Saponin Extract Research Articles

Optimization of green deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. husks saponins by response surface methodology and their antioxidant activities.

Quinoa saponins have outstanding activity, and there are an increasing number of extraction methods, but there are few research programs on green preparation technology. The extraction conditions of quinoa saponins with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were optimized by single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology. The antioxidant capacity of saponins extracted by DESs and traditional methods was evaluated by the DPPH clearance rate, iron ion chelation rate and potassium ferricyanide reducing power. The results show that the optimal DES is choline chloride: 1,2-propylene glycol (1 : 1), and its water content is 40%. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the solid-to-solvent ratio was 0.05 g mL-1, the extraction time was 89 min, and the extraction temperature was 75 °C. Under these conditions, the extraction of quinoa saponins by DES was more effective than the traditional extraction methods. The saponins extracted by DES and traditional methods were analyzed by UPLC-MS, and five main saponins were identified. Quantitative analysis by HPLC-UV showed that Q1 (m/z = 971) and Q2 (m/z = 809) had higher contents of saponins. In vitro antioxidant experiments showed that all DES saponin extracts showed good antioxidant capacity. This study provides new insight into the development and utilization of quinoa saponins.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ERYTHRINA VARIEGATA LEAF, STEM AND ROOT EXTRACTS

Erythrina variegata is a potent medicinal plant belonging to the family Fabaceae. Present investigation was carried out the preliminary phytochemical screening of the Erythrina variegata to evaluate the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids, quinones, saponins by using different parts of the plant extracts such as leaf, stem and root in five different solvent systems (methanol, butanol, chloroform, ethanol, and distilled water) by cold maceration technique. According to our evaluation the high intensity of secondary metabolites like alkaloids and glycosides were strongly observed in leaf butanol extract and complete absence of saponins except in aqueous solvent was seen. In stem extracts butanol and chloroform were more efficient solvents for alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and moderate for phenols and steroids. The results of root extract revealed the strong presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides inbutanol extract. Due to its efficiency in butanolic extract Erythrina variegata was used to test anti-bacterial activity. Which showed the highest zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis in leaf and root extract whereas in stem butanolic extract highest zone of inhibition was against Proteus vulgaris.

Extraction and analysis of ruscogenins from butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus L.) rhizomes using HPLC

Butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus L.) is a plant with valuable chemical composition and many medical applications. The underground rhizomes of the plant contain steroidal saponins, compounds with proven therapeutic effects and used mostly in treating venous insufficiency. The research aimed to optimise the extraction of saponins from butcher’s broom rhizomes to obtain the highest possible content of active compounds in the dry extract. The extraction was carried out in five variants using pure water or a mixture of water and ethanol as solvents in different potions. Three samples of butcher’s broom rhizomes from Albania, Bulgaria, and Germany were examined for the presence of highest level of sapogenin active ingredient. Results show that Albanian sample has the highest percentage of ruscogenins, and hence Albanian butcher’s broom rhizomes were chosen for the extraction of active ingredient by alcoholic solution with different concentration. The sapogenin content in the extracts was determined by the pharmacopoeial method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A strong, positive correlation was found between ethanol concentration and the content of ruscogenins in the dry extract. The most efficient variant of the extraction turned out to be the use of 50% ethanol as a solvent, where 304 mg of ruscogenins were obtained from 50 g of the raw material.

The significant antidyslipidemic, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, and antiobesity activities of the aqueous extracts of Agave Sisalana juice are partly mediated via modulation of calcium signaling pathways

