Carduus reduced methane level by 20–21.5% on substrate-degraded basis (P<0.05) for both the basal diets. Saponin rich Fenugreek and Sesbania did not show any methane inhibition on volume basis despite decrease in the protozoal numbers by nearly 50% in both the basal diets. On the other hand, supplementation of Fenugreek and Sesbania to hay or concentrate-hay mixture increased the PF and decreased methane production per unit substrate degraded, suggesting that these supplements enhanced the efficiency of rumen fermentation. The methanol/water (1:1, v/v) extract of Carduus reduced methane level by 7.6–7.8% (P<0.05) while no reduction was observed for Fenugreek and Sesbania extracts. No change in methane levels on addition of a tannin inactivating agent, polyethylene glycol (MW 6000) or of saponin rich fraction from Carduus leaves to the in vitro incubations containing Carduus leaves together with very low saponin content in these leaves showed that the active moiety(ies) in Carduus is non-tannin and non-saponin. The efficacy of the supplements studied in this study in vitro should be investigated in vivo. The supplementation of Carduus leaves could be effective for both roughage and concentrate fed animals; whereas, Fenugreek seeds and Sesbania leaves are expected to be more effective for concentrate fed animals.

Effect of Polygala tenuifolia Root Extract on Scopolamine-Induced Impairment of Rat Spatial Cognition in an Eight-Arm Radial Maze Task

The effects of Polygala tenuifolia root fractions and the acyl groups of its constituents on the retrieval process of spatial cognition in rats were studied using an eight-arm radial maze task. Oral administration of a precipitate fraction (PTB) obtained by concentration of the n-BuOH-soluble portion from the extract of the roots significantly decreased the number of total errors (TEs) and that of working memory errors (WMEs) at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. However, it caused no significant decrease in the number of reference memory errors (RMEs). In addition, the saponin-rich fraction (PTBM) obtained by purification of PTB also showed significant decreases in TEs and WMEs at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Among the cinnamic acid derivatives present as the acyl groups in the P. tenuifolia constituents, sinapic acid (SNPA) significantly decreased TEs and WMEs at doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg. These results indicated that P. tenuifolia extracts, PTB and PTBM, and SNPA had a beneficial effect on the memory impairment induced by dysfunction of the cholinergic system in the brain. The memory improvement in the scopolamine-induced memory impairment seen in the radial maze performance was due to improvement in the short-term memory. A contribution of some constituents other than SNPA to the memory improvement was also suggested.

Lupane-Type Saponins from Leaves of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus and Their Inhibitory Activity on Pancreatic Lipase

Three known saponins, chiisanoside, 11-deoxyisochiisanoside, and isochiisanoside, and one novel saponin, 3,4-seco-4(23),20(29)-lupadiene-3,28-dioic acid 28-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-d-glucopyranoside, referred to as sessiloside, were isolated from a hot water extract of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus leaves. All of these saponins were lupane-type triterpene triglycosides, and their concentrations were 4.1, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.4% (w/w) of the total extract, respectively. Sessiloside and chiisanoside inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in vitro, and addition of the saponin-rich fraction to a high-fat diet suppressed the body weight gain of mice. The possibility of application of the lupane-type saponins from A. sessiliflorus leaves to the treatment of obesity is discussed.

Quillaja saponins—a natural growth promoter for fish

Environmental concerns and the forthcoming ban on antibiotics in the European Union have renewed interest in renewable and non-persistent plant-based growth promoters in fish feeds. A review of the published literature and unpublished recent results following addition of a Quillaja saponin mixture in the diets of common carp and Nile tilapia are presented. It emerges that Quillaja saponins have the potential to increase growth in culture fish species, reduce their metabolic rate and suppress reproduction in tilapia. The current study is the first to have demonstrated beneficial effects of a Quillaja saponin-rich fraction when used as a feed additive in fish diet. It is hoped that this collation of information and synthesis of results, discussion and conclusions will act as a catalyst for future research on isolation of the active fraction, its optimum concentration for obtaining the desired effects, and physiological mechanisms of action for the diverse biological effects of these compounds.

Proof of the Mysterious Efficacy of Ginseng: Basic and Clinical Trials: Suppression of Adrenal Medullary Function In Vitro by Ginseng

The root of Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER has been reported to have an anti-stress action. Therefore, the effects of ginseng components on functions of adrenal medulla, which is one of the most important organs responsive to stress, were investigated in vitro. First, the components of ginseng were mainly divided into two fractions, that is, the saponin-rich and non-saponin fractions. The saponin-rich fraction greatly reduced the secretion of catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh), whereas the nonsaponin fraction did not affect it at all. The protopanaxatriol-type saponins inhibited the ACh-evoked secretion much more strongly than the protopanaxadiol-type. On the other hand, the oleanane-type saponin, ginsenoside-Ro, had no such effect. Recent reports have demonstrated that the saponins in ginseng are metabolized and absorbed in digestive tracts following oral administration of ginseng. All of the saponin metabolites greatly reduced the ACh-evoked secretion. M4 was the most effective inhibitor among the metabolites. M4 blocked ACh-induced Na+ influx and ion inward current into the chromaffin cells and into the Xenopus oocytes expressing human α3β4 nicotinic ACh receptors, respectively, suggesting that the saponin metabolites modulate nicotinic ACh receptors followed by the reduction of catecholamine secretion. It is highly possible that these effects of ginsenosides and their metabolites are associated with the anti-stress action of ginseng.