Plant species in the genus Agave, including Agave sisalana, have found extensive application in African and Asian traditional medicine. Inspired by the use of the edible sweet sap known as Aguamiel (obtained from specific mature agave species such as Agave salmiana) in Mexico by diabetic patients to improve their diabetic condition, this study investigated the effects of Agave sisalana extracts prepared by lyophilization, fermentation, and saponin extraction from sisal juice in a rodent model of metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome was induced by administering a high fat and high fructose diet to freshly weaned Sprague-Dawley rats for eight weeks.The A. sisalana extracts possessed significant hypoglycemic effects [3.883 ± 0.371 mmol/L (normal group) vs. 8.183 ± 0.5845 mmol/L (negative control) vs. 3.767 ± 0.2716 mmol/L (positive control) vs. 4.167 ± 0.4602 mmol/L (FSP) vs. 4.533 ± 0.3169 mmol/L (FerSP) vs. 3.5 ± 0.2309 mmol/L (FS LD) vs. 3.867 ± 0.3353 mmol/L (FS HD) vs. 4.617 ± 0.2725 mmol/L (FerS LD) vs. 4.383 ± 0.3114 mmol/L (FerS HD): p < 0.0001]. The extracts also possessed significant antihyperlipidemic effects with significant differences in total serum cholesterol between the groups [1.398 ± 0.1232 mmol/L (normal group) vs. 4.225 ± 0.4135 mmol/L (negative control) vs. 1.582 ± 0.154 mmol/L (positive control) vs. 1.245 ± 0.0911 mmol/L (FSP) vs. 1.393 ± 0.1423 mmol/L (FerSP) vs. 1.387 ± 0.0924 mmol/L (FS LD) vs. 1.761 ± 0.1495 mmol/L (FS HD) vs. 1.698 ± 0.1294 mmol/L (FerS LD) vs. 1.6975 ± 0.0982 mmol/L (FerS HD): p < 0.0001]. Further, significant antiobesity effects of the A.sisalana extracts were observed with significant differences in weight among the groups [196.3 ± 6.49 g (normal group) vs. 298.9 ± 6.67 g (negative control) vs. 215.3 ± 6.06 g (positive control) vs. 195.4 ± 3.92 g (FSP) vs. 213.1 ± 5.21 g (FerSP) vs. 190.8 ± 6.49 g (FS LD) vs. 198.9 ± 4.31 g (FS HD) vs. 204.7 ± 4.78 g (FerS LD) vs. 208.7 ± 6.21 g (FerS HD): p < 0.0001].Network pharmacology studies indicated that the chemical components found in sisal juice primarily exert their effects by modulating the voltage-gated calcium channels CACNA1S, CACNA1D, and CACNA1C, in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.

Application of response surface methodology to optimise the extraction of tea saponin from Camellia oleifera, and their verification by HPLC

Single factor combined with response surface methodology was used to optimise the process parameters of tea saponin extraction from Camellia oleifera. Four factors including material-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration were selected as the influencing factors on the basis of single factor. The extraction rate of tea saponin was used as the response factor to analyse the response of these four factors and three levels. Results showed that extraction temperature of 81.69°C, material-liquid ratio of 1:11.85 g/mL, time of 6.17 h, and ethanol concentration of 56.69% were the best extraction conditions. The estimated yield of extraction was 7.46%. Analysis of the tea saponin samples by using high performance liquid chromatography showed that the main peak time was 6.668 min, and the absorption peaks and peaks were symmetric.

Green synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles using calotropis procera leaf extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity

In this study, magnetite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Calotropis procera aqueous leaf extract. The effect of the whole extract and some of its phytochemicals on the particle size distribution was determined using Dynamic light scattering (DLS) while other characterizations such as UV–vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out. The antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms was also studied using the agar well diffusion method. The leaf extract showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and tannins. The magnetite nanoparticle synthesized using the leaf extract (Calotropis procera/Fe3O4) had an average particle size of 11.1 nm with a PDI of 0.142 while the phenolic, flavonoid and saponin extracts of Calotropis procera leafs produced magnetites with average particle sizes of 62.83 nm, 68.02 nm and 134 nm respectively. The UV–vis spectra displayed the characteristic plasmon resonance peak at 420 nm, the FTIR plots highlighted important functional groups including peaks between 600 cm−1 and 400 cm−1 confirming the formation of iron oxide while the SEM micrographs showed the nanoparticles were mainly irregular in shape with areas of agglomeration. Calotropis procera/Fe3O4 displayed significant anti-microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum while no activity was recorded against Escherichia coli. The study indicated that Calotropis procera leaf extract was suitable for the green synthesis of magnetite with properties that suggest that it could be potentially applied as antimicrobial nanofillers.

In Vitro Structure–Activity Relationships Between Dammarane-Type Saponins Isolated From Panax notoginseng and Their Anti-inflammatory Properties

Objectives: Total saponin extracts from the roots of Panax notoginseng have been proven to have anti-inflammatory properties. Dammarane-type saponins isolated from the roots of P notoginseng have been shown to be active inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). To clarify the structural requirements for inhibition, some structure–activity relationships (SARs) were determined. Methods: RAW264.7 macrophages were maintained in vitro under standard cell culture conditions. The release of NO and TNF-α from these cells was induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and was measured. The primary SAR inhibitory activity of LPS-induced NO and TNF-α and production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells were evaluated by cytotoxicity assays. Results: SAR studies of dammarane-type saponins revealed that the glycosides substituent at C-3, C-6, and C-20 were important features for the NO and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells induced LPS. Moreover, the 5(6)-double bond and the OH group at C-7 improved the TNF-α inhibitory activity. In the case of ginsenoside Rh2, the C-20 configuration was needed for potent TNF-α inhibition. Conclusions: These results provide an approach for understanding the structural requirements of dammarane-type saponins isolated from P notoginseng for optimum anti-inflammatory properties of these compounds.

Identifikasi Komponen Kimia Saponin Greges Otot (Equisetum debile Roxb) Yang Berasal Dari Pallangga Kabupaten Gowa

Has done research on the identification of the chemical components of saponin Greges muscle (Equisetum debile Roxb) derived from Pallangga Gowa. Greges muscle is a plant that is used by people who believed Pallangga empirically nutritious treat fever and diarrhea. This study aims to determine the chemical content of saponin extract from muscle Greges preliminary test to the use of Uv-Vis spectrophotometry. The process of isolation of chemical compounds including reflux extraction with methanol, n-butanol fractionation, isolation by Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography and purity testing.&#x0D; Isolation fraction of n-butanol extract of muscle Greges using eluent chloroform-methanol-water (8: 2: 1) yielded isolates 5 isolates were named A, B, C, D, and E. Isolates D and E followed by the separation process using Layer Chromatography thin and Two-dimensional thin Layer Chromatography. The results of a preparative Thin Layer Chromatography isolates D and E give the appearance of a single stain on the purity test that can be said is pure stain. The results of UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis of Fraction D isolates obtained λ max with a peak wavelength of 536 nm and 550 nm which is characteristic of saponin compounds.

Construction of [C4MIM]BF4 based in situ alkaline aqueous biphasic systems by NaOH for efficient extraction saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge leaves

In this study, a novel method for extraction saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge leaves (XLs) was developed using ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid combined with in situ alkaline aqueous biphasic systems (UAE-IL-AABS). UAE-IL was firstly used to extract saponins from XLs, followed by removal of the phenolic impurities using in situ IL-AABS. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to analyze the [C4MIM]BF4 concentration, time, liquid/solid ratio, and power on the saponins yield. Under the optimal conditions with [C4MIM]BF4 concentration 2.3 M, time 19.9 min, liquid/solid ratio 24.9:1 (mL/g), and power 165 W, the saponins yield was 8.17%, which was 11.01% higher than ultrasonic assisted ethanol extraction method. The major compounds in UAE-IL were also identified using UPLC-MS/MS. Moreover, the optimized conditions of IL-AABS with recovery rate of saponins was 96.70%. Finally, a low extraction time, and favorable impurities removal efficiency and recyclability suggested UAE-IL-AABS is greener for production in the food, medicine, and chemical industry.

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY AND DPPH RADICAL SCAVENGING KINETIC BEHAVIOR OF ALGERIAN QUERCUS ROBUR L. LEAVES’ SELECTIVE EXTRACTS

Today, there is a growing demand for natural antioxidants. The unbalanced production and consumption of reactive oxygen species cause many disorders such as cancer, arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and aging. For this purpose, the present study was a part of the in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Quercus robur L. leaves’ selective extracts, namely tannins and saponins groups. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using two techniques: the DPPH radical scavenging activity method and the ferric reducing antioxidant power method. In addition, a kinetic behavior study of the antiradical activity was established. The obtained results show that tannins and saponins extracts have a significant free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 0.128 and 0.145 mg mL-1, respectively. Moreover, the kinetic behavior of the scavenging ability of the studied extracts makes it possible to determine the antiradical efficiency, the antiradical power, the percentage of the remaining DPPH free radical, the TIC50 parameter, the half-reaction time and the equilibrium antiradical reaction time. These results showed that the tested extracts provided a significant antioxidant activity. This plant can keep an important value in pharmacy and herbal medicine, and act as natural agents in food applications.