Antispasmodic effect of three fractions of hydroalcoholic extract of Pycnocycla spinosa

Hydroalcoholic extract of Pycnocycla spinosa was shown to have spasmolytic action in vitro and antidiarroheal effect in vivo. The hydroalcoholic extract of P. spinosa is composed of alkaloid-, flavonoid- and saponin-rich components. These components were separated by fractional separation technique. The pharmacological objective of this study was to look for relaxant effect of these components of hydroalcoholic extract of P. spinosa on rat isolated ileum contractions. The alkaloid-, flavonoid- and saponin-rich fractions of P. spinosa inhibited the response to 80 mM KCl in a concentration-dependent manner. The alkaloid-rich fraction was the most and saponin-rich fraction the least effective relaxant of ileum contractions. The alkaloid-rich fraction also inhibited the response to acetylcholine (ACh) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). From this study, it can be concluded that the antispasmodic action of hydroalcoholic extract of P. spinosa could be due to components in the alkaloid-rich fraction and to a lesser extent, to its flavonoid-rich fraction.

Brine shrimp lethality assay of Bacopa monnieri.

Successive petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and water extracts, a saponin rich fraction (SRF) and bacoside A isolated from Bacopa monnieri were tested for brine shrimp lethality. Successive ethanol extracts and SRF showed potent activity. Bacoside A showed the maximum activity with a LC(50) of 38.3 microg/mL. The results confirmed the previous reports of an anticancer effect of Bacopa monnieri and suggest bacoside A as the active constituent.

Antifertility Effects of Sapindus trifoliatus L. Fruit Extract in Rats

AbstractA saponin rich fraction was isolated from the fruit pulp of Sapindus trifoliatus L. It was tested for postcoital antifertility effects in female albino rats on different days of pregnancy. When injected intraperitioneally (20 mg/rat) on days 6–9 or on days 1–14, it impaired fertility in 7/10 and 10/10 animals, respectively. However, no significant fertility impairment occurred when this dose was administered on Days 1–3, 1–7 or 4–7. This fraction also appeared to be antiestrogenic when tested with 1 μg 170-estradiol.

Wound healing.

Wound healing.J A SchillingJ A SchillingPublished Online:01 Apr 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1968.48.2.374MoreSectionsPDF (9 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByTriterpenoid saponin-rich fraction of Centella asiatica decreases IL-1β andNF-κB, and augments tissue regeneration and excision wound repairTURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, Vol. 40Acute-Phase Proteins in Wound Healing30 May 2008Characterization of Heavyweight and Lightweight Polypropylene Prosthetic Mesh Explants From a Single Patient30 June 2016 | Surgical Innovation, Vol. 14, No. 3A Review of the Mechanisms Implicated in the Pathogenesis of the Diabetic Foot29 June 2016 | The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, Vol. 4, No. 3The Diabetic Foot15 December 2003Regenerative Injection Therapy (Prolotherapy) for the Treatment of Chronic PainTechniques in Orthopaedics, Vol. 18, No. 1Effect of Tridax Procumbens Extracts on Wound Healing27 September 2008 | International Journal of Pharmacognosy, Vol. 33, No. 1Characteristics of the immediate postarthroscopic blood clot formation in the knee jointArthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, Vol. 7, No. 1Identification of a low molecular weight, macrophage-derived chemotactic factor for fibroblastsClinical Immunology and Immunopathology, Vol. 41, No. 3Principles of burn dressingsBiomaterials, Vol. 6, No. 6Non-epidermally induced failure modes of percutaneous devicesBiomaterials, Vol. 6, No. 5Restraint stress inhibited healing in ratsPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 27, No. 5Intraocular hemorrhages: A hemostatic therapeutic approachSurvey of Ophthalmology, Vol. 22, No. 5Comparison of healing process in transected spinal cords grafted with autogenous brain tissue, sciatic nerve, and nodose ganglionExperimental Neurology, Vol. 44, No. 3Wound, Adjacent Skin and Control Skin Radioactivty After Injection of 1,2-3H-Cortisol and 1,2-3H-TestosteroneJournal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 56, No. 6Natural defense mechanisms in clinical sepsisJournal of Surgical Research, Vol. 11, No. 3Relationship Between Epithelium and Connective Tissue in Gingival Inflammation20 November 2016 | Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 48, No. 5Wound healing in the dogThe American Journal of Surgery, Vol. 117, No. 3 More from this issue > Volume 48Issue 2April 1968Pages 374-423 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1968 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1968.48.2.374PubMed4231314History Published online 1 April 1968 Published in print 1 April 1968 Metrics