Optimization of simultaneous extraction of flavonoids, saponins and triterpenoid acid from jujube by response surface methodology

Optimization of simultaneous extraction of flavonoids, saponins and triterpenoid acid from jujube by response surface methodology

Biological evaluation of Undaria pinnatifida as antioxidative agent in silico and in vitro

Undaria pinnatifida is a type of marine algae which is edible seaweed and is largely used in Japan and Korean countries. This brown seaweed is rich in vitamins, minerals and various kinds of macro and trace elements. It is a source of many potent pharmacological compounds used in obesity management. The present study is aimed at phytochemical screening and assessing antioxidant activity of different dissolvable concentrates (methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate) of Undaria pinnatifida. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of significant auxiliary metabolites, for example, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins in solvent extracts of Undaria pinnatifida. In silico analysis showed the binding capacity of glutathione and catalase with fucoxanthin. The comparative assessment of antioxidant activity (DPPH Method) of extracts indicated highest scavenging activity in the ethyl acetate extract of Undaria pinnatifida which is equivalent to standard ascorbic acid. The presence of potent phytochemicals and demonstration of antioxidant activity paves the way for further testing its efficacy as a nutraceutical for treatment of various chronic disorders such as diabetes, obesity etc.

Evaluation of the toxicity of Caralluma europaea (C.E) extracts and their effects on apoptosis and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a disease with no effective treatment. Chemo-resistance contributes to the dismal prognosis for patients diagnosed with the disease. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity and the effect of Caralluma europaea (C.E) extracts on cancer cell survival, apoptosis, chemo-resistance, and pro-cancer pathways, in pancreatic cancer. The acute and subacute toxicities of C.E extracts were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect on pancreatic cancer cell survival and apoptosis was determined by MTT assay and DNA fragmentation. The expression of cancer stemness markers was measured using Western blot. A molecular docking was used to test the possible effects of C.E compounds in inhibiting the Hedgehog and activating caspase-3. The hydroethanolic extract’s DL50 was over 5000 mg/kg. During the subacute toxicity, only saponins extract showed some hepatic toxicity signs. Cells treated with C.E extracts combined with gemcitabine revealed an additive anti-survival activity. C.E extracts sensitized resistant MIA-PaCa-2 to gemcitabine treatment. Most of the C.E extracts downregulated the expression of cancer stemness-associated genes. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside presented the highest docking Gscore on human Smoothened. Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside induced apoptosis via activation of caspase-3. C.E extracts can be considered safe in inhibiting pancreatic cancer cell survival, inducing apoptosis, and sensitizing cells to chemotherapy via Hedgehog inhibition and caspase-3 activation. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Optimization of Total Saponin Extraction from Polyscias fruticosa Roots Using the Ultrasonic-Assisted Method and Response Surface Methodology

Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms is commonly used for medicinal purposes in Vietnam. In traditional medicine, the plant is used to cure ischemia, reduce inflammation, and increase cerebral blood circulation. Triterpene saponins are the major chemical constituents found in the roots of P. fruticosa. This compound exhibited a broad spectrum of biological effects, including lowering blood sugar, suppressing tumor growth and inflammation. This study focused on optimizing the process of total saponins extraction from P. fruticosa roots using the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method, ethanol solvent and response surface methodology, and Box–Behnken design model, then evaluating the cytotoxic effect against some cancer cell lines. The results showed that under the optimal conditions, including an extraction temperature of 60 °C and ultrasonic power of 185 W in 65 min, the maximum extraction yield and total saponin content were 14.51 ± 1.15% and 41.24 ± 1.68 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the saponin extract had cytotoxic effects against A549, HepG2, PC-3, and Hela. The results of this study confirmed that triterpene saponin is an important chemical component which is present in a high content in P. fruticosa roots and gives rise to significant biological activities. In addition, UAE can be used as a highly efficient method for triterpene saponins extraction from P. fruticosa roots.

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Saponins from Hedera helix L. and an In Vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of the Extracts.

The aim of this study was to establish the best ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of saponins from Hedera helix L. leaves and to evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility of the extracts richest in saponins. Different parameters, such as extraction time, temperature, ultrasound power, solvent to plant material ratio, and solvent concentration, were investigated. The most efficient extraction conditions were a temperature of 50 °C, an ultrasound amplitude of 40%, an extraction time of 60 min, a plant material to solvent ratio of 1:20 (w:v), and 80% ethanol as solvent. In vitro cytotoxicity of the extracts richest in saponins and their influence on the DNA content of L929 (NCTC) fibroblasts were tested. Until 200 µg/mL, the studied extracts were cytocompatible with L929 fibroblast cell lines at 48 h of treatment. These in vitro cell culture results provide useful information for further applications of Hedera helix extracts in a pharmaceutical field.

Antimicrobial activity of tofu whey and steam blanching pea water for enhancement of shelf-life of 3D printed mashed potatoes

Using naturally-occurring antimicrobials against the resistance of foodborne pathogens towards antibiotics and chemicals, as well as their insensitivity is a promising research field. Water extracts of legumes have been proven to inhibit microbial development due to the presence of phenolic compounds, protein-derived peptides, saponins and defensin. This study examined the antimicrobial effects of two types of legume water, such as tofu whey (TW) and steam blanching pea water (SBPW), by adding into three-dimensional (3D) printed mashed potato. Composition, moulding, microbial growth assessment and the inhibition zone analysis were conducted. TW and SBPW contained 4 g/100 ml of solid matter, consisting of protein, soluble carbohydrates, minerals and saponins. Results have shown decreased microbial spoilage and enhanced Lactobacillus growth of mashed potato formulated with legume water. Limited inhibition zone (1 mm) was present on TW saponin extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus spp. TW and SBPW addition to 3D printed mashed potatoes encouraged the development of probiotic bacteria, which can be applied to extend shelf-life of food products as well as to develop fermented foods.

Study on extraction, isolation, and biological activity of saponins from quinoa bran

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) contains 2 to 5% of saponins, which are mainly exist in the bran of seeds in the form of oleanane-type triterpenoid glycosides or sapogenins. In this study, the extraction process of total saponins from quinoa bran has been optimized. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for quinoa saponins were extraction time of 2 h, ethanol concentration of 70%, solid–liquid ratio of 1:25 (g/ml), and extraction temperature of 70°C. Macroporous resin separation test demonstrated that HPD600 resin had an excellent adsorption and desorption capacities for the separation of quinoa saponins. The antioxidant experiment demonstrated that the EC50 of quinoa saponins against DPPH-free radical, ABTS-free radical, ·OH-free radical, and O2−-free radical were 0.10, 0.51, 0.57, and 0.17 mg/ml, respectively. The scavenging effect of the saponins on O2−-free radical was stronger than that of Vc. The reducing power was equivalent to 1.28% of that of Vc. The anticancer test showed that when the concentration of quinoa saponins was 0.5 mg/ml, the inhibitory rate on HepG-2 cell was 58%. This study contributes to further exploration on the biological activities of quinoa saponin. Novelty impact statement A macroporous resin suitable for separating quinoa saponins was screened. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of quinoa saponins on HPD600 were studied. The in vitro biological activities of quinoa saponins were studied.

Evaluation of the effect of Castanea sativa extracts on lipoxygenase activity

Lipoxygenase LOX is a lipolysis enzyme that oxidises unsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic and linoleic acids to form unhealthy chemicals such as dienes, leukotrienes and malondialdehyde in advanced oxidation, which is harmful to cells. In this study, the polyphenols and saponins compounds were extracted from Castanea sativa using Soxhlet for 3 days. Colourimetric and HPLC techniques were used to identify polyphenols and saponins in the extracts respectively. The effects of these extracts were evaluated on LOX activity, which was purified from the liver of Iraqi Cows (AL-Sharabi Cows) as well as on E. coli and Pseudomonas bacteria resistance. According to the LOX purification procedures, the specific activity increased from 0.001 to 0.03 U/mg with a purification fold of 30 times and a yield percentage of 174. Gallic acid 7.72 mg, Rutin 29.25 mg, Quercetin 27.6 mg, kaempferol 34.42 mg, Apigenin 5.25 mg and Catechin 25.8 mg/100 gm of Castanea fruit was obtained. The inhibitory effect of polyphenol and saponin extracts on LOX activity was at 100 and 40 µg respectively. Line weaver-Burk plot was used to investigate the type of inhibition that was found non-competitive. However, these extracts were studied at concentrations of 500, 250 and 125 µg on bacteria resistance. Polyphenols had the best effect at 500 and 125 µg on E. coli and Pseudomonas bacteria respectively. Whereas, saponin had the best effect at 250 and 125 µg for E. coli and 125 µg for Pseudomonas.

Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of &lt;em&gt;In-Vitro&lt;/em&gt; Antioxidant Activity of Bark Extracts from &lt;em&gt;Madhuca longifolia&lt;/em&gt; (Madhu) and &lt;em&gt;Ficus racemose&lt;/em&gt; (Attikka) Grown in Sri Lanka

Madhuca longifolia (Maddhu) and Ficus racemose (Attikka) are well known medicinal plants which have been valued for decades in Sri Lankan Ayurvedic medicine. This research was aimed to study the phytochemical analysis and evaluate invitro antioxidant activity of two solvent extracts (70% aqueous acetone and 80% aqueous methanol) obtained from each bark of selected plants. The crude extracts were prepared by steeping the dried powder in each solvent overnight in the dark conditions. Phytochemical screening of crude extracts was performed. In-vitro radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity were evaluated by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results of phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins and saponins in both extracts obtained from M. longifolia while revealing the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins in both bark extracts obtained from F. racemosa. Radical scavenging activity of 80% aq. methanol and 70% aq. acetone extracts obtained from bark of M. longifolia were determined as 25.4±0.1 and 23.1±0.4 mmol Trolox equivalents/100 mg dry weight of bark of M. longifolia (DW) and antioxidant capacity of 80% aq. methanol and 70% aq. acetone extracts were 42.6 ± 0.7 and 38.0 ± 1.1 mmol Fe (ll) equivalents/100 mg DW of the bark. Radical scavenging activity for two different extracts obtained from bark of F.racemosa were as 18.6 ± 0.3 (80% aqueous methanol) 20.2 ± 0.7 (70% aq. acetone) mmol Trolox equivalents/100 g DW of bark. Antioxidant capacity by FRAP assay for the two different extracts of F. racemosa were 28.5 ± 0.4 (80% aq. methanol) and 32.8 ± 1.6 (70% aq. acetone) mmol Fe (II) equivalents/100 g DW of the bark. It was concluded that the presence of remarkable in-vitro antioxidant activity of two different plant extracts were observed while significant antioxidant activity was showed by 80% aq. methanol extract of M. longifolia.

Conditions for Extraction of Saponins &lt;I&gt;Solidágo virgáurea&lt;/I&gt;

Introduction. Currently, despite the achievements in the synthesis of chemical substances, there is a tendency to expand the use of herbal medicines, the use of which is justified by the relative safety and breadth of pharmacological activity. One of the promising sources of biologically active substances are plants of the genus Goldenrod, which has more than 20 plant species. Despite the active botanical and pharmacological study of plants of the genus Solidago, there is insufficient scientific data to date. In addition, the extraction of extracts based on Solidago grass has not been studied in detail, which determines the relevance of the study of representatives of this genus in the technological aspect.Aim. Determination of optimal conditions for the extraction of biologically active substances from the grass of Solidago virgaurea.Materials and methods. The herb Solidago virgaurea, collected during the flowering period, was used as the studied plant raw material. Drying of raw materials was carried out in a natural shadow way. The amount of extractive substances in the aqueous extracts of Solidago grass was determined by the pharmacopoeia method (OFS.1.5.3.0006.15 Determination of the content of extractive substances in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal plant preparations). Biologically active compounds from dried and crushed raw materials were extracted with 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 96 % ethyl alcohol solution. The quantitative content of biologically active substances in extracts of the herb Solidago virgaurea was determined by the dry residue. The percentage of saponins in the studied plant raw materials was determined in terms of oleanolic acid by direct spectrophotometry based on the reaction with sulfuric acid.Results and discussion. The issues of studying the factors affecting the quality of extraction of saponins of Solidago grass are highlighted. The influence of the degree of grinding of raw materials, the mode of infusion and the type of extractant on the completeness of saponin yield has been studied. According to the results of the study of the extraction conditions of biologically active compounds of aqueous extracts of Solidago virgaurea grass, it was revealed that the maximum amount of biologically active substances was obtained in extracts prepared on the basis of grass crushed to a size of 2 mm by infusing in a water bath for 30 minutes. It was found that the quantitative content of saponins in Solidago virgaurea grass is 9.8 ± 1.2 %.Conclusion. Based on the conducted research, the most rational technology of water extraction based on the herb Solidago virgaurea has been identified: the degree of grinding of raw materials is 2 mm; as an extractant, 60 % ethanol is the most optimal for saponins; the infusion mode is 30 minutes in a boiling water bath. According to the obtained results of quantitative analysis, it was found that the total saponin content in the grass of Solidago is 9.8 ± 1.2 %, which emphasizes the relevance of more detailed studies of this plant raw material from the standpoint of quantitative determination of biologically active substances and determination of a possible spectrum of pharmacological properties